{"title":"Pass-Through of Cocoa Prices Along the Supply Chain: What's Left for Farmers in Côte d'Ivoire?","authors":"Kathrin Kaestner, Gunther Bensch, Colin Vance","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1477-9552.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most cocoa farmers in Côte d'Ivoire are trapped in a cycle of poverty and farming practices that degrade the environment. This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the price formation process for cocoa at each stage of the supply chain in the world's largest cocoa-producing country. By examining potential inefficiencies that affect price pass-through and could explain exceptionally low farm-gate prices, the study seeks to identify segments of the supply chain where policy or market interventions could improve outcomes for farmers. Our approach couples econometric analyses using secondary cocoa price data and primary farm household survey data with qualitative assessments of institutional factors specific to the cocoa value chain in Côte d'Ivoire. Notwithstanding the country's highly regulated system of setting cocoa prices, we do not find evidence of inefficiencies that would explain persistently low farm-gate prices. Nor do we find that the recently introduced ‘Living Income Differential’, a price surcharge on internationally traded cocoa, has benefited farmers. We conclude by advocating that the international cocoa industry strengthens its development programmes in cocoa-growing communities, and that the government supports these efforts with better provision of infrastructure and other public goods. Such efforts could ultimately serve to increase the opportunity cost of cocoa production, drawing farmers into other employment sectors while improving the resilience and livelihoods of those who remain.</p>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"411-428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1477-9552.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emilio Aguirre, Juan Baraldo, Marcelo Caffera, Hugo Laguna
{"title":"Outcomes of a Public Program to Support Sustainable Livestock Farming: Evidence From Uruguay","authors":"Emilio Aguirre, Juan Baraldo, Marcelo Caffera, Hugo Laguna","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As global demand for beef increases, balancing livestock productivity with environmental sustainability has become a policy priority. In response, Uruguay implemented the Sustainable Family Production Programme (PFIS) between 2015 and 2017, providing targeted support for small and medium-sized cattle farmers to invest in productivity-enhancing and climate-adaptive technologies. This study provides the first causal evaluation of a national programme designed to promote these dual objectives in the cattle sector. Using a regression discontinuity design based on a strict eligibility threshold and panel data from 2015 to 2020, we evaluate the programme's effect on five dimensions: (i) the adoption of technology and practices, (ii) engagement in producer organisations, (iii) reported cattle health problems, (iv) beef production per hectare, and (v) greenhouse gas emissions intensity. The intervention significantly increased the application of reproductive and herd management practices, specifically early weaning, controlled mating, and ovarian activity diagnosis, without generating shifts in the other measured outcomes by the 2020 horizon. These results highlight both the potential and the limitations of integrated technology transfer programmes in promoting sustainable intensification of extensive livestock systems. They also suggest the need for longer-term evaluations to capture potential effects on productivity and emissions that may emerge as these technologies, particularly reproductive ones, influence aggregate outcomes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"253-266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148072203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Slijper, Julia Höhler, Tanja Šumrada, Jens Rommel, Živa Alif, Jesus Barreiro-Hurle, Anne Sophie Dietrich, Uliana Gottlieb, Thanh Mai Ha, Karin Hakelius, Helena Hansson, Vivian Wei Huang, Katja Knez, Gaëlle Leduc, Nina Lind, Yann de Mey, Ana Novak, Harold Opdenbosch, Enoch Owusu-Sekyere, Oyakhilomen Oyinbo, Anton Perpar, Jaap Sok, Luuk Vissers, Scarlett Wang, Lotte Yanore
{"title":"Surveying the Farmer Survey: A Synthesis of Research Practices in the Netherlands, Slovenia and Sweden","authors":"Thomas Slijper, Julia Höhler, Tanja Šumrada, Jens Rommel, Živa Alif, Jesus Barreiro-Hurle, Anne Sophie Dietrich, Uliana Gottlieb, Thanh Mai Ha, Karin Hakelius, Helena Hansson, Vivian Wei Huang, Katja Knez, Gaëlle Leduc, Nina Lind, Yann de Mey, Ana Novak, Harold Opdenbosch, Enoch Owusu-Sekyere, Oyakhilomen Oyinbo, Anton Perpar, Jaap Sok, Luuk Vissers, Scarlett Wang, Lotte Yanore","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1477-9552.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research based on farmer surveys is a cornerstone of agricultural economics. Farmer surveys provide unique insights into behavioural variables—such as values, motivations, attitudes, behaviours, and preferences—that are unavailable in secondary datasets. However, the decline in farm numbers across most European countries, combined with a growing number of surveys, is posing a threat to farmer survey research. This paper synthesises current practices in farmer surveys in the Netherlands, Slovenia, and Sweden. Our approach is meta-scientific, drawing on a survey aimed at researchers responsible for 34 farmer surveys conducted between January 2019 and August 2024. This analysis is complemented by a document analysis and critical reflection workshops. We identify three key challenges: (i) limited consistency and standardisation of socio-economic survey questions, (ii) long surveys, which are associated with high attrition and low response rates, and (iii) low adoption of open science practices. To address these challenges, we propose a set of best practices to enhance the transparency, comparability, standardisation, and reusability of farmer survey data. These best practices aim to strengthen the quality of survey-based research in agricultural economics and ensure that farmer surveys continue to support evidence-based policymaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"460-476"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1477-9552.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muddasir Ahmad Akhoon, Abhishek Shaw, Vidya Vemireddy
