Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity of the essential oils of Eugenia uniflora and Pogostemon cablin on field bees of Africanized Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","authors":"Elizabete Artus Berte ,&nbsp;Cristiane Lurdes Paloschi ,&nbsp;Fernanda Raulino Domanski ,&nbsp;Edgar de Souza Vismara ,&nbsp;Erivelto Folhato Tolfo ,&nbsp;Leticia da Silva Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Natália Ramos Mertz ,&nbsp;Vitória Alves Pereira ,&nbsp;Silvane Zancanaro de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Raiza Abati ,&nbsp;Fabiana Martins Costa ,&nbsp;Everton Ricardi Lozano da Silva ,&nbsp;Michele Potrich","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Africanized honey bee <em>Apis mellifera</em> is a social insect that plays a vital role in agriculture and the economy through pollination, an essential ecosystem service, and the production of several bee products. However, the sharp decline in honey bee colonies, often associated with Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), especially due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides, represents a significant threat to ecosystems and global food security. Among the alternatives under investigation to replace synthetic pesticides, essential oils or botanical insecticides stand out, although the effects on <em>A. mellifera</em> remain poorly understood and require further studies. This study evaluated the toxicity of essential oils from <em>Eugenia uniflora</em> and <em>Pogostemon cablin</em> on forager bees of known age (K) and unknown age (U). Three bioassays were conducted at a concentration of 0.75 % (v/v): (1) direct contact on treated surfaces; (2) spraying on bees; (3) Ingestion of food with essential oil; and analysis of flight behavior. Essential oils significantly reduced bee survival over 12 h, with more lethal effects in the group exposed to <em>E. uniflora</em> oil. They negatively affected flight behavior (vertical movement and recovery free fall). The toxic effects were evident regardless of honey bee age or exposure method, highlighting that although botanical insecticides are often considered safer alternatives to synthetic products, they can still pose substantial risks to pollinators. This study provides important information on pollinator conservation and may inform future regulations on botanical pesticides and guide safer integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, promoting a balance between pest control and biodiversity protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and nest occupancy patterns of Oecophylla smaragdina (hymenoptera: formicidae) colonies in Southeast Asian oil palm plantations","authors":"Moïse Pierre Exélis ,&nbsp;Rosli Ramli ,&nbsp;Azarae Hj Idris ,&nbsp;Rabha W. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Gemma Maria Clemente-Orta ,&nbsp;Camilo Ayra-Pardo ,&nbsp;Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Asian weaver ant (<em>Oecophylla smaragdina</em> F.) is an effective natural predator of key pests affecting economically important crops across Southeast Asia. This study presents a large-scale assessment of its spatial distribution in oil palm plantations (200,000 ha surveys). Geographic coordinates and colony-level data were recorded to investigate spatial structure, the occupation pattern, nesting behaviour, and typology. To distinguish functional nest types (brood versus barracks), 26 samples were analysed using discriminant analysis (DA). The vertical positioning within the palm canopy emerged as a reliable visual indicator (nest morphology, internal content proved insufficient). Brood nests were located at heights averaging 8.0 ± 1.3 m (barracks ± 4.0 m). Colonies exhibited polydomous structure, forming irregular, interconnected spatial patches, with the first documented cases of monodomy observed in shorter palms. The antagonist ant species <em>Odontoponera denticulata</em> is suggested as a potential disruptor vector. Colony age, estimated from the number of nests and occupied palms, was modelled using negative binomial and Poisson distribution. Mature colonies occupied 10–12 palms within an area of 800–2500 m², separated by consistent ant-free buffer zones (∼20 m²). Colonisation progressed gradually, with colonies occupying an average of 3–4 palms per year, reaching maturity within 3–4 years. Poisson modelling predictive estimation of colony age based on nesting parameters shows a strong correlation. <em>O. smaragdina</em> colonies’ widespread, stable presence throughout oil palm landscapes