Journal of Bacteriology最新文献

{"title":"A call for the United States to continue investing in science.","authors":"Ira Blader, Felicia Goodrum, Michael J Imperiale, Arturo Casadevall, Cesar Arias, Andreas Baumler, Carey-Ann Burnham, Christina Cuomo, Corrella Detweiler, Graeme Forrest, Jack Gilbert, Susan Lovett, Stanley Maloy, Alexander McAdam, Irene Newton, Gemma Reguera, George A O'Toole, Patrick D Schloss, Ashley Shade, Marvin Whiteley","doi":"10.1128/jb.00072-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00072-25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0007225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rho-dependent termination and RNase E-mediated cleavage: dual pathways for RNA 3' end processing in polycistronic mRNA.","authors":"Heung Jin Jeon, Monford Paul Abishek N, Xun Wang, Heon M Lim","doi":"10.1128/jb.00437-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00437-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"Pre-full-length\" transcripts are produced at the end of the polycistronic galactose (<i>gal</i>) operon, 5' <i>galE-galT-galK-galM 3'</i>, via Rho-dependent transcription termination (RDT) and -independent transcription termination. The 3' end of the full-length <i>galETKM</i> mRNA is acquired by exonucleolytic processing of the 3'-OH ends of the pre-full-length transcripts. However, the <i>gal</i> operon produces an mRNA termed <i>galE</i> whose 3' end forms approximately 120 nucleotides downstream of the <i>galE</i> stop codon, within the subsequent gene, <i>galT</i>, thereby establishing polarity in gene expression. In this study, we investigated the molecular processes that generate the 3' end of <i>galE</i> mRNA. We discovered that the 3' ends of pre-galE mRNA are produced in the middle of <i>galT</i> as a result of the combination of two separate molecular processes-one previously reported as RDT and the other as unreported RNase E-mediated transcript cleavage. The 3' ends of pre-<i>galE</i> mRNA undergo exonucleolytic processing to the 3' end of <i>galE</i> mRNA observed <i>in vivo</i>. A hairpin structure containing an 8 bp stem and a 4-nucleotide loop, located 5-10 nucleotides upstream of the 3' ends of <i>galE</i> mRNA, blocks exoribonuclease digestion and renders transcript stability. These findings demonstrate that RNase E-contrary to its general role in mRNA degradation-produces RNA 3' ends that regulate polarity in gene expression.IMPORTANCEThis study reports the findings of two molecular mechanisms that generate the 3' ends of pre-<i>galE</i> mRNA in the <i>gal</i> operon, viz., Rho-dependent transcription termination and RNase E-mediated cleavage. These 3' ends are subsequently processed to produce stable <i>galE</i> mRNA with a hairpin structure that prevents exoribonuclease degradation. This mechanism establishes gene expression polarity by generating the 3' end of <i>galE</i> mRNA within <i>galT</i> in contrast to the usual mRNA degradation role of RNase E. The study reveals a unique role of RNase E in mRNA processing and stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0043724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Germination of <i>Bacillus</i> spores by LiCl.","authors":"James Wicander, John Gorsuch, Longjiao Chen, Rebecca Caldbeck, George Korza, Stanley Brul, Graham Christie, Peter Setlow","doi":"10.1128/jb.00510-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00510-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spores of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> have been found to germinate when incubated with LiCl, but not with other monovalent or divalent metal cations. <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> spores also germinated with LiCl, but <i>B. cereus</i> spores did not. In <i>B. subtilis</i>, the LiCl germination was via the activation of spores' GerA germinant receptor (GR), and in <i>B. megaterium,</i> it was the GerU GR. Notably, LiCl germination was much slower than normal physiological germinant triggered GR germination. In <i>B. subtilis</i> spores, rates of LiCl germination were increased in spores with a more fluid IM and decreased in spores with a less fluid IM. Analyses of the GerA germinant binding site suggested that Li⁺ could bind in a specific site in the <i>B. subtilis</i> GerAB subunit where normally a Na⁺ likely binds. Importantly, NaCl strongly inhibited LiCl germination of <i>B. subtilis</i> spores, much more so than the larger cation in KCl, although neither salt inhibited L-alanine germination via the GerA GR. These findings increase the understanding of features of mechanisms of germination of <i>Bacillus</i> spores.IMPORTANCEThe ability of some bacteria to form spores upon nutrient starvation confers properties of metabolic dormancy and enhanced resistance to environmental stressors that would otherwise kill vegetative cells. Since spore-forming bacteria include several notable pathogens and economically significant spoilage organisms, insight into how spores are stimulated to germinate and form new vegetative cells is important. Here, we reveal that relatively high concentrations of the inorganic salt lithium chloride trigger the germination of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> spores by stimulating one of the spores of each species cohort of nutrient germinant receptors. This is significant since novel germinants and increased knowledge of the germination process should provide opportunities for improved control of spores in