Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Yoga therapy for mental resilience in technology-driven occupational settings: A qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis","authors":"Santosh Kumar Sahu,&nbsp;Ajit Kumar Pradhan,&nbsp;Priyanka Giri","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mental health concerns among individuals working in technology-driven occupational settings have emerged as a major workplace challenge. Persistent cognitive demands, prolonged screen exposure, sedentary work patterns, and psychosocial stressors are associated with burnout, sleep disturbance, emotional dysregulation, and reduced resilience. Emerging evidence suggests that yoga therapy (YT) may represent a promising mind–body approach for supporting stress regulation and psychophysiological balance in cognitively demanding work environments. This qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis examined mechanistic and applied evidence related to yoga-based interventions in technology-related and comparable workplace populations. Literature searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2010–2025). Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, workplace intervention studies, mechanistic physiological investigations, observational studies, and relevant systematic reviews examining outcomes related to stress, autonomic function, emotional well-being, cognitive performance, and occupational health. Due to substantial heterogeneity across study designs, interventions, and outcome measures, findings were synthesized qualitatively. The included evidence suggests that YT may support autonomic regulation, heart rate variability modulation, and stress adaptation. Workplace-based interventions were generally associated with favorable trends in perceived stress reduction, sleep quality, emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and occupational satisfaction. Brief yoga-based micro-practices also appeared feasible for workplace stress management and attentional recovery. Classical yogic concepts, including sattva and prāṇa vāta regulation, provide an interpretive framework for understanding the multidimensional effects of YT. Overall, yoga-based interventions may represent a promising integrative strategy for resilience-related outcomes in technology-driven occupational settings. However, findings should be interpreted cautiously because of methodological heterogeneity and limited occupation-specific evidence. This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251240676).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimally invasive Ayurveda management of recurrent and acute-on-chronic non-healing venous leg ulceration – a Case Report","authors":"A.S. Santhi Krishna,&nbsp;Sujith Eranezhath,&nbsp;Arun T. Namboothiri","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Slow healing and recurrent venous leg ulcers resulting from varicose veins due to lower limb chronic venous insufficiency are common vascular complications. If left untreated, they may lead to severe outcomes such as hemorrhage and, in extreme cases, limb amputation.</div><div>We report the case of a 61-year-old male with bilateral lower limb varicosities of 10 years’ duration, presenting with multiple painful venous leg ulcers that recurred several months after phlebectomy due to patient non-compliance. Physical examination revealed exquisitely tender, exudative, irregular-bordered, multiple shallow ulcers with sloping edges and a putrid odor. The surrounding tissue was oedematous and indurated, predominantly involving the areas in and around the ankle joints. Aerobic wound swab culture showed heavy growth of <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> and <em>Proteus hauseri</em>, with moderate growth of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em>.</div><div>One month of Ayurvedic intervention employing <em>vrana sodhana</em> and <em>vrana ropana cikitsa</em> resulted in accelerated wound healing in recurrent, acute-on-chronic, non-healing venous leg ulcerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating technology in leech therapy: Toward standardized evidence-based Ayurvedic practice","authors":"Ramakrishna Allam,&nbsp;B. Kothainayagi,&nbsp;P.A. Sudhir,&nbsp;Vanitha R. Muralikumar,&nbsp;S. Sajitha,&nbsp;K. Sudharsan,&nbsp;S. Vasanth","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Jalaukavacharana</em> (leech therapy), an integral part of Ayurvedic medicine, is widely recognized for its benefits in managing chronic wounds, inflammatory conditions, and vascular disorders. However, its traditional application often lacks standardized procedures, real-time monitoring, and regulatory oversight, limiting its acceptance in modern clinical practice. While these challenges are notable in the Indian context, including species misidentification and inconsistent protocols, they are also encountered globally, even in countries where leech therapy is medically recognized.