{"title":"Policy Evaluation in the Absence of Survey Data: Customised Border Designs With Satellite Data","authors":"Muddasir Ahmad Akhoon, Abhishek Shaw, Vidya Vemireddy","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1477-9552.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Developing country governments often launch new agricultural programmes without collecting pre-implementation survey data, making it difficult to evaluate the effects of such programmes. Leveraging the flexibility of granular pixel-level satellite panel data and a well-developed quasi-experimental policy evaluation design, we study a programme where pre-implementation data is unavailable. We estimate the effect of cash transfers on agricultural productivity in Telangana, India. Treatment and control regions are within 10 km on either side of the state border. They are identical in all respects except for the difference in exposure to policy treatment. Agricultural productivity increased in the major monsoon cropping season due to the cash transfer programme. The findings also reveal that cash transfers helped reduce productivity gaps between irrigated and rainfed agricultural areas. Our results are robust to two different sources of satellite data, three alternative indicators of productivity, two rounds of full-scale resampling, 100 rounds of small-scale resampling and three alternative border designs. Placebo regressions of two previous years also confirm our results. This approach to policy evaluation is applicable anywhere satellite data are available in the world.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"529-558"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Information, Beliefs and Support for Retaliatory Tariffs on US Agricultural Products: Evidence From a Randomised Controlled Trial in China","authors":"Guiwang Ling, Xi Tian","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1477-9552.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The US–China trade war has profoundly reshaped global agricultural markets, yet the consequences of protectionist measures for domestic public attitudes—particularly within collectivist societies like China—have been underexplored. This study investigates how Chinese citizens perceive retaliatory tariffs on US agricultural products and explores how awareness of economic self-interest shapes their support for such policies. We develop a simple theoretical model showing that trade policy attitudes are shaped by both social values and economic beliefs, with the influence of new information moderated by trust and cognitive capacity. The model predicts that information interventions can recalibrate beliefs towards actual economic interests, with effects varying by information credibility and individual human capital. Employing a randomised controlled trial in 2023, we demonstrate that backing for trade protection in China is robustly associated with collectivist values. Individuals demonstrate a strong propensity of alignment with government positions over economic self-interests. However, when people learn about how tariffs will personally affect their household costs, they become less supportive of trade protection because they revise their expectations about economic consequences. Notably, the efficacy of these interventions depends critically on the respondents' trust in information and their level of human capital. Our findings offer new insights into the dynamics of public opinion formation in contexts where information flows are state-mediated, with direct implications for the design of agricultural and trade policy communication strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"383-410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arne Henningsen, Guy Low, David Wuepper, Tobias Dalhaus, Hugo Storm, Dagim Belay, Stefan Hirsch
{"title":"Estimating Causal Effects With Observational Data: Guidelines for Agricultural and Applied Economists","authors":"Arne Henningsen, Guy Low, David Wuepper, Tobias Dalhaus, Hugo Storm, Dagim Belay, Stefan Hirsch","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1477-9552.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most research questions in agricultural and applied economics are causal in nature: they study how changes in one or more variables (such as policies, prices or weather) affect one or more other variables (e.g., income, crop yields or pollution). Only a minority of these research questions can be studied with experimental methods, so most empirical studies in agricultural and applied economics rely on observational data. However, estimating causal effects with observational data requires an appropriate research design and a transparent discussion of all identifying assumptions, together with a critical discussion of how plausible they are. This paper provides an overview of approaches that are frequently used in agricultural and applied economics to estimate causal effects with observational data. It then provides advice and guidelines for agricultural and applied economists seeking to estimate causal effects with observational data, including how to assess and discuss the identification strategies adopted in their analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"356-382"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1477-9552.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145812857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allen Blackman, Gonzalo Muñoz, Lina Salazar, Paul Winters