underscores the species’ potential as a sustainable biological control agent against the invasive bagworm <em>Metisa plana</em> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), a major threat to oil palm yields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of cotton pests using an enhanced deep learning model","authors":"Hanyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Zhong ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pests in cotton fields significantly impact the normal growth and development of cotton plant, resulting in a decline in both quality and yield, subsequently affecting the productivity of farmers. In addressing the prevalent elongated structures found in insects, this study extends the YOLOv8n algorithm by introducing dynamic snake convolution. This addition facilitates efficient learning of the elongated features of cotton insects. Our algorithm achieved a F1-score value of 92.71 %, an mAP50 value of 97.50 %,an mAP50-95 value of 80.13 %.Additionally, we conducted comparative experiments with well-known object detection algorithms, including Efficientdet, Retinanet, SSD, YOLOv5, YOLOv8n, and YOLOv8s. The results demonstrate that our algorithm exhibits higher accuracy and precision.Furthermore, we evaluated our approach on additional publicly available insect datasets, revealing that our Snake-YOLO algorithm outperforms in detecting insects with elongated features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity assessments of Apis mellifera intermissa venom collected in Northeast Algeria","authors":"Faouzi Dahdouh ,&nbsp;Gizem Kursunluoglu ,&nbsp;Amira Bourouba ,&nbsp;Amina Bourouba ,&nbsp;Mukerrem Betul Yerer ,&nbsp;Houria Djebar-Berrebbah","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study characterized the venom of the Algerian honeybee, Apis mellifera intermissa, and evaluated its key biological activities. Biochemical analysis by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that melittin, the main component of bee venom, constituted approximately 38 % of its dry weight. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed the presence of major components, including melittin (∼3–5 kDa), phospholipase A₂ (∼15–20 kDa), and hyaluronidase (∼44 kDa). The venom exhibited strong antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity was observed against <em>Pseudomonas</em> aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Acinetobacter baumannii, yielding low minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC). The anti-inflammatory potential was evidenced by the inhibition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation. Furthermore, the venom exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of 17.17 µg/mL and 11.90 µg/mL, respectively. These findings highlight venom as a rich source of bioactive compounds with multifaceted therapeutic potential for pharmacological development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual and combined efficacy of zeolite and spinetoram for controlling Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae: Coleoptera); impact of temperature, relative humidity and grain types","authors":"Rameesha Amjad Ali ,&nbsp;Mansoor-ul-Hasan ,&nbsp;Eman Fayad ,&nbsp;Seham Sater Alhelaify ,&nbsp;Saqer S. Alotaibi ,&nbsp;Anam Moosa ,&nbsp;Faisal Zulfiqar","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the insecticidal potential of zeolite (ZeoFeed) and spinetoram alone and in combination against the adults of lesser grain borer, <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> (F.) (Bostrichidae: Coleoptera). Bioassays were carried out at 15, 25, and 35 °C and 55 and 75 % relative humidity (R.H.) on wheat, rice, and maize. Efficacy of zeolite was determined at 2500, 500, and 700 ppm in first bioassay, followed by efficacy of spinetoram at 0.25, 0.50 and 1 ppm in second bioassay, and combined effectiveness of zeolite and spinetoram at 750 and 1 ppm doses in third bioassay. Adult mortality in all bioassays was recorded 1-, 3-, 7- and 14-days post-exposure. Results showed that mortality was positively related with dose and exposure interval. More insects died with increasing temperature and decreasing R.H. Wheat was more susceptible followed by rice and maize. Mortality was more in combined treatments (750 ppm + 1 ppm) with complete control of insects at 35 °C + 55 % R.H., 14 days of post-exposure in all tested commodities. This is the first report on the use of zeolite combined with insecticide to combat <em>R. dominica</em> under these conditions. The study suggests that zeolite