Journal of applied physiology最新文献

{"title":"The role of β-adrenergic receptors in mediating exercise hyperemia during incremental single-leg knee extension in young males and females.","authors":"Connor J Doherty, Benjamin P Thompson, Paige J Rynne, Jou-Chung Chang, Alexis E Pulford-Thorpe, Sarah A Angus, Eva C M Fleming, Sean L Gartner, Jason S Au, Glen E Foster, Paolo B Dominelli","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00896.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00896.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous research has identified a role for β-adrenergic receptors in mediating sex differences in blood pressure regulation at rest. β-receptors are also involved in the exercise hyperemia response during low-intensity small muscle mass exercise in males. However, less is known about β-adrenergic receptors in mediating local exercise hyperemia response during graded large muscle mass exercise in young males and females. We compared steady-state cardiorespiratory responses, leg blood flow (Q̇_LEG), and leg vascular conductance (LVC) in 16 participants (8 females) at rest and during incremental knee extension exercise with and without complete nonselective β-adrenergic blockade using propranolol. Propranolol reduced absolute heart rate (HR), Q̇_LEG, and LVC responses during exercise. Females had greater absolute increases in HR and lower absolute Q̇_LEG and LVC during exercise. However, Q̇_LEG and LVC responses to incremental exercise were not different by sex or propranolol, even after normalizing for differences in estimated quadriceps muscle mass. Females were also found to have greater dilation of the femoral artery, which was blunted to a greater extent with propranolol compared with males at absolute exercise intensities. In conclusion, β-adrenergic receptors did not play an important role in mediating the overall exercise hyperemia response in males or females, as the cardiovascular system prioritizes the preservation of oxygen delivery to the exercising muscle. However, β₂-adrenergic receptors appear to play a distinct role in mediating sex differences in changes to vascular tone during exercise.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We examined the role of beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) in mediating exercise hyperemia in males and females. No sex differences in leg blood flow or leg vascular conductance, but females exhibited greater dilation of the femoral artery (FA), and β-AR blockade blunted FA dilation in females at absolute exercise intensities. Findings highlight that exercise hyperemia is not reliant on β-ARs and suggest females rely more on β-ARs in mediating vascular tone during exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1664-1679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary adaptations to 12 wk of supervised high intensity interval training in COPD: a nonrandomized controlled pilot study.","authors":"Jacob Peter Hartmann, Stine Buus Nymand, Helene Louise Hartmeyer, Amalie Bach Andersen, Milan Mohammad, Cody Garett Durrer, Iben Elmerdahl Rasmussen, Camilla Koch Ryrsø, Rie Skovly Thomsen, Sofie Lindskov Hansen, Felix Christoph Müller, Michael Perch, Thomas Kromann Lund, Kristine Jensen, Torgny Wilcke, Susan Al-Atabi, Birgitte Hanel, Regitse Højgaard Christensen, Ulrik Winning Iepsen, Jann Mortensen, Ronan M G Berg","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00037.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00037.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the change in diffusing capacity from rest to submaximal exercise in patients with mild to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with a healthy, age- and sex matched control group, and investigates if the diffusing capacity can be altered by high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Thirty-five patients with COPD and 15 healthy age- and sex matched controls were included. Pulmonary diffusing capacity was measured using the combined single-breath method using carbon monoxide and nitric oxide (D_L,CO,NO), which were measured at rest and during 60% of peak workload (W_Lpeak) to estimate the alveolar-capillary reserve (change from rest to exercise). A subgroup of 12 patients with COPD and 12 control participants completed a 12-wk supervised HIIT intervention with measurements of D_L,CO,NO, computed tomography-based lung tissue mass, and single-photon emission computed tomography to assess the pulmonary perfusion distribution pre and post the HIIT intervention. The alveolar-capillary reserve was reduced in patients with COPD in a severity-dependent manner compared with the healthy control group and this was unaltered following the HIIT intervention, despite an increase in exercise capacity. HIIT did not increase lung tissue mass, nor did it improve the pulmonary perfusion distribution during exercise in either group. Alveolar-capillary reserve is reduced in a severity-dependent manner in COPD, and a 12-wk supervised HIIT intervention did not induce any changes in either the alveolar-capillary reserve or lung tissue mass, suggesting that the concomitant increase in exercise capacity is likely due to extrapulmonary