{"title":"Ayurveda management of severe coronary artery calcification in a triple vessel disease patient - a case report","authors":"Divya Kajaria, Punam N. Khobarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coronary artery calcium score is a tool for predicting the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Severe coronary artery calcification, particularly in the context of triple vessel disease, poses a considerable therapeutic difficulty for standard medical procedures. The treatment modality for heavily calcified coronary arteries is coronary stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting. Severe calcification reduces the efficacy of stent deployment during PCI. Severe coronary calcification complicates the surgical revascularization process, often leading to increased procedural risks and reduced long-term success rates. A 65-year-old female patient having severe coronary artery calcification (triple vessel disease) is treated with holistic Ayurveda management. It is observed that there is a 17.78 % decrease in the calcium score after purgation therapy and an additional 25.01 % decrease in the calcium score after <em>Rasayana</em> therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pallab Chakraborty , Subharthi Pal , David S. Galstyan , Elena V. Petersen , Tamara G. Amstislavskaya , Tatiana O. Kolesnikova , Murilo S. de Abreu , Allan V. Kalueff
{"title":"Zebrafish models for studying central nervous system effects of Ayurvedic medicinal plants","authors":"Pallab Chakraborty , Subharthi Pal , David S. Galstyan , Elena V. Petersen , Tamara G. Amstislavskaya , Tatiana O. Kolesnikova , Murilo S. de Abreu , Allan V. Kalueff","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional Indian medicine (<em>Ayurveda)</em> has a long history of treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. <em>Ayurvedic</em> plants are typically rich in flavonoids, lignans, sterols, tannins and alkaloids that exert potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective and neurotropic effects in both humans and rodents. The zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) has emerged as a useful model species and a powerful vertebrate in vivo system for CNS disease modeling and drug screening. As zebrafish continue to demonstrate their growing utility for studying a wide range of pharmaceutical therapies, including Chinese and American traditional medicines, here we discuss CNS effects of various <em>Ayurvedic</em> medicinal plants, and how they can be further elucidated using zebrafish models. We also evaluate the existing challenges and limitations of using zebrafish models for studying <em>Ayurvedic</em> pharmacotherapy, as well as outline future directions of translational research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Apamarga Kshara Taila on diabetic pressure ulcer – A case report","authors":"Gopika G, Rajeshwari P.N","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders with chronic hyperglycemia, and Diabetic Pressure Ulcer (DPU) is one of the major complications. DPU develops due to the effect of continuous forces on the distal pulp, causing progressive skin ischemia occurring above bony prominence. 62 million people are affected with diabetes in India, and among that 25 % develop DPU. Neuropathic and ischemic components account for 45 %–60 % of ulcers, which, if untreated, can lead to the risk of amputation. According to Ayurveda, characteristic features of DPU can be correlated with the features of <em>Dushta vrana</em> and treatment can be planned based on <em>Dushta vrana</em> and <em>Madhumehaja vranas</em>. Acharya Susruta highlighted the importance of <em>kshara</em> for wound debridement in treatment of non-healing ulcers. A 63-year-old male with known case of diabetes mellitus for 15 years presented with a wound over the big toe of his right foot. The wound is 9-month-old. It was associated with loss of sensation, swelling, and discoloration. Treatment was given with the external application of <em>Apamarga kshara taila</em> with internal medications for 2 months. The size of the ulcer measuring 1.5cm in length, 1cm in breadth, and 4 cm in depth completely healed by 2 months of treatment. The utilization of <em>Apamarga kshara taila,</em> along with internal medications, has demonstrated significant efficacy in the management of DPU.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Naturopathy and yoga-based interventions modify risk factors of peripheral neuropathy and improve nerve conduction among Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus patients","authors":"Koushik Gupta Somisetty , Geetha B. Shetty , K.J. Sujatha , Prashanth Shetty","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>With the high prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy among Type -2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients, diagnosis and management of subclinical peripheral neuropathy are gaining concern to prevent its complications. A wide variety of alternative lifestyle interventions emphasizing improving glycemic control, promoting weight loss, and a prudent diet were found to be effective in improving nerve conduction abnormalities individually.