</div><div>This narrative review explores the integration of digital technologies, such as wearable biosensors, AI-based imaging, and IoT-enabled platforms, to enhance the safety, efficacy, and standardization of leech therapy. A comprehensive analysis of scientific literature and technical sources was conducted to evaluate innovations for monitoring vital signs, tracking leech activity, assessing vascular changes, and documenting wound healing.</div><div>Based on these insights, the manuscript proposes a forward-looking implementation framework that includes the development of AYUSH-approved Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), formal recognition of validated species such as <em>Hirudo medicinalis</em>, traceability systems, clinician training programs, multicentric pilot studies, and digital clinical registries. These strategies aim to modernize <em>Jalaukavacharana</em> while preserving its traditional essence.</div><div>The integration of AI, IoT, and biosensing technologies offers a pathway to transform leech therapy into a globally credible, evidence-based therapeutic modality suitable for contemporary integrative healthcare systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of Siddha regimen for management of mild to moderate iron deficiency anaemia amongst reproductive age-group women as compared to iron folic acid supplements: A protocol for an open labelled, multicentric randomized equivalence trial","authors":"P. Shanmugapriya,&nbsp;T. Subathra,&nbsp;R. Gayatri,&nbsp;N. Chandan,&nbsp;Manish J. Barvaliya,&nbsp;M. Ramamurthy,&nbsp;I. Sangeetha,&nbsp;Kalesh M. Karun,&nbsp;G. Senthilvel,&nbsp;Subarna Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Iron deficiency anaemia is the most prevalent dietary deficiency anaemia, affecting 30% of the global population. According to WHO (2019), anaemia affects 500 million women (15–49 years) globally. In India, 57.2% of women in this age group are anaemic despite the “Anaemia Mukt Bharat Programme”. The main challenge with standard iron and folic acid therapy is poor compliance due to forgetfulness and gastrointestinal side effects, necessitating alternative treatments like Siddha medicines with better efficacy and tolerability.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The primary objective is to compare the efficacy of Siddha regimen versus standard care in improving haemoglobin levels among women (18–49 years) with mild to moderate iron deficiency anaemia. Secondary objectives include evaluating changes in red cell indices, iron profile parameters, adverse reaction frequency, and documenting <em>mukkutram</em> status using <em>naadi</em> assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A randomized, controlled, open-labelled, multicentre equivalence clinical trial with two arms and 1:1 allocation is designed to enroll 170 participants. Women aged 18–49 years with mild to moderate anaemia and serum ferritin &lt;30mcg/dL will be included after informed consent. Participants will receive either iron and folic acid supplements or Siddha regimen as per group allocation.</div></div><div><h3>Outcome measures</h3><div>Primary outcome is the change in haemoglobin at the end of 3rd month. Secondary outcomes include changes in serum iron, Total iron binding capacity, ferritin, transferrin saturation, red blood cell indices, and correlation of <em>mukkutram</em> types with haemoglobin improvement.</div></div><div><h3>Trial status</h3><div>The study is registered with Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2025/01/079620) and will commence post-funding release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149194157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Vitex trifolia extract and development of a topical herbal cream","authors":"Wanhuda Paduka,&nbsp;Nongluk Kunworarath,&nbsp;Kanchapat Mahaprom,&nbsp;Jomkarn Naphatthalung,&nbsp;Julalak Chokpaisarn","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Vitex trifolia</em> L. is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Thai medicine for treatment of muscle pain and skin disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the <em>in vivo</em> analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of <em>Vitex trifolia</em> (VTE) and to develop a stable topical herbal cream.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The analgesic activity of VTE was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema models in rats. A topical cream was developed containing VTE at 0.4% w/w, and its physical characteristics (pH, viscosity, spreadability, and phase separation), short-term and accelerated stability (at 4 °C and 30 °C for 90 days), and phytochemical contents (phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins) were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>VTE (0.5-2.0 mg/ear) significantly reduced EPP-induced ear edema by up to 71.5% at 120 min (p &lt; 0.001) and suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema by 45.3% at 4 h with a 250 mg/kg body weight (p &lt; 0.001), showing comparable efficacy to standard drugs. The number of abdominal writhes in mice treated with VTE remained statistically comparable to the control group (p &gt; 0.05), and no significant increase in latency time was observed in the hot plate model. The HCF5 cream exhibited favorable physical characteristics (pH: 4.26-4.99; viscosity: 8683–40,065 cP), and remained stable over 90 days, especially at 30 °C. Phytochemical analysis showed stable retention of total phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins with no significant degradation during storage.