in combination with spinetoram can effectively protect grains from this species, considering factors such as temperature and relative humidity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Krüppel-homolog 1 is critical for larval metamorphosis in an herbivorous ladybird","authors":"Yi-Kuan Wu,&nbsp;Jia-Qing Yu,&nbsp;Lin Jin,&nbsp;Guo-Qing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two transcriptional repressors Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and Hairy have been confirmed mediating juvenile hormone (JH) signaling in Dipterans. To date, nevertheless, whether the two repressors transduce the JH signal has not been explored in any Coleopteran species. Here we found that <em>HvKr-h1</em> exhibited a temporal expression pattern opposite to that of <em>HvHairy</em> in <em>Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata</em>, an herbivorous ladybird mainly damaging potato. Moreover, <em>HvKr-h1</em> showed opposite expression profiles to that of <em>HvHairy</em> in the larval fore and hindguts. RNA interference (RNAi) against <em>Kr-h1</em> at the second larval instar stage caused premature pupae and adults, and abnormal prepupae. Knockdown of <em>HvKr-h1</em> at the third and fourth (final) larval instar stages led to deformed prepupae and misshapen pupae; the phenotypic defects were more severe when injection of dsRNA at the final instar stage. Moreover, RNAi for <em>HvKr-h1</em> disrupted JH and 20E signaling, indicating by abnormal expression levels of JH signaling pathway genes (<em>Met</em>, <em>Tai</em>, <em>Hairy, Groucho</em>) and upregulated <em>BrC</em> and <em>E93</em>. Conversely, depletion of either <em>HvHairy</em> or <em>HvGroucho</em> did not affect larval developing. Both ds<em>Hairy</em>- or ds<em>Groucho</em>-treated and control larvae exhibited steady weight gain and normal transitions through the third and fourth instars, prepupal, and pupal stages. It appears that Kr-h1, rather than Hairy/Groucho, exerts an anti-metamorphic role during larva developing in <em>H. vigintioctomaculata</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional response and instar preference of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) at different densities and temperatures","authors":"Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Guo-Ting Yuan ,&nbsp;Peng Han ,&nbsp;Krutmuang Patcharin ,&nbsp;Perumal Vivekanandhan ,&nbsp;Jin-Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiao Kong ,&nbsp;Guo-Hua Chen ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bemisia tabaci</em> (Gennadius) is among the most serious threats to global agricultural production. Biological control of <em>B. tabaci</em> using the parasitoid <em>Encarsia formosa</em> Gahan is effective on various crops. However,the biological control of <em>B. tabaci</em> could be affected by various abiotic factors. Understanding the effects of temperature on parasitoid efficacy is one of the key ascpects in this case. In this study, the functional response, searching efficiency, and parasitism preference of <em>E. formosa</em> on early and late nymphal instars of <em>B. tabaci</em> at different temperatures were investigated. We found that the functional response conformed to the type II model at 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 °C. The parasitoid efficiency of <em>E. formosa</em> toward nymphal <em>B. tabaci</em> was the highest at 28 °C. Searching efficiency of <em>E. formosa</em> decreased with the increase in host density. The Hassell-Varley interference model simulation indicated intraspecific interference in <em>E. formosa</em>. <em>E. formosa</em> preferred to parasitize late instar nymphs of <em>B. tabaci</em> compared to the early instar nymphs. In conclusion, <em>E. formosa</em> releases at 25–31 °C with a parasitoid-to-host ratio of 1:50 is considered optimal to control <em>B. tabaci</em> in field, which minimizes costs and maximizes parasitism rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Yunnanebaeus Wittmer, 1996 (Coleoptera, Malachiidae), with descriptions of four new species","authors":"Junbo Tong ,&nbsp;Sergei E. Tshernyshev ,&nbsp;Romain Nattier ,&nbsp;Haoyu Liu ,&nbsp;Yuxia Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genus <em>Yunnanebaeus</em> <span><span>Wittmer, 1996</span></span> is reviewed. Four new species, <em>Y. uncinellus</em> Tong &amp; Yang sp. nov., <em>Y. rectus</em> Tong &amp; Yang sp. nov., <em>Y. forcipatus</em> Tong &amp; Yang sp. nov. and <em>Y. furcatus</em> Tong &amp; Yang sp. nov. are described and illustrated. A new combination, <em>Y. spinosus</em> (Wittmer, 1995) comb. nov., is proposed after examining the type specimen. The structures of the elytral apices in female <em>Yunnanebaeus</em>, as well as the ultimate abdominal ventrite and pygidium, are reported and discussed for the first time. The generic diagnosis of <em>Yunnanebaeus</em> is updated. An identification key to all known species of <em>Yunnanebaeus</em> is also provided.