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To study the impact of naturopathy and yoga intervention in the prevention and management of nerve damage among T2DM-associated neuropathic signs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this matched control trial (gender and age-matched), 76 patients with subclinical diabetic peripheral neuropathy were recruited to (i) Intervention Group (IG), n=38 who received naturopathy and yoga-based interventions for 9 days, (ii) Control Group (CG), n=38 continued regular oral hypoglycemic medications. Neuroelectrophysiological parameters like amplitude and velocity of bilateral median motor and sensory and deep peroneal nerve, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose Homeostatic Model for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), steady state beta cell function (%B), and insulin sensitivity (%S) were assessed at baseline and after 9 days.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Weight, BMI, FBG, HOMA-IR, and %S significantly (p<0.05) improved among IG. In comparison, FBG, PPBG, %S, right median sensory amplitude, and left median sensory nerve conduction velocity had shown a significant difference between the groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A significant reduction in modifiable risk factors of neuropathy like insulin resistance and weight after the intervention shows the effectiveness of lifestyle-based naturopathy and yoga intervention in preventing peripheral neuropathy among diabetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shrirang B. Jamadagni , Mukul Tambe , M. Srinivasan , Sudesh Gaidhani , Goli Penchala Prasad , Sudhir Matte
{"title":"Evaluation of fertility toxicity and embryo-fetal developmental toxicity profile of Ayush AG, a compound herbo-mineral Ayurvedic formulation","authors":"Shrirang B. Jamadagni , Mukul Tambe , M. Srinivasan , Sudesh Gaidhani , Goli Penchala Prasad , Sudhir Matte","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>It is essential to generate the reproduction toxicity data of any drug that will be used in pregnancy or during the reproductive phase of life. Ayush AG, a compound herbo-mineral Ayurvedic formulation that is developed for promoting the health of the fetus and mother, was tested to assess its reproductive toxicity profile as per the standard guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and method</h3><div>In the fertility toxicity study, Ayush AG, the test drug was administered in three graded doses to Wistar rats (40 male and 40 female) during the premating, mating period, gestation, and lactation periods. Parameters such as estrous cycle, body weight, feed consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, pup body weight, hematology and biochemistry, histopathology of reproductive organs and reproductive indices were studied. In the embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study, the test drug was administered from day 7 to day 9 of the gestation period in 18 pregnant rats and sacrificed on gestation day 20. Parameters such as body weight during gestation, uterus weight, fetus and placenta weight, gross examination of fetuses for sex, external and visceral anomalies were studied.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the fertility toxicity study, no adverse effect on mating behaviour, estrus cycle, conception rate, body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters, pup growth, or histopathology was found at dose level of 750 mg/kg of Ayush AG. No teratogenic changes were observed in the fetuses in the embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study at dose level of 750 mg/kg.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Ayush AG, the compound herbo-mineral Ayurvedic formulation, has been demonstrated to be safe at the dose of 750 mg/kg in fertility toxicity and embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies in Wistar rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amit Shrenikraj Mutha , Sonali Amit Mutha , Anupama Hem Tejuja , Amit Shashikant Beldar , Alok Mahendra Mulay , Deepak Langade
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of eight-week therapy with Ashwagandha root extract in improvement of sexual health in healthy men: Findings of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","authors":"Amit Shrenikraj Mutha , Sonali Amit Mutha , Anupama Hem Tejuja , Amit Shashikant Beldar , Alok Mahendra Mulay , Deepak Langade","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ashwagandha, a traditional Indian Ayurvedic remedy, an adaptogen, may improve sexual dysfunction in men and women.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This 8-week prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract (ARE) on improving sexual health in healthy adult men.