Journal of Applied Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Genomic and virulence insights of Western European Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and development of Galleria mellonella infection assay.","authors":"Salomé Desmecht, Fabrice Touzain, Thibaut Olivier, Céline Antoine, Véronique Beven, Cécile Meex, François Lieffrig, Steve J Charette, Damien Thiry","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf193","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a fish disease highly aggressive for salmonids and responsible for significant economic losses in aquaculture worldwide. This study aimed to explore genomic and antimicrobial resistance traits of Western European A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains and to develop an adapted infection model using larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to assess the pathogenic potential of this psychrophilic subspecies.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Three A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains, isolated from salmonids displaying clinical signs of furunculosis, were tested against a panel of antibiotics and sequenced to characterize their genome. Virulence was evaluated in G. mellonella larvae using bacterial doses ranging from 101 to 106 CFU/larva. Two isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to antibiotics commonly used against furunculosis. Although closely related to the reference strain A449, genomic analyses revealed multiple plasmids known to encode antibiotic resistance genes. Virulence assays showed that this subspecies was lethal at doses as low as 101 CFU/larva, and that a fully functional Type III secretion system (T3SS) is not essential for the infection of G. mellonella, likely due to the presence of other virulence factors in T3SS-deficient strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings enhance the genomic characterization of European A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and validate the use of G. mellonella larvae as a relevant alternative infection model for studying this psychrophilic subspecies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144731103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface-associated microbial growth in anoxic pressure vessels containing compacted gapfill bentonite.","authors":"Rachel C Beaver, Claire S Tully, W Jeffrey Binns, James J Noël, Josh D Neufeld","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf157","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Deep geological repositories (DGR) for belowground storage of used nuclear fuel rely on highly compacted bentonite to limit growth of microorganisms, including those that can contribute to microbiologically influenced corrosion, like sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). This study examined how a range of bentonite dry densities (1.25-1.60 g cm-3) affected microbial community abundance and composition in bentonite incubated in pressure vessels for 1, 4, or 12 months under anoxic conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Culturable heterotroph abundance increased in some lower-density (i.e., 1.25 and 1.40 g cm-3) samples after 1 month, consistent with previous experiments. Unlike previous studies, outer layer bentonite samples had higher abundances of culturable SRB than the starting material. SRB-associated sequences were more prevalent in swabs from pressure vessel surfaces than in bentonite, suggesting interface-associated SRB growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although culturable SRB increased for several outer layer pressure vessel samples, abundances remained relatively low and did not increase beyond the values measured at the 1-month timepoint. Overall, a minimum dry density of 1.45 g cm-3 limited microbial growth in inner layer bentonite samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological detection and molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in sheep and goats co-infected with gastrointestinal parasites from the northern Himalayan territories of India.","authors":"Misbah Altaf, Shaheen Farooq, Mohd Altaf Bhat, Zahid Amin Kashoo, Padma Yangzom, Uznain Tramboo, Sabia Qureshi, Isfaq- Ul-Hussain, Idrees Mehraj Allaie","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf180","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The present study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of paratuberculosis infection and gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in small ruminants, including the threatened Changthangi goats of the Ladakh region and to characterize the Map strain diversity and detection of anti-Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) antibodies in serum samples of sheep and goats.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>A total of 327 faecal samples were collected from 32 flocks across various locations in the Kashmir and Ladakh regions and were examined for the presence of Map bacilli. Initial screening using Ziehl-Neelsen staining detected acid-fast bacilli in 111 samples (33.9%), of which 88 were confirmed positive for Map by IS900 and IS1311 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The overall occurrence of Map infection in sheep and goats was 26.9%. Molecular typing of the 88 PCR-positive samples using IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis identified the B-type Map in 85 samples (96.5%) while 3 samples (3.4%) belonged to S-type strain; no C-type strains were detected in this study. Sequencing of 13 representative IS1311 amplicons (B-type = 10; S-type = 3) demonstrated that all B-type sequences possessed intact Thymine & Guanine nucleotides at positions 64 and 65, consistent with the US Bison type, while the S-type sequences also showed complete homology, confirming single bison and sheep biotypes circulating in the study population. Additionally, the faecal analysis indicated a high occurrence (85.32%) of GI parasites in small ruminants with Haemonchus spp. being the most prevalent (79.0%), followed by Trichostrongylus spp. (12%). Furthermore, among 150 serum samples collected from 20 flocks in the Kashmir region, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected anti-Map antibodies in 39 (26.0%) samples. At the flock level, 65% were seropositive, while individual-level seroprevalence was 18.0% in sheep and 42.0% in goats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study reveals an overall Map infection rate of 26.9% in small ruminants, with the B-type strain as the dominant biotype, exhibiting sequence identity with the US Bison type. ELISA-based seroprevalence was 26.0%, while GI parasitism was widespread, affecting over 85% of animals, with Haemonchus spp. as the predominant parasite affecting sheep and goats.