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study confirms the anti-inflammatory potential of VTE and its suitability for use in a stable topical herbal formulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148912005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olive oil-based interventions for gingival inflammation and plaque control- A systematic review of clinical evidence","authors":"Sangeetha Narasimhan,&nbsp;Ghala Alkandari,&nbsp;Hawraa Buhamad,&nbsp;Retaj Alqattan,&nbsp;Abyar Shamouh,&nbsp;Alhanouf Saad,&nbsp;Mariam Khaleel,&nbsp;Shahad Bouhasan,&nbsp;Kawther Taleb,&nbsp;Shishir Ram Shetty,&nbsp;Sausan AL Kawas","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Natural compounds have gained attention for their therapeutic potential in managing oral conditions. Olive oil, known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, may offer clinical benefits in managing gingivitis.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of olive oil in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation in patients with gingivitis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, PROQUEST, and EBSCOhost databases to identify studies published between January 2002 and August 2025 that assessed the impact of olive oil on gingival health. Details collected included the study design, characteristics of participants, nature of the intervention, outcome measures, and principal findings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twelve studies that meet the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Evidence suggests that olive oil administered through various forms including, oil pulling, mouthwashes, toothpastes, and ozonated preparations, generally reduced gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation. Ozonated olive oil demonstrated superior efficacy compared to regular olive oil. Few studies found that olive oil interventions are comparable to chlorhexidine in reducing gingival inflammation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Olive oil appears to be a promising natural adjunct in the management of gingivitis, particularly in ozonated form. While current findings are encouraging, further high-quality studies with standardized methodologies and extended follow-up durations are required to confirm these outcomes and frame clinical guidelines. Dental practitioners may consider incorporating olive oil-based products as an adjunctive option alongside conventional gingivitis treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101391"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148990148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"12-week yoga intervention effect on metabolome in Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS): An LC-MS-based study","authors":"Deepika Kumari,&nbsp;Hanuman Prasad Sharma,&nbsp;Yashwant Kumar,&nbsp;Neena Malhotra,&nbsp;Reeta Mahey,&nbsp;Rima Dada","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder affecting endocrine, reproductive, and metabolic health. It is fundamentally a systemic metabolic defect that, if not addressed in time, can compromise the function of multiple systems, resulting in conditions such as impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is a lifestyle disorder with long-term health implications, requiring a holistic approach for management.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective quasi-experimental study involved 60 women (30 diagnosed with PMOS, 30 age and BMI-matched controls). Women with PMOS underwent a 12-week Yoga practice that included physical postures (Asanas), regulated breathing practice (Pranayama), and meditation (Dhyana) under the guidance of a trained therapist. Clinical characteristics and laboratory biochemical data were recorded, followed by an untargeted metabolomics analysis using high-resolution Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer technology to study plasma metabolome changes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Following Yoga intervention, women with PMOS showed significant improvements in hormonal, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profile. The metabolomics analysis showed that post-Yoga intervention, several key metabolites were significantly downregulated, including glucose, fructose, <span>d</span>-ribose, 3-hydroxybutanoate, taurine, and methylmalonate. However, metabolites like succinate and ascorbate were upregulated. Besides, AUC suggests significant metabolic shifts following Yoga intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Yoga offers a holistic, integrated mind-body approach to managing the endocrine, metabolic, and reproductive dysfunction in PMOS and lowers the risk of developing long-term