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A total of 100 healthy men aged 30–50 years were randomly assigned to receive ARE 300 mg twice daily (n = 50), or identical placebo (n = 50) in a 1:1 ratio for 8 weeks. Study assessments such as Satisfying Sexual Events (SSEs), the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI-2), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score, semen parameters and the Quality of Life (QOL) were done using the SF-12 tool at baseline, week 2, week 4, and week 8. Three participants from ARE and four participants from the placebo group were excluded due to follow-up loss. The efficacy analyses were done on Per-Protocol (PP) dataset of 93, whereas safety analyses were done on all 100 participants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant improvements were observed with ARE for semen volume (p = 0.005), sperm number (p = 0.006), sperm concentration (p = 0.007), and sperm morphology (p = 0.007). The improvement in scores was better with ARE for SDI-2 (p < 0.05), orgasm and sexual desire domains of IIEF (p < 0.05), and SF-12 (p < 0.0001). No adverse events were reported in the study.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Ashwagandha improved the orgasmic function, sexual desire and overall sexual satisfaction with the 8-week of oral administration. It was well tolerated as it showed no significant changes in hepatic and renal parameters in blood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards standardization of Prakriti Evaluation: A scoping review of modern assessment tools and their psychometric properties in Ayurvedic medicine","authors":"Ankit Gupta , Varsha Singh , Sushil Chandra , Rahul Garg","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ayurveda is an ancient Indian medical system that emphasizes individualized care based on the concept of <em>Prakriti</em>, which represents an individual's relative proportion of three <em>doshas</em> (humour) at the time of conception. <em>Prakriti</em> is believed to remain unchanged throughout one's life span, and based on the relative preponderance of <em>doshas</em>, it has been classified into ten types. Researchers and practitioners have developed various assessment tools, such as questionnaires, algorithmic and machine learning-based methods, and devices to bring objectivity and replicability to the <em>Prakriti</em> evaluation procedure. However, a systematic evaluation of their effectiveness and psychometric properties is currently lacking in the literature.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify <em>Prakriti</em>, classical Ayurveda texts suggest various techniques, but subjective variations and bias in interpretation have been reported among practitioners.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This scoping review aims to identify modern <em>Prakriti</em> assessment tools available in scientific literature and describe their psychometric properties to contribute to the development of more effective and standardized methods for <em>Prakriti</em> evaluation. Employing Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework, the review critically assesses <em>Prakriti</em> evaluation tools, such as questionnaires, machine learning algorithms, and devices, to provide insights into the robustness and accuracy of these assessment methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirty-two studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Sixteen studies utilized questionnaires for <em>Prakriti</em> assessment, of which three were validated, six had established reliability, and three had both reliability and validity confirmed. Five studies employed algorithm-based methods, with three of these using validated machine learning models. Eleven studies utilized devices to assess <em>Prakriti</em> types, with only one device validated and providing access to data for reproducibility. Questionnaires were the most commonly used tools for <em>Prakriti</em> evaluation, followed by algorithm-based methods and devices.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Questionnaires are the most validated tools presently for <em>Prakriti</em> assessment despite their limited psychometric robustness. Machine learning based models show potential but suffers challenges in accuracy, replicability and finding the ground truth in a robust manner, and devices are the most objective assessment tools though none of them have been appropriately validated. Despite these limitations, <em>Prakriti</em> diagnosis is a promising field that requires robust procedures to establish standardized, replicable and reliable measures for its evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrated treatment approach to Miller Fisher syndrome, a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome – A case report","authors":"Pankaj Yadav , Vaishali Kuchewar , Nikita Bhusari , Tanika Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Guillain-Barre syndrome (GB Syndrome) is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyneuropathy having, progressive weakness, and pain in limbs. An extended illness can potentially be devastating due to respiratory problems and autonomic dysfunction. Despite the effectiveness of IV Ig and plasma exchange, most GBS patients develop severe weakness and have a prolonged disease course, typically with incomplete recovery. This is a case of a 51-year-old male patient diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute motor axonal neuropathy with Miller Fisher syndrome). GBS was correlated with <em>sarvangagata vata</em> and was treated by an integrated approach including Ayurveda treatment, Physiotherapy and some modern medication. There was significant