</div><div><span><span>http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7F12E01D-7339-44D6-A943-B489EFF1655C</span><svg><path></path></svg></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of Varroa destructor infestation and botanical oils on physiological characteristics and mechanism of defensive behavior of Carniolan and Italian Apis mellifera","authors":"Amany E. El-Nagar ,&nbsp;Zeinab A. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Wafa A.H. Alkherb ,&nbsp;Dina F. Alhashdi ,&nbsp;Abd El-Aziz M. Mohsen","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this study was to assess the physiological and behavioral reactions of Italian and Carniolan honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) to botanical treatments and infestations of <em>Varroa destructor</em>. Measurements of amino acid profiles, enzyme activities, nutrient contents, grooming, and hygienic practices were used to evaluate the effects of infestation and treatments (formic acid, apricot seed extract, garlic oil, and camphor oil). In both bee subspecies, <em>Varroa</em> mite infestation markedly changed the levels of amino acids, especially lowering proline, alanine, and methionine. Essential amino acid levels were higher in uninfested bees, whereas methionine and glutamic acid levels were higher in bees treated with formic acid. In general, the lowest concentrations of amino acids were found in apricot oil. The untreated controls had the highest levels of total carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, while the bees treated with garlic oil or formic acid had the lowest levels. While invertase activity peaked in bees treated with apricot oil, the enzymatic activities of GOT, GPT, amylase, and esterases decreased when exposed to formic acid and garlic oil. The enzyme levels of Italian and Carniolan bees varied, with the latter typically exhibiting greater activity. Grooming responses changed over five days after treatment, according to behavioral assays. Apricot extract and garlic oil significantly influenced grooming behavior in colonies, with the highest levels of hygienic behavior observed within the first 24 h. These findings suggest <em>Varroa</em> infestation impairs bee physiology, but certain botanical treatments especially apricot and garlic oils may enhance bee resilience through improved biochemical balance and behavioral defenses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo and in silico evaluation of the toxicological and biochemical effects of Cd 4-formylbenzoate pyrazine complex on Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","authors":"Ahmet Harmankaya ,&nbsp;Serkan Sugeçti ,&nbsp;Mustafa Sertçelik ,&nbsp;Cihat Çelik ,&nbsp;Ender Büyükgüzel ,&nbsp;Hacali Necefoğlu ,&nbsp;Kemal Büyükgüzel","doi":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental pollution resulting from the use of insecticides in conventional pest control necessitates the exploration of novel chemical compounds with reduced toxicity. In this study, the Cd 4-formylbenzoate pyrazine complex was initially investigated in silico to assess its interaction with the juvenile hormone of <em>Galleria mellonella</em>. The binding affinity of the complex to the juvenile hormone was determined to be −8.1 kcal/mol. Based on the strong binding affinity observed in the in silico analysis, the biochemical effects of the complex on <em>G. mellonella</em> hemolymph were further evaluated in vivo. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase, which are key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism in the exposed samples. Furthermore, cellular damage was observed in the hemolymph following exposure to the complex. Additionally, crucial metabolic enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase, were adversely affected. Collectively, these findings indicate that the Cd 4-formylbenzoate pyrazine complex exerts toxic effects on the model pest <em>G. mellonella</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15094,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology","volume":"28 3","pages":"Article 102443"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}