healthcare, food, and environmental sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0051024"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a cytokinin-binding protein locus in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.","authors":"Jin Hee Yoo, Cristina Santarossa, Audrey Thomas, Damian Ekiert, K Heran Darwin","doi":"10.1128/jb.00003-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00003-25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytokinins are adenine-based hormones that have been well-characterized in plants but are also made by bacteria, including the human-exclusive pathogen <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. Like plants, <i>M. tuberculosis</i> uses cytokinins to regulate gene expression. We previously established that cytokinin overaccumulation in <i>M. tuberculosis</i> results in a buildup of aldehydes produced during cytokinin breakdown. In plants, dedicated enzymes called cytokinin oxidases convert cytokinins into adenine and various aldehydes. Proteasome degradation-deficient <i>M. tuberculosis</i>, which cannot degrade the cytokinin-producing enzyme Log, accumulates several cytokinins and at least one cytokinin-associated aldehyde, resulting in increased sensitivity to nitric oxide and copper. We therefore hypothesized that <i>M. tuberculosis</i> encodes one or more cytokinin oxidases, and disruption of this enzyme might restore resistance to nitric oxide and copper in a proteasome-defective strain. Using a homology-based search, we identified Rv3719 as a protein with high similarity to a plant cytokinin oxidase. Deletion of this gene, however, did not restore nitric oxide or copper resistance to a degradation-defective mutant. Instead, we observed increased copper sensitivity when Rv3719 was deleted from either wild-type or proteasome-defective strains. Finally, we characterized Rv3718c, a protein encoded adjacent to Rv3719, and found that it bound a cytokinin with high specificity. Collectively, these data support a role for cytokinin activity in <i>M. tuberculosis</i> physiology that remains to be further elucidated.IMPORTANCENumerous bacterial species encode cytokinin-producing enzymes, the functions of which are almost completely unknown. This work contributes new knowledge to the cytokinin field for bacteria and reveals further conservation of cytokinin-associated proteins between plants and prokaryotes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0000325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>Salmonella</i> pathogenicity island 1-encoded small RNA InvR mediates post-transcriptional feedback control of the activator HilA in <i>Salmonella</i>.","authors":"Yutong Hou, Kyungsub Kim, Fatih Cakar, Yekaterina A Golubeva, James M Slauch, Carin K Vanderpool","doi":"10.1128/jb.00491-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00491-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) encodes a Type-3 secretion system (T3SS) essential for <i>Salmonella</i> invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Many environmental and regulatory signals control SPI1 gene expression, but in most cases, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Many regulatory signals control SPI1 at a post-transcriptional level, and we have identified a number of small RNAs (sRNAs) that control the SPI1 regulatory circuit. The transcriptional regulator HilA activates the expression of the genes encoding the SPI1 T3SS structural and primary effector proteins. Transcription of <i>hilA</i> is controlled by the AraC-like proteins HilD, HilC, and RtsA. The <i>hilA</i> mRNA 5' untranslated region (UTR) is ~350 nucleotides in length and binds the RNA chaperone Hfq, suggesting it is a likely target for sRNA-mediated regulation. We used rGRIL-seq (reverse global sRNA target identification by ligation and sequencing) to identify sRNAs that bind to the <i>hilA</i> 5' UTR. The rGRIL-seq data, along with genetic analyses, demonstrate the SPI1-encoded sRNA <u>inv</u>asion gene-associated <u>R</u>NA (InvR) base pairs at a site overlapping the <i>hilA</i> ribosome binding site. HilD and HilC activate both <i>invR</i> and <i>hilA</i>. InvR, in turn, negatively regulates the translation of the <i>hilA</i> mRNA. Thus, the SPI1-encoded sRNA InvR acts as a negative feedback regulator of SPI1 expression. Our results suggest that InvR acts to fine-tune SPI1 expression and prevents overactivation of <i>hilA</i> expression, highlighting the complexity of sRNA regulatory inputs controlling SPI1 and <i>Salmonella</i> virulence.</p><p><strong>Importance: </strong><i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium infections pose a significant public health concern, leading to illnesses that range from mild gastroenteritis to severe systemic infection. Infection requires a complex apparatus that the bacterium uses to invade the intestinal epithelium. Understanding how <i>Salmonella</i> regulates this system is essential for addressing these infections effectively. Here, we show that the small RNA (sRNA) InvR imposes a negative feedback regulation on the expression of the invasion system. This work underscores the role of sRNAs in <i>Salmonella</i>'s complex regulatory network, offering new insights into how these molecules contribute to bacterial adaptation and pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0049124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A call for healing and unity.","authors":"Patrick D