adaptations. (Clinical Trial Registration IDs: NCT05552833 and NCT05583396)<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Using the combined measurement of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, we found that the increase in diffusing capacity during submaximal exercise, that is, the alveolar-capillary reserve, was reduced in patients with COPD in a severity-dependent manner. A 12-wk supervised high-intensity training intervention increased exercise capacity but without any changes in alveolar-capillary reserve or lung tissue mass, supporting that the increase in exercise capacity is not caused by pulmonary adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1543-1559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of aging, endurance training, and denervation on innate immune signaling in skeletal muscle.","authors":"Priyanka Khemraj, Anastasiya Kuznyetsova, David A Hood","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00038.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00038.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skeletal muscle function relies on mitochondria for energy and for mediating its unique adaptive plasticity. The NLRP3 inflammasome complex is an innate immune mechanism that responds to mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); however, its activity relative to mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle requires exploration. The purpose of this study was to characterize immune signaling and mitochondrial function in muscle during aging, endurance training, and disuse induced by denervation. Denervation led to decreases in muscle mass, mitochondrial content, and impaired respiration. Protein analyses revealed increases in NF-κB p65 and downstream inflammatory markers, including NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD-N, STING, and IL-1β, along with pro-apoptotic BAX and AIF. When assessing potential DAMPS, denervation led to increased ROS production but no changes in cytosolic mtDNA levels, relative to total mtDNA. Since we hypothesized that inflammasome activation would be increased with age, we studied young (6-8 mo) and aged (21-22 mo) mice that remained sedentary or underwent a 6-wk voluntary running protocol. Aging resulted in marked increases in the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic proteins. Remarkably, training uniformly attenuated age-related increases in BAX, NLRP3, caspase-1, STING, and gasdermin-D (GSDMD) protein expression and tended to reduce the elevated level of cytosolic mtDNA evident in aged muscle. Training adaptations were also evident in the aged animals by the preservation of muscle mass and improvements in oxygen consumption and endurance performance, and were achieved despite a lower training distance than in young animals. Our results strongly implicate endurance training as a promising therapeutic for combating disuse and age-related inflammation in skeletal muscle.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This study aims to further elucidate the role between skeletal muscle activity, mitochondria, and innate immune signaling, specifically looking at the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. Our results demonstrate that disuse conditions such as aging and denervation were associated with a pro-inflammatory phenotype and impairments in mitochondrial functioning, whereas chronic endurance training demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. Notably, this work highlights the benefits of exercise in attenuating age-related inflammation in aged skeletal muscle.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1341-1356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of sex and aerobic fitness on blood pressure during maximal treadmill exercise in young healthy adults.","authors":"Sydney E Hilton, Johan S Thiessen, Alise D Rycroft, Natalie I Miners, Julian C Bommarito, Tanvir S Matharu, Pardeep K Khangura, Rileigh K Stapleton, Leilani C Rocha, Massimo Nardone, Philip J Millar","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00056.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00056.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exaggerated exercise blood pressure (BP) is a predictor of future hypertension but commonly observed in athletes despite their reduced cardiovascular risk. Normalizing exercise BP to metabolic or mechanical work may provide better discrimination between physiological and pathological responses. This study investigated the effects of sex and aerobic fitness on peak systolic BP (SBP) and peak SBP per metabolic equivalent (SBP/MET slope). One hundred and eleven healthy adults (22 ± 5 years; 51 female) performed a graded maximal treadmill exercise test (modified Bruce protocol) with brachial BP measured using automated auscultation (Tango M2, SunTech Medical). Peak oxygen uptake rate (V̇o_2peak) was assessed using indirect calorimetry. Males had a higher relative V̇o_2peak (<i>P</i> < 0.01) but not V̇o_2peak percentile (<i>P</i> = 0.16). Peak SBP was higher in males (208 ± 26 vs. 182 ± 23 mmHg, <i>P</i> < 0.01), while the SBP/MET slope did not differ between sexes (6.5 ± 2.4 vs. 6.3 ± 2.6 mmHg/MET, <i>P</i> = 