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mucoid phenotype in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli: an underexplored phenomenon.","authors":"Atanu Manna, Dhamodharan Ramasamy, K Vanathy, S Srirangaraj, R Ramya, Divya Lakshmanan","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf166","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Escherichia coli is an important clinical pathogen that requires urgent attention. Although a commensal bacterium, E. coli can cause serious infections ranging from enterohaemorrhagic diarrhoea to neonatal meningitis. The pathogenesis of E. coli is characterized by a complex interplay of virulence factors that facilitate its colonization, invasion, and evasion of host immune responses. The adaptive capability of the pathogen to varying host environment is facilitated by its genetic plasticity leading to patho-adaptive mutations. Production of mucoid capsule represents a way of such phenotypic adaptation. Mucoid phenotype is commonly found and associated with enhanced virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. However, mucoid colony types are not common in clinical E. coli isolates and their correlation to virulence, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance is not thoroughly studied. A majority of studies are based on laboratory-generated mutants, while information on clinical mucoid strains is limited. Hence, understanding the challenges posed by mucoid E. coli in clinical settings might play a crucial role in treatment and infection control measures. This review compiles information on the phenotypic characteristics, virulence determinants, and associated diseases of mucoid E. coli, and aims to address the gaps in knowledge for a better understanding of its clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid or salt adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes 10403S grown until exponential phase aerobically, enhances sensitivity to oxidative stress.","authors":"Marcia Boura, Mahide M Yilmaz Topcam, David Spiteri, Carolina Bruschi, Vasileios Valdramidis, Kimon A G Karatzas","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf173","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The work aimed at investigating a possible role of sigB in catalase transcription and activity in Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, we also aimed to investigate whether sigB upregulation during the exponential phase, due to acid or salt adaptation, could result in hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Finally, we investigated how this discovery could be used in the wider concept of Hurdle Technology through combination of different stresses.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Listeria monocytogenes 10403S WT and ΔsigB strains were grown aerobically, and catalase transcription and activity were assessed at different growth stages. Catalase transcription peaked at 6 h of growth in both strains, with ΔsigB showing higher levels. Subsequently, from 8 to 10 h, a major drop to similarly low levels occurred for both strains. However, catalase activity peaked 2 h later (at 8 h of growth) than transcription and remained higher in ΔsigB beyond this point. To evaluate stress adaptation, exponential-phase cells were exposed to sub-lethal acidic conditions (pH 4.5; HCl) or salt (0.5 mol l-1 NaCl) and later subjected to H2O2 or sonication (tested only with acid). Adaptation increased sensitivity in the wild type (WT) but not in ΔsigB, underpinning the negative role of sigB upregulation. Acid adaptation reduced catalase activity in both strains, explaining the reduced oxidative stress resistance, although salt adaptation did not affect catalase activity. After adaptation to acid or salt, application of oxidative stress without removing the initial adaptation stresses resulted in a higher synergistic effect in both WT and ΔsigB.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The above synergistic effects are important for our understanding of listerial oxidative stress resistance and optimization of relevant oxidative stress decontamination processes (e.g. oxidative compounds, ultrasound, and plasma treatments) but also virulence.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of optrA genetic structures in Enterococcus faecalis from retail chicken and the differential biofilm-forming abilities of isolates at non-frozen temperatures.","authors":"Yan Zhang, Yexin Lin, Jing Zhang, Ruanyang Sun, Jintao Yang, Mark A Webber, Hongxia Jiang, Chao Zhuo","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf148","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to explore the diversity of optrA genetic structures in Enterococcus faecalis from retail chicken and the variance in their biofilm-forming capabilities at refrigerated and room temperatures. By comprehensively studying these two traits, we aim to fully understand the transmission and biofilm-forming capabilities at non-frozen temperatures of optrA-positive E. faecalis.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Analysis of Chinese-sourced E. faecalis genomes in the database indicated that 65.76% were optrA-positive, with animals as the predominant hosts. In 2020, 15 optrA-carrying strains were isolated from 96 retail chicken samples from four Chinese supermarkets. The optrA gene was situated on plasmids or chromosomes. A novel optrA-carrying plasmid structure was identified, resulting from IS1485-mediated structural changes. Tn6674-like and Tn558-like structures mediated inter-chromosomal transfer of optrA, while IS1216E and ISEnfa1 promoted inter-plasmid transfer. Some isolates showed a greater tendency for biofilm formation at refrigerated temperature, and others at room temperature.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, this research reveals the genetic intricacy of optrA-positive E. faecalis and their temperature-associated biofilm-forming behaviors, highlighting the necessity of monitoring food-related microbial hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144284456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"If ATP and macromolecular synthesis are needed for dormant spores of Bacillota species to trigger spore germination, where do the energy and precursors come from?","authors":"Peter Setlow, Graham Christie","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf177","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ATP is one of the signature molecules of life. As the primary energy currency of cells, the debate concerning its involvement, if any, in driving the earliest biophysical events associated with germination of dormant Bacillota spores has continued without resolution for several decades. With a view to framing the debate, this article presents a synopsis of fundamental aspects of spore physiology coupled with key experimental observations in the context of bioenergetics and macromolecular synthesis. Evidently, neither the spore core nor the inner membrane present sub-cellular environments conducive to significant oxidative- or substrate-level phosphorylation, gene transcription, or protein translation activities. Additionally, neither the precursors of