Schloss","doi":"10.1128/jb.00067-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00067-25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0006725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quorum sensing LuxR proteins VjbR and BabR jointly regulate <i>Brucella abortus</i> survival during infection.","authors":"Mitchell T Caudill, S Tristan Stoyanof, Clayton C Caswell","doi":"10.1128/jb.00527-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00527-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Brucella abortus</i> maintains an <i>N</i>-acetyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing system that consists of two LuxR proteins, VjbR and BabR, as well as two signals, dodecanoyl (C12 AHL) and 3-oxododecanoyl (3-OXO-C12 AHL) homoserine lactone. This system regulates major virulence factors that influence the bacteria's survival during infection. We generated the first strain that lacks both LuxR proteins and found a synergistic interaction for survival in the chronic infection C57BL/6 mouse model. Transcriptomic analyses of the <i>∆vjbR∆babR</i> double-deletion strain, as well as the cognate single-deletion strains, in a rich medium with vehicle control or supplemented with an AHL signal revealed large-scale genetic dysregulation in all conditions. Moreover, the double mutant maintained a limited response to AHL, even in the absence of the LuxR proteins. We additionally found that quorum sensing regulates the denitrification pathway but found no <i>in vitro</i> differences in the ability of quorum sensing deletion strains to clear nitric oxide stress or grow under anoxic denitrifying conditions. Finally, we confirmed that BabR autoregulates its own expression, and that VjbR mildly represses BabR expression. Altogether, these experiments help further characterize the <i>Brucella</i> quorum sensing systems and indicate that further attention should be given to the joint interactions between VjbR and BabR in controlling virulence.IMPORTANCE<i>Brucella abortus</i> is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen that uses its quorum sensing to survive within hosts. This study further characterizes that system and indicates important future lines of inquiry. We found that both quorum sensing proteins, VjbR and BabR, coordinate to maintain survival, as well as document that both quorum sensing systems appear physiologically active.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0052724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GlnA3<i>_Mt</i> is able to glutamylate spermine but it is not essential for the detoxification of spermine in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.","authors":"Sergii Krysenko, Carine Sao Emani, Moritz Bäuerle, Maria Oswald, Andreas Kulik, Christian Meyners, Doris Hillemann, Matthias Merker, Gareth Prosser, Inken Wohlers, Felix Hausch, Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt, Agnieszka Mitulski, Norbert Reiling, Wolfgang Wohlleben","doi":"10.1128/jb.00439-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/jb.00439-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> is well adapted to survive and persist in the infected host, escaping the host's immune response. Since polyamines such as spermine, which are synthesized by infected macrophages, are able to inhibit the growth of <i>M. tuberculosis</i>, the pathogen needs strategies to cope with these toxic metabolites. The actinomycete <i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i>, a close relative of <i>M. tuberculosis,</i> makes use of a gamma-glutamylation pathway to functionally neutralize spermine. We therefore considered whether a similar pathway would be functional in <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. In the current study, we demonstrated that <i>M. tuberculosis</i> growth was inhibited by the polyamine spermine. Using <i>in vitro</i> enzymatic assays we determined that GlnA3<i>_Mt</i> (Rv1878) possesses genuine gamma-glutamylspermine synthetase catalytic activity. We further showed that purified His-Strep-GlnA3<i>_Mt,</i> as well as native GlnA3<i>_Mt,</i> prefer spermine as a substrate over putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, or other monoamines and amino acids, suggesting that GlnA3<i>_Mt</i> may play a specific role in the detoxification of the polyamine spermine. However, the deletion of the <i>glnA3</i> gene in <i>M. tuberculosis</i> did not result in growth inhibition or enhanced sensitivity of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in the presence of high spermine concentrations. Gene expression analysis of spermine-treated <i>M. tuberculosis</i> revealed no difference in the level of <i>glnA3_Mt</i> expression relative to untreated cells, whereas a gene encoding a previously characterized efflux pump (Mmr; <i>rv3065</i>) was significantly upregulated. This suggests that bacterial survival under elevated spermine concentrations can not only be achieved by detoxification of spermine itself but also by mechanisms resulting in decreased spermine levels in the bacteria.