0.60). Adjustment for differences in body mass index and V̇o_2peak did not alter these results. The SBP-V̇o_2peak regression slope did not differ between sexes (<i>P</i> = 0.92), with both slopes not different from zero (both, <i>P</i> > 0.47). The SBP/MET-V̇o_2peak regression slope did not differ between sexes (<i>P</i> = 0.43), but both slopes were different from zero (both, <i>P</i> < 0.001). The present cohort demonstrated sex differences in peak SBP but not the SBP/MET slope. The SBP/MET slope was lower in individuals with higher aerobic fitness, but the influence of V̇o_2peak did not differ between sexes. Using the SBP/MET slope in cross-sectional studies can reduce the confounding effects of sex on peak SBP, but differences in participant aerobic fitness should be considered.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Higher peak systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise is linked with an increased risk of developing hypertension. It has been suggested that exercise SBP should be normalized to mechanical or metabolic work to account for differences in aerobic fitness. We found that the influence of aerobic fitness on peak SBP or SBP per metabolic equivalent (SBP/MET slope) does not differ between sexes but that the SBP/MET slope is lower in participants with higher aerobic fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1321-1326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle temperature increases during a single far infrared sauna session without changes in intestinal temperature.","authors":"Emma L Reed, Colleen C Uzoekwe, Jessica K Atencio, Christopher T Minson, John R Halliwill","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00067.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00067.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increases in muscle temperature during exercise and passive heating are associated with beneficial outcomes. Far infrared (FIR) saunas are a radiant heating stimulus. It has been claimed that FIR waves penetrate 3 to 4 cm deep into the peripheral tissues, but muscle temperature during FIR sauna bathing is unknown. The purpose was to quantify muscle temperature at three different depths during an FIR sauna session. Ten adults had a multisensor intramuscular temperature probe inserted into the quadriceps muscles before sitting in a FIR sauna for 45 min. Thermocouples were 3.4 cm (deep), 2.4 cm (middle), and 1.4 cm (superficial) below the skin surface. Muscle, core, and skin temperatures, and nude body weight (to calculate whole body sweat rate) were collected before and at the end of heating. Data are reported as (mean [95% confidence intervals]). Muscle temperature increased at the deep (+1.1 [0.3, 1.9]°C), middle (+1.9 [1.0, 2.9]°C), and superficial (+3.0 [1.8, 4.1]°C) depths (all <i>P</i> < 0.04). There was no change in core temperature (0.0 [-0.1, 0.1]°C) (<i>P</i> = 0.94), but there was an increase in mean body temperature (+1.3 [1.1, 4.1]°C) (<i>P</i> < 0.01) driven by increases in mean skin temperature (+6.2 [5.8, 6.8]°C) (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Participants lost 0.48 [-0.60, -0.37]% of body weight and had a whole body sweat rate of 0.46 [0.31, 0.61] L/h. The magnitude of the increase in muscle temperature was dependent on depth relative to the skin surface. These data imply that commercially available FIR saunas provide only superficial heating of peripheral tissues.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> To our knowledge, this is the first investigation on far infrared sauna bathing with a commercially available sauna and muscle temperature. Muscle temperature increased in the absence of changes in core temperature. The increases in muscle temperature were lessened with increasing depth and were negligible beyond 3.8 cm below the skin surface. More practically, the thermic effect had lessened by 63% at a depth of 2.4 cm, which can be considered the effective thermal penetration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1628-1637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven model to estimate breathing-induced intra-trunk blood shifts during exercise.","authors":"Gabriele Corigliano, Barbara Uva, Bengt Kayser, Andrea Aliverti, Frédéric Stucky","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00749.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00749.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pressure swings generated by the respiratory muscles induce blood shifts (Vbs) between the trunk and the extremities. Vbs varies with swing amplitude and breathing pattern and can reach sizable volumes. Although Vbs was successfully explored using double-body plethysmography, the extent of intra-trunk blood shifting (between abdomen and thorax, Vbs_IT) remains to be quantified. We here present an electrical model of the cardiovascular system that allows to derive quantitative estimates of breath-by-breath Vbs_IT. We first validated the model with experimental data collected from healthy participants performing exercise with various breathing patterns, including spontaneous (CTRL), abdominal (AB), and rib cage breathing (RC), and with external expiratory flow