comorbidities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"University of Patanjali as a Centre of Excellence in Yoga Education","authors":"Rudra B. Bhandari,&nbsp;Sadhvi Devpriya","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential benefits of Shirodhara as an add-on therapy for alleviating post-COVID anxiety and depression: A case study","authors":"Manoj Shamkuwar,&nbsp;Anandaraman PV,&nbsp;Dinesh Kataria,&nbsp;Santosh Bhatted,&nbsp;Bhavna Bhatia","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this case study, we present a 31-year-old female, a homemaker, who developed persistent symptoms of anxiousness, fatigue, weakness, irritation, anger issues, and difficulty concentrating for nearly 12 months following recovery from COVID-19. She was diagnosed by a consulting psychiatrist with post-COVID anxiety with depression, and had been on anxiolytic and antidepressant medications for the past ten months. She underwent <em>Shirodhara</em> (dripping of medicated oil on the forehead) using <em>Balashwagandhadi taila</em> for 14 days as an add-on therapy, while continuing her conventional medications. Assessments at baseline, 8th day, 15th day, and 30th day showed progressive improvements: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) scores reduced from 42 to 10, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) from 23 to 6, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) from 24 to 1, and Flanagan Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) improved from 59 to 79 by the 30th day. Serum cortisol was 3.09 μg/dL at baseline, below the normal range, and returned to the normal physiological range (11.76 μg/dL) on the 15th day, reflecting improved stress adaptation. C-Reactive Protein remained stable, while Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index showed a transient, non-pathological rise within normal limits. Also, based on the evaluation and recommendation of the psychiatrist, the dosage of conventional medications was reduced: Propranolol was tapered from 20 mg twice daily to once daily, Clonazepam 0.5 mg at bedtime was shifted to as-needed use, and Omeprazole was discontinued. This case highlights the potential role of <em>Shirodhara</em> as an adjunctive therapy in post-COVID anxiety, along with depression. These findings require validation through larger studies with long-term follow-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of classical and modified Tamra Bhasma: Acute oral toxicity, antimicrobial, and antioxidant profiles","authors":"Guruprasad C. Nille,&nbsp;Ritu Raj Patel,&nbsp;Himanshu Ranjan,&nbsp;Amaresh Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Meenakshi Singh,&nbsp;Nitesh Singh,&nbsp;Vijay M. Shinde,&nbsp;Anand Kumar Chaudhary","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaim.2026.101418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Tamra Bhasma</em>, a traditional Ayurvedic copper-based formulation, has been used for its antimicrobial and therapeutic benefits. However, its complex preparation and the risk of toxicity when not made according to classical methods have limited its broader clinical use. Recent efforts aim to simplify its preparation and scientifically validate its safety and efficacy.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the acute oral toxicity of two <em>Tamra Bhasma</em> preparations viz. Classical <em>Tamra Bhasma</em> I (CTB I) and a chemically processed form (CTB II) in comparison with synthetic copper oxides (A-CuO and S-CuO). The antimicrobial and antioxidant profiles are also compared between CTB I and CTB II.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>CTB I and CTB II were prepared using standard Ayurvedic protocols with different raw materials. Acute oral toxicity was tested in female rats using OECD guideline 425 at a limit dose of 2000 mg/kg, followed by a two-week observation period. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, and <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> using the disk diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH radical scavenging assay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No mortality, behavioral abnormalities, or significant weight changes were observed at the test dose. Hematological and biochemical parameters remained within normal ranges. Histopathological findings showed mild liver congestion in the CTB I group and increased sinusoidal space in the S-CuO group, with normal architecture in other organs. CTB I exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas CTB II was more effective against Gram-negative strains. CTB I also showed higher antioxidant activity than CTB II, though less potent than ascorbic acid.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>CTB I and CTB II have LD₅₀ more than 2000 mg/kg and demonstrate differing antimicrobial and antioxidant effects depending on preparation methods. These results support further investigation into their therapeutic mechanisms and potential applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 101418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}