improvement in motor functions and he recovered completely within 60 days. According to the case facts, it may be inferred that an integrated therapeutic approach may facilitate a speedy recovery in Guillain-Barre syndrome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring Withania somnifera derived natural products as promising inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pantothenate Kinase-PanK: An integrated in silico and in vitro approach","authors":"Ankita Singh , Usha Mina , Pardeep Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis remains a pervasive and enduring global health challenge, with the alarming rise of drug-resistant variants. <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (<em>M. tuberculosis</em>), bacterium responsible for tuberculosis, deploys a complex arsenal of virulence factors to evade the host’s immune defences. The quest for novel targets or compounds to combat drug-resistant <em>M. tuberculosis strains</em> is of paramount importance. PanK is an essential enzyme for Co-enzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis pathway, targeting inhibition of its activity by <em>Withania somnifera</em> phytochemicals may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against resistant strains.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aims to identify the potential of natural compounds derived from <em>Withania somnifera</em> as inhibitors of the PanK enzyme (novel target) in <em>M. tuberculosis</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div><em>In silico</em> computational approach, includes steps-structure based virtual screening of 83 Withania compounds followed by molecular docking and dynamic simulations spanning 100 ns, to assess the binding affinity and stability between screen key compounds and PanK. <em>In vitro</em> anti-tuberculosis bioassays was also performed to validate the <em>In silico</em> experiments finding.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Through <em>in silico</em> experiments, four key compounds of <em>Withania somnifera were</em> —Morkotin A, Rutin, Withaoxylactone, and 2,3-Dihydrowithanolide E were identified. They exhibited strong potential to inhibit PanK enzyme activity. The <em>In silico</em> as well as <em>In vitro</em> findings suggest that <em>Withania somnifera</em>-derived natural compounds could serve as effective candidates for targeting vital enzymes in <em>M. tuberculosis</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>Withania somnifera</em> can be explored as valuable resource for developing novel drugs for PanK as a target to combat tuberculosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.S. Ganesh Kumar , Senthilvelan Selvaraj , V.M. Ravichandran , P Selva Shunmugam , V. Kamalanathan
{"title":"Standardization of the traditional Pudam process in the manufacturing of Siddha medicine Anna Pavala Chendooram by using an innovative electrical device","authors":"A.S. Ganesh Kumar , Senthilvelan Selvaraj , V.M. Ravichandran , P Selva Shunmugam , V. Kamalanathan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Background:</strong> The Siddha medicine system is one of the oldest traditional medicine systems and requires engineering equipment to reduce skill dependency for medicine manufacturing without compromising the efficacy of the medicine. <strong>Objective:</strong> The objective of the current work was to study the standard manufacturing method for a Siddha medicine <em>anna pavala chendooram</em> as per the conventional method and manufacture it in an electrical device designed for <em>pudam</em> process characterize it. <strong>Material and methods:</strong> <em>Annabedhi</em> (Ferrous sulfate) and <em>kodipavalam</em> (Coral) were taken as raw materials, <em>anna pavala chendooram</em> was prepared in the pit per conventional methods, and the same medicine was prepared in an electrical device for <em>pudam</em>; the prepared medicine from the pit and the device were characterized using modern scientific methods. <strong>Results:</strong> The maximum pressure built inside the sealed <em>agal</em> during the <em>pudam</em> was 35 mbar, and the maximum temperature during the <em>pudam</em> captured was 635 °C at the bottom. The XRD analysis reveals that the raw material consists of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>, 2Fe (OH) SO<sub>4</sub>, and CaSO<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4,</sub> and the finished medicine consists of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CaSO<sub>4</sub>. The XRF analysis reveals that the major oxides in finished medicines were Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(T), SO<sub>3</sub>, CaO, and MgO. The average particle size of finished medicine from the pit is 6.52 μm, and the finished medicine from the device with <em>seelaimann</em> is 6.45 μm, and from the device without <em>seelaimann</em> is 6.28 μm. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The <em>pudam</em> process for making <em>anna pavala chendooram</em> can be done using the device for <em>pudam</em> with the temperature profile obtained from the pit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"Article 101156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}