limitation (EFLe). We then fed the model with other experimental data to derive Vbs_IT in a proof-of-concept fashion. Breath-by-breath fluctuations in Vbs derived from the model matched experimental data. Computations of Vbs_IT were in line with expectations, showing small fluctuations with spontaneous breathing and substantial increases during AB, RC, and EFLe. Intra-breath Vbs_IT showed a close relationship with intra-breath transdiaphragmatic pressure during inspiration in all conditions and during expiration in AB and RC, reflecting the net effect of hydraulic pressure fluctuations on blood displacement between the two compartments. This model may benefit further work investigating (patho)physiological mechanisms of various conditions affecting cardiorespiratory function, both at rest and during exercise.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This study presents an electrical model of the cardiovascular system, capable of estimating breath-by-breath intra-trunk blood shifting (Vbs_IT) between the abdomen and thorax. The model was validated using data from healthy participants performing various breathing patterns during exercise. It allowed quantifying Vbs_IT fluctuations, with significant increases during abdominal and rib cage breathing and expiratory flow limitation. This model offers a valuable tool for exploring cardiorespiratory function in health and disease, including COPD and heart failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1581-1599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic cigarette use during pregnancy is not safe.","authors":"Eleanor J Mohler, Loren E Wold","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00812.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00812.2024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1578-1580"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional characteristics of healthy and injured porcine lungs during deflation: a quantitative CT imaging analysis.","authors":"Emmanuel A Akor, Jian Gao, Junfeng Guo, Bing Han, Andrea F Cruz, Jacob Herrmann, Sarah E Gerard, Monica L Hawley, Gary E Christensen, Joseph M Reinhardt, Eric A Hoffman, David W Kaczka","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00443.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00443.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by pathologic and heterogeneous alterations in the mechanical properties of lung tissue. Although several techniques exist that allow for assessment of global lung mechanics in health and disease, few techniques allow for quantitative assessment of regional mechanics, which is important for understanding the impact of therapeutic interventions on local structure-function relationships. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a widely available imaging modality for assessment of regional lung structure, given its high spatial resolution, as well as its ability to provide detailed information on regional anatomic and pathologic features. Quantitative computed tomography (qCT) has evolved into an important tool for assessment of regional and global mechanical changes associated with deranged structure-function relationships in many lung diseases, especially ARDS. The purpose of this study was to determine how specific structural and functional characteristics of the acutely injured lung may be altered, as assessed with various qCT imaging metrics. Such alterations may serve as a template for characterizing the severity of ARDS in patients. We evaluated and compared pressure-volume relationships, distensibility, aeration, tissue texture, and parenchymal deformation in healthy and injured lungs of anesthetized pigs, using volumetric CT images obtained during static breath holds from 30 to 0 cmH₂O airway pressure. We demonstrate how qCT imaging provides unique insight into structure-function changes associated with acute lung injury, and how such techniques may enhance our understanding of regional and global parenchymal mechanics in patients with ARDS or other forms of lung injury.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We noted that quantitative computed tomographic (qCT) imaging has potential applications for assessing the severity of regional injury in the lung by providing detailed information on pressure-volume characteristics, distensibility, aeration, tissue texture, and other structure-function relationships. Such image processing techniques may also be useful for evaluating mechanical derangements associated with acute lung injury, thus enhancing our understanding of pulmonary pathophysiologies associated with regional structural and functional heterogeneity, such as ARDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1615-1627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12208140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How much of HERstory is in the HIStory of the <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>?","authors":"Sushant M Ranadive, James M Hagberg","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Female underrepresentation in research has been a longstanding issue in clinical trials and health-related research. However, minimal data exist