</p><p><strong>Importance: </strong>Upon <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection macrophages synthesize the polyamine spermine, which at elevated concentrations is toxic for <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. Based on our investigations of spermine resistance in the closely related actinomycete <i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i>, we hypothesized that the glutamylspermine synthetase GlnA3 may be responsible for the resistance of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> against toxic spermine. Here we show that GlnA3_<i>Mt</i> can indeed covalently modify spermine via glutamylation. However, GlnA3_<i>Mt</i> is probably not the only resistance mechanism since a <i>glnA3</i> null mutant of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> can survive under spermine stress. Gene expression studies suggest that an efflux pump may participate in resistance. Thus a combination of GlnA3_<i>Mt</i> and specific efflux pumps acting as putative spermine transporters may constitute an active spermine-detoxification system in <i>M. tuberculosis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0043924"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11841054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening a library of temperature-sensitive mutants to identify secretion factors in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.","authors":"Owen Leddy, Amany M Ibrahim, Muhammad S Azam, Sadie Solomon, Wenqi Yu, Olaf Schneewind, Dominique Missiakas","doi":"10.1128/jb.00433-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/jb.00433-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein secretion is an essential cell process in bacteria, required for cell envelope biogenesis, export of virulence factors, and acquisition of nutrients, among other important functions. In the Sec secretion pathway, signal peptide-bearing precursors are recognized by the SecA ATPase and pushed across the membrane through a translocon channel made of the proteins SecY, SecE, and SecG. The Sec pathway has been extensively studied in the model organism <i>Escherichia coli</i>, but the Sec pathways of other bacteria such as the human pathogen <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> differ in important ways from this model. Unlike in <i>E. coli</i>, a subset of precursors in <i>S. aureus</i> contains a YSIRK/GXXS (YSIRK) motif in an extended signal peptide. These proteins are secreted into the cross-wall compartment bounded by invaginating septal membranes during cell division. To gain insights into the factor(s) and mechanism(s) enabling protein secretion and spatial specificity in <i>S. aureus</i>, we isolated and screened a collection of temperature-sensitive (<i>ts</i>) mutants. These efforts identified at least one <i>secA(ts</i>) allele as well as mutations in the <i>secG</i> and <i>pepV</i> genes. A SecA pull-down experiment identified SecDF, all ribosomal proteins, several chaperones and proteases, as well as PepV, validating the genetic screen in identifying candidate cofactors of SecA in <i>S. aureus</i>.IMPORTANCEAll organisms use the Sec pathway for protein secretion, and key components of this pathway are essential for viability. The discovery of conditional loss-of-function mutants played an important role in defining the genetic basis of protein secretion in model organisms. In turn, the identification of Sec components facilitated mechanistic studies and revealed general rules for protein secretion but did not answer species-specific intricacies. Gram-positive bacteria, such as <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, restrict the secretion of some proteins into the septal membranes that bind their division site at mid-cell. Here, we screen a library of conditional temperature-sensitive mutants to define components of the Sec pathway of <i>S. aureus</i> and factors that may regulate its activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0043324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11841065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>: a model for intracellular bacterial parasitism.","authors":"Erin P Smith, Raphael H Valdivia","doi":"10.1128/jb.00361-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00361-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Chlamydia</i> comprises a diverse group of obligate intracellular bacteria that cause infections in animals, including humans. These organisms share fascinating biology, including distinct developmental stages, non-canonical cell surface structures, and adaptations to intracellular parasitism. <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> is of particular interest due to its significant clinical importance, causing both ocular and sexually transmitted infections. The strain L2/434/Bu, responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum, is the most common strain used to study chlamydial molecular and cell biology because it grows readily in cell culture and is amenable to genetic manipulation. Indeed, this strain has enabled researchers to tackle fundamental questions about the molecular mechanisms underlying <i>Chlamydia's</i> developmental transitions and biphasic lifecycle and cellular adaptations to obligate intracellular parasitism, including characterizing numerous conserved virulence genes and defining immune responses. However, L2/434/Bu is not representative of <i>C. trachomatis</i> strains that cause urogenital infections in humans, limiting its utility in addressing questions of host tropism and immune evasion in reproductive organs. Recent research efforts are shifting toward understanding the unique attributes of more clinically relevant <i>C. trachomatis</i> genovars.</p>","PeriodicalId":15107,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology","volume":" ","pages":"e0036124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}