Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Radiographic Measurements of Internal Organs in Rhode Island Red Hybrid Hens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) and Their Evolution During Egg Formation.","authors":"Thomas Coutant,&nbsp;Ciro Cococcetta,&nbsp;Albert Phouratsamay,&nbsp;Chloé Touzet,&nbsp;Graham Zoller,&nbsp;Minh Huynh","doi":"10.1647/20-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/20-00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Backyard poultry hens are becoming very popular as pets, and thus the demand for treating the individual chicken is increasing. Few basic diagnostic techniques commonly used in small animal practice have been evaluated in this species. At the moment, there is no study in backyard hens describing radiographic measurements of internal organs contrary to psittacine birds or birds of prey. Moreover, the effect of egg laying on these measurements has not been studied in avian species even though it could affect radiographic measurements depending on the stage of egg formation. This is of particular concern in laying hens since they are able to lay on a daily basis. Thirteen adult hens and 3 juvenile Rhode Island red hybrid hens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) were used to evaluate which organs can be reliably measured and to provide preliminary reference values for clinically healthy chickens. Additionally, whole body radiographs were collected every 2 hours over 24 hours in 5 adult hens to study the evolution of these measurements throughout egg formation. Organs that could be clearly delimitated on radiographs were measured, and the only organs that could be reliably measured were the heart and liver silhouettes. These measurements were significantly higher in adult compared to juvenile hens (<i>P</i> = 0.024). Among the different organ ratios, heart width: total liver width ratio was the only significantly different measurement and was higher in juvenile hens (<i>P</i> = 0.024). Hepatic silhouette measurements and ratios were found to increase over time (<i>P</i> < 0.02) but did not follow the progress of egg mineralization. Eggshell thickness was found to be a promising parameter to evaluate the stage of egg formation, and thus should be taken into account when trying to establish reference intervals for radiographic measurements of internal organs in laying hens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 2","pages":"132-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41144607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Policy, Submission Requirements, and Instructions to Authors (Updated March 2023)","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.89","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"89 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41815070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher's Statement","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.fmii","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.fmii","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"fmii - fmii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43808975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.fmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.fmi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136356016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected Abstracts From the Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.86","url":null,"abstract":"Following the most recent pandemic associated with a coronavirus, it is important to monitor other viruses that can potentially lead to similar outbreaks. The avian influenza viruses remain an important pathogen to monitor because of their potential impact on human and animal health. Influenza viruses with the hemagglutinin gene (H5 and H7 subtypes) have already been associated with major outbreaks in wild birds and have accounted for the losses of hundreds of millions of domestic poultry. In addition to the impacts of these viruses on birds, there have also been more than 2500 human cases and 1000 deaths. The H5 influenza viruses are disseminated by migratory wild birds and have been associated with 3 waves of global influenza outbreaks. The current third wave started in 2020 and is ongoing. The methods to control this disease has varied between countries, with Europe and North America controlling the virus through culling alone while others (eg, China) are using a ‘‘cull plus vaccination’’ strategy. The strategy adopted by China, the largest poultryproducing country in the world, has resulted in limited losses during the current global outbreak of H5 avian influenza outbreaks, and the near elimination of H7N9. The purpose of this review article was to summarize the damage the recent dissemination of H5 and H7 influenza viruses have caused to poultry and public health, evaluate the origin of the viruses, and discuss the vaccination strategy in China. The authors’ goal is to see vaccination implemented internationally to ensure the dissemination of the virus can be stopped.","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"86 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43077905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim After Oral Administration of Single and Multiple Doses to Rhode Island Red Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>).","authors":"Olivia A Petritz,&nbsp;Hiroko Enomoto,&nbsp;Emma G Meyer,&nbsp;Andrea Thomson,&nbsp;Ronald E Baynes,&nbsp;Keven Flammer","doi":"10.1647/22-00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP), a commonly prescribed antibiotic for backyard hens, is neither Food and Drug Administration approved nor prohibited in laying hens in the United States. The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma concentrations above targeted minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint values for Enterobacteriaceae could be achieved with oral dosing. Five Rhode Island red hens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) were administered a single dose of 96 mg/kg SMZ-TMP (80 mg/kg SMZ and 16 mg/kg TMP) IV followed by the same dose orally after a washout period. Following oral dosing, mean SMZ concentrations exceeded the target breakpoint for approximately 12 hours; however, TMP only briefly exceeded the target breakpoint. Bioavailability was 60.5% for SMZ and 82.0% for TMP. Ten naïve birds were allocated into control (n = 4) and treatment (n = 6) groups for a 7-day multi-dose study. Treatment birds received an oral suspension dosed at 16 mg/kg TMP and 80 mg/kg SMZ every 48 hours (on days 1, 3, 5, and 7); TMP tablets were additionally dosed at 25 mg/bird on days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and 50 mg/bird on days 2, 4, and 6. Plasma SMZ-TMP concentrations were measured on a multiple time interval by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using a noncompartmental model. No accumulation for either drug was noted following repeated dosing, and no statistical differences in biochemical values, packed cell volumes, or weight were found between pre- and posttreatment in either the treatment or control groups. Sulfamethoxazole (80 mg/kg q48h PO) and TMP (24.1-28.0 mg/kg q24h PO) maintained therapeutic plasma concentrations at or exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint of Enterobacteriaceae for 72 and 24 hours for TMP and SMZ, respectively, without evidence of adverse effects or drug accumulation. Further studies are needed to refine this dosage regimen and evaluate adverse effects in ill birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visceral <i>Haemoproteus minutus</i> Infection in a Major Mitchell's Cockatoo (<i>Lophochroa leadbeateri</i>).","authors":"Ciro Cococcetta,&nbsp;Graham Zoller,&nbsp;Thomas Coutant,&nbsp;Anne Girard Luc,&nbsp;Linda Duval,&nbsp;Minh Huynh","doi":"10.1647/21-00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 1-year-old major Mitchell's cockatoo (<i>Lophochroa leadbeateri</i>) was presented for evaluation of weakness, diarrhea with undigested seeds in the droppings, and weight loss. Leukocytosis with severe heterophilia, monocytosis, and lymphocytosis was noted on the complete blood count. Altered plasma biochemical parameters included a slight increase in creatine kinase and mild hypoproteinemia. Two blood smears before and after 2 days of treatment revealed mild polychromasia and anisocytosis but no blood parasites. Radiographic and computed tomographic imaging of the cockatoo were helpful in identifying airsacculitis, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal motility disorders. The patient died 5 days after treatment for the presenting clinical problems. On the gross postmortem examination, dark red foci in the ventricular muscle layers and 1-3-mm white foci in the myocardium, opaque air sacs, and dark lungs were identified. Histopathologic examination of submitted tissue samples found severe granulomatous ventriculitis and myocarditis with intralesional <i>Haemoproteus</i> species megalomeronts. Qualitative polymerase chain reaction testing for the cytochrome <i>b</i> (cyt <i>b</i>) gene performed on pooled heart, liver, kidney, and intestinal tissues identified 99.5% homology to <i>Haemoproteus minutus</i>. This case report demonstrates the expansion of the geographic range of <i>H minutus</i> to France and potentially to Belgium, which may compromise breeding and conservation of Australian parrots living outdoors. Challenging diagnosis, rapid disease progression, and the absence of validated treatment protocols for psittacine patients suggest that the use of preventive measures to reduce the presence of insect vectors such as hippoboscid flies and biting midges (<i>Culicoides</i>) should be considered. <i>Haemoproteus minutus</i> should be considered and potentially screened by polymerase chain reaction testing on blood samples, especially in the case of highly susceptible avian species (eg, Australian parrots in Europe) that present with sudden weakness, heterophilic leukocytosis, and monocytosis associated with mild anemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"62-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9742565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Splenic Small Cell Lymphoma with Presumed Secondary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in an African Penguin (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>).","authors":"Ivana H Levy,&nbsp;David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman,&nbsp;Molly Gleeson,&nbsp;Molly Liepnieks,&nbsp;Michael Murray,&nbsp;Brian Murphy,&nbsp;Bill Vernau","doi":"10.1647/22-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 2-year-old male African penguin (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>) was presented to a veterinary teaching hospital for evaluation of a previously diagnosed subclinical, marked regenerative anemia. Physical examination at the zoological institution demonstrated biliverdinuria and pale oral mucous membranes. Diagnostic tests performed on the penguin since the diagnosis and prior to presentation to the veterinary teaching hospital included serial complete blood counts, plasma biochemistry panels, radiographic imaging, blood and plasma heavy metal testing, and infectious disease testing. The abnormal diagnostic test results were consistent with marked regenerative anemia and splenomegaly. At the veterinary teaching hospital, further diagnostic testing was ordered in an attempt to determine the cause of the biliverdinuria and pale oral mucous membranes. The diagnostic tests performed included a full-body contrast computed tomographic