relative to this underrepresentation in physiology studies. To address this, we reviewed every article published in the <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i> from 1948 to 2023. Articles were coded as human or animal study, or nonexperimental, and the number of female/male research participants, authors, and first/last authors. Across the <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>'s 75 yr, relative to human research studies the percentage of female research participants was 34% and the percentage of studies including female research participants was similar. Thus almost twice as many male research participants were studied (∼230,000 vs. ∼120,000), and there were twice as many studies including male compared to those including female research participants (10,318 vs. 5,138 studies). Furthermore, there were 10 times as many studies with only male versus only female research participants (5,757 vs. 559 studies). The percentage of female authors over the <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i> history was 20% or four times more male authors compared to female authors (73,885 vs. 18,782 authors). The percentage of papers with female first/last authors was 28% or three times more male compared to female first/last authors (15,237 vs. 5,825 papers). All measures of female research participants and authors increased over the <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>'s history. However, the long-term outcome of the underrepresentation of female research participants and authors persists until the present. Thus <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i> clearly has substantially less of HERstory than HIStory represented in its 75 yr of publication.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Females have been consistently underrepresented in the <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>, both as research participants and as manuscript authors. This study provides a comprehensive audit of the journal's publications from its inception in 1948 through the end of 2023 to examine these biological sex-related trends over time. Except for 2023, data reveal a persistent and significant gap in the inclusion of female participants and authors throughout the journal's history.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1327-1334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ketone ester ingestion impairs exercise performance without impacting cognitive function or circulating EPO during acute hypoxic exposure.","authors":"Myrthe Stalmans, Domen Tominec, Wout Lauriks, Ruben Robberechts, Monique Ramaekers, Tadej Debevec, Chiel Poffé","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00097.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00097.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Altitude-induced hypoxemia impairs exercise performance and cognition. Interestingly, ketone ester (KE) ingestion may attenuate hypoxemia, which likely explains the observation that KE impairs high-intensity exercise performance in normoxia but not in hypoxia. Moreover, KE was reported to attenuate cognitive decline at extreme altitudes (∼6,100 m). Given that hypoxemia is unaffected by KE in milder conditions, the impact of KE on cognition and performance in the absence of elevated oxygenation remains unknown. As KE may increase postexercise circulating [erythropoietin] ([EPO]) at sea level, we also assessed if KE might augment the blood [EPO] response after hypoxic exercise. In a double-blind, cross-over design, 13 healthy, male participants completed two 5.5-h sessions at 4,000-m simulated altitude while receiving either KE or placebo (CON). Throughout a graded exercise test (EX_MAX) after 1.5 h, and a submaximal exercise bout (EX_SUBMAX) after 3 h, blood and tissue oxygenation, ventilatory parameters, and acid-base balance were evaluated. Other measurements included cognitive function and blood [EPO]. KE reduced power output achieved during EX_MAX by 3.6%, whereas blood and cerebral oxygenation were similar. KE ingestion lowered blood pH, [[Formula: see text]], pCO₂, and [glucose], but did not impact cognitive function. In both KE and CON, circulating [EPO] increased by ∼56% after 5 h. These results indicate that KE ingestion impairs high-intensity exercise performance, at least if not compensated by elevated oxygenation. A progressively increasing oxygenation upon KE was unable to protect against hypoxia-induced cognitive declines and potentially counteracted a KE-induced augmentation of circulating [EPO].<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This study is the first to show that KE ingestion impairs exercise performance in hypoxia, at least when KE does not alleviate hypoxemia. Despite a subsequent, progressive increase in oxygenation upon KE after 3-4 h, this does not protect against hypoxia-induced cognitive declines. Although studies in normoxia show potential of KE to increase blood [erythropoietin], we identified that KE ingestion fails to augment the increase in blood [erythropoietin] through hypoxic exposure and exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1309-1320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}