numerous critical macromolecules, nor the cellular apparatus required to synthesize these precursors, are present in dormant spores. Even if these might somehow be generated within localized micro-environments, the phosphorylation potential associated with the negligible quantities of ATP present in spores is severely reduced relative to actively metabolizing cells as a result of spores' sub-optimal adenylate energy charge. Thus, the scope for significant macromolecular synthesis is thermodynamically improbable. Looking ahead, clarity in the field of spore bioenergetics and metabolism will only be achieved by studies that unambiguously encompass the physiological constraints imposed by these most resolute cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144618043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term analysis of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus virulence factors and their environmental associations in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, US.","authors":"Michele E Morgado, Kyle D Brumfield, Suhana Chattopadhyay, Leena Malayil, Anwar Huq, Rita R Colwell, Amy R Sapkota","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf145","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The present study analyzed long-term trends in Vibrio spp. virulence factors associated with pathogenicity in Chesapeake Bay waters (in Maryland) across two 3-year sampling periods (2009-2012 and 2019-2022).</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Vibrio parahaemolyticus (n = 1476) and V. vulnificus (n = 806) isolates were recovered from 13 sampling stations and tested for species-specific and virulence markers. Across both sampling periods, detection of V. parahaemolyticus tdh+/trh+ isolates was similar and more frequently observed in the spring and fall, and the upper sampling stations. However, significant differences were observed in the detection of V. vulnificus pilA+ and rtxA+ isolates, with a higher percentage of pilA+ in 2019-2022 and rtxA+ in 2009-2012. VcgC+ isolates were most frequently detected during the fall (n = 24%) in 2019-2022. Interestingly, a greater prevalence of V. vulnificus isolates harboring virulence markers was observed in the mid and lower stations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vibrio vulnificus isolates displayed greater changes in virulence marker frequency across sampling periods compared to V. parahaemolyticus and these markers were detectable throughout the year.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12232115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144284457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-species biofilm of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are susceptible to colistin-rifamycin combination therapy.","authors":"Vipasha Thakur, Anandita Chalana, Anvita Gupta, Indu Pal Kaur, Prince Sharma, Neena Capalash","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf171","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Co-infections by MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae pose daunting challenges in healthcare settings. This study aimed at investigating the biofilm formation potential of their co-culture and evaluating the effect of combination therapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Spatial distribution of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae in co-cultured biofilm was analysed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and mCherry-tagged strains and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The antibiotic combination was selected through checkerboard assay and its antibiofilm activity was assessed against the co-culture of MDR strains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cell-free supernatant of K. pneumoniae enhanced the planktonic and biofilm growth of A. baumannii. Co-culture of these pathogens revealed interspersed growth in close proximity and significantly higher biofilm than their monocultures (P-value < 0.01). Synergistic combination of colistin (MIC/8) and rifamycin (MIC/4) at Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) killed both the pathogens in monoculture within 3 h. However, the co-culture exhibited enhanced resistance requiring 24 h for complete eradication. Biofilm formation was inhibited by 77% at 2 × FIC. Whereas the preformed biofilm was eradicated by 40% at 3 × FIC (1/4th of minimum biofilm eradication concentration). CLSM confirmed structural disruption of the biofilm matrix post-treatment at 3 × FIC, with reduction in biofilm thickness from 7 to 4 µm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acinetobacter baumannii and K. pneumoniae co-exist harmoniously, forming enhanced biofilms in co-cultures. Colistin-rifamycin combination proved highly effective against these dual-species biofilms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2-ethyl-1-hexanol: a promising molecule against priority fungal pathogens.","authors":"Emilli Karine Marcomini, Pamela Stéphani Tymniak Rezende, Joana Gomes, Cleison Rocha Leite, Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira, Armando Mateus Pomini, Terezinha Inez Estivalet Svidzinski, Melyssa Negri","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf165","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The objective of this study is to evaluate the antifungal activity of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2EH), toxicity, including mutagenic potential in vitro and cytotoxicity in vivo, as well as describe physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of the molecule.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>In vitro susceptibility tests were performed against planktonic cells of Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida spp., and Fusarium spp., priority fungal pathogens. Toxicity was evaluated both in the software, in vitro by the Ames mutagenicity test and in vivo by the larval model. Subsequently, the characterization of the molecule was performed using the SwissADME and Osiris property explorer software. 2EH inhibits the growth of these fungi, with MIC ranging from 0.0520 to 0.0260 g ml-¹ and fungicidal effect. In toxicity, according to software analysis, 2EH does not present mutagenic, tumorigenic, or carcinogenic effects, nor does it cause respiratory and mitochondrial toxicity. In the mutagenicity test, at concentrations lower than 0.1041 g ml-¹, the molecule does not present toxic effects and at MIC concentrations, it was not toxic to Tenebrio molitor (80% survival). 2EH meets the physical, chemical, and pharmacological parameters and has the potential to become a drug.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>2EH has antifungal action against priority fungal pathogens and at certain concentrations it is not mutagenic, nor does it present toxicity to larvae, therefore, our results suggest that this molecule could be a candidate for the antifungal arsenal.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}