scan, upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedure, bone marrow aspiration and evaluation, saline agglutination testing, blood <i>Plasmodium</i> species polymerase chain reaction screening, a vitamin profile panel, and repeat blood heavy metal testing. The complete blood count demonstrated a marked, regenerative anemia with the presence of dysplastic erythrocytes, and splenomegaly was found on the computed tomographic images without identifying a definitive cause. Primary disease differentials for the diagnosed regenerative anemia included a myelodysplastic syndrome and primary or secondary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The penguin was treated with oral prednisolone as an immunomodulatory agent; however, it did not result in a positive treatment response. The patient developed hyporexia, weight loss, and lethargy 2 months post presentation to the veterinary teaching hospital. Additional therapy with cyclophosphamide was initiated, and the penguin improved clinically, but then declined. The patient was euthanized due to a poor quality of life and prognosis 4 months after initial presentation and 1.5 years after the first complete blood count revealed the penguin to be anemic. Microscopic review of submitted postmortem tissue samples demonstrated a monomorphic population of neoplastic small lymphocytes infiltrating the spleen, consistent with splenic small cell lymphoma. The neoplastic cells did not label with the T-cell marker CD3 or B-cell markers CD20, CD79a, and Pax-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"46-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postmortem Evaluation of Cardiac Valvular Disease in Bald Eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and a Golden Eagle (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>).","authors":"Kristina S Vuong,&nbsp;Michael Jones,&nbsp;Linden E Craig","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limited data are available regarding cardiac diseases in birds of prey despite their prevalence in these avian species. Literature regarding valvular lesions in birds of prey is scarce and includes single reports of left atrioventricular valvular endocarditis in an adult, free-ranging, male bald eagle (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and aortic valvular endocarditis in an adult, free-ranging, female red-tailed hawk (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, signalment, gross necropsy findings, and histologic lesions of valvular lesions in eagles. In this retrospective study, necropsy reports for 24 free-ranging and captive eagles were evaluated over a 15-year period (July 3, 2006-February 28, 2021). Six (25%; 95% confidence interval: 8.9-58.9) birds, 5 bald eagles and 1 golden eagle (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>), met the inclusion criteria. Five (83.3%) of the 6 birds had valvular degeneration, 2 (33.3%) had endocarditis, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was cultured from 1 (16.7%) of the endocarditis cases. The 6 eagles with valvular lesions were all captive adults. Four of the birds were female (66.7%), and the aortic and left atrioventricular valves were equally affected. Acute or chronic cerebral infarcts were present in all 6 birds. Valvular cardiac disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in eagles exhibiting respiratory distress, neurologic signs, syncope, or in cases of sudden death.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"22-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Alfaxalone on the Induction and Maintenance of Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Gentoo Penguins (<i>Pygoscelis papua</i>).","authors":"Koji Ono,&nbsp;Masahiro Yamasaki,&nbsp;Toshihiro Ichijo,&nbsp;Hiroshi Satoh","doi":"10.1647/22-00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic anesthesia in penguins is often achieved using inhalation anesthetic agents alone, and information on injectable drugs for systemic anesthesia is limited. General anesthesia with a minimal effect on circulatory dynamics is necessary to perform noninvasive examinations and treatments in animals, including penguins. In this study, alfaxalone (ALFX), an injectable anesthetic agent, was examined to establish the optimal anesthetic method for gentoo penguins (<i>Pygoscelis papua</i>). Alfaxalone was administered intravenously through the metatarsal vein, and anesthesia was maintained by a constant rate infusion (CRI). A biological monitor was used to record numerous clinical indices, and the anesthetic depth was evaluated every 5 minutes during anesthesia; the CRI was adjusted until the optimal anesthetic depth was obtained. Anesthesia depth was assessed, and the CRI rate was adjusted. The CRI was stopped, and the time until recovery was recorded. Blood samples were collected to analyze plasma concentrations of ALFX. The mean total dose of ALFX required for anesthetic induction was 9 ± 1.9 mg/kg, the intubation time was 126 ± 21 seconds, and the maintenance infusion rate of ALFX was 0.3 ± 0.08 mg/kg/min. The time from discontinuation of anesthesia to extubation was 42 ± 23 minutes, and the time to recovery was 90 ± 33 minutes. Significant changes in the heart rate and blood pressure were not observed during the anesthetic events. The plasma concentration of ALFX under stable anesthesia was 6734 ± 4386 ng/mL (range, 3315-14 326 ng/mL). Although anesthesia using ALFX tended to result in a prolonged time to recovery in gentoo penguins, rapid induction of anesthesia and stable hemodynamics during anesthetic maintenance were achieved. Therefore, ALFX may be considered a suitable anesthetic method for noninvasive examinations and treatments in penguins.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9742566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}