{"title":"Adoption of Sustainable Livestock Innovations: Evidence from Latin America","authors":"Allen Blackman, Gonzalo Muñoz, Lina Salazar, Paul Winters","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To maintain the vital economic benefits of Latin America's livestock sector while minimizing its environmental footprint, producers must adopt clean and climate-friendly ‘sustainable’ technologies including improved feed, grazing, reproductive, and herd management practices. Yet we have limited evidence on the barriers to and opportunities for the adoption of such technologies, and even less on that topic in Latin America and other developing regions where socioeconomic and geophysical conditions often differ from those in the developed countries. The product of a competitive open call by the Inter-American Development Bank, the four articles that comprise the Special Focus aim to help fill that gap. Three examine the determinants of adoption in Mexico, Colombia, and Uruguay; and the fourth presents a quasi-experimental impact evaluation of a program aimed at promoting adoption in Uruguay. The findings suggest that: (i) generalizing about the drivers of the adoption of sustainable livestock technologies in Latin America is ill advised: they are both technology- and site-specific; (ii) land tenure matters; (iii) adopting one sustainable livestock technology does not necessarily increase the chances of adopting others; (iv) adoption does not guarantee significant impacts on targeted outcomes; and (v) two of the most common policy interventions—enhancing access to credit and providing technical extension—are correlated with adoption, at least for some technologies and subgroups.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"249-252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148072205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fissha Asmare, Bethan Thompson, Tarek Soliman, Thomas Donovan, Klaus Glenk, Andrew Barnes
{"title":"Environmental Performance Evaluation Under the Frontier Analysis Framework: A Farm-Level Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Fissha Asmare, Bethan Thompson, Tarek Soliman, Thomas Donovan, Klaus Glenk, Andrew Barnes","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1477-9552.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantifying and improving the environmental performance (EP) of agriculture has become an urgent research and policy priority. Over the past three decades, frontier-based analytical frameworks have been widely applied to evaluate farm-level EP. We present a global systematic review and meta-analysis of 121 studies (comprising 800 unique environmental performance estimates) that use a frontier-based approach for farm-level EP evaluation. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we extract and synthesise information on modelling approaches, estimation methods, pollutant types, as well as other data and study characteristics. We also consider the determinants for EP. We find that there is inertia in the shift towards more recent and methodologically better environmental performance evaluation techniques, such as the by-production approach and material balance methods, at the farm level. A random effects meta-regression reveals that the methodological approach and estimation methods explain the variation in EP. Farm type and inclusion of determinants are also important. We identify multiple significant determinants of environmental performance across agricultural systems. The findings advance academic understanding of how modelling frameworks shape EP estimates. They also offer practical insights to help policymakers understand specific policy variables and farm-specific factors that could be leveraged to improve environmental performance. For example, fostering pro-environmental attitudes and encouraging the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices through extension services can help enhance environmental performance in farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"493-512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1477-9552.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fuli Tan, Jingjing Wang, Yixuan Guo, Joshua Wesana, Taian Deng, Hans De Steur, Shenggen Fan
{"title":"How Does Information Influence Consumers' Evaluation of Biofortified Foods? A Meta-Regression Analysis","authors":"Fuli Tan, Jingjing Wang, Yixuan Guo, Joshua Wesana, Taian Deng, Hans De Steur, Shenggen Fan","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1477-9552.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biofortified foods offer a promising solution to micronutrient deficiencies affecting billions worldwide, yet their potential remains constrained by limited consumer acceptance. While information plays a critical role in shaping consumers' evaluation of biofortified food products, existing evidence on its effectiveness in improving acceptance remains inconclusive across different contexts. Moreover, there is a notable lack of systematic synthesis of the effects of information interventions, particularly given the wide variation in outcome measures used in the literature. This study examines how information influences consumer evaluations of biofortified foods and identifies factors that moderate its impact. Using meta-regression analysis based on 87 effect sizes from 34 empirical studies across 22 countries, we estimate the average effect of information provision and explore the influencing factors. Results from random-effects models and weighted least squares regressions show that information has a significant though modest positive effect on consumer evaluation (Cohen's d = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.25–0.30). Variations in impacts can be explained by product characteristics, information design, study design and contextual factors. Future intervention campaigns should be tailored to enhance consumer acceptance and support biofortified food deployment in regions with nutritional deficits.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"559-578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saúl Basurto-Hernández, Allan Beltrán, Luis Peña-Lévano
{"title":"Sustainability and the Reallocation of Production Across Grazing Regimes in Livestock Systems: Evidence From Mexico","authors":"Saúl Basurto-Hernández, Allan Beltrán, Luis Peña-Lévano","doi":"10.1111/1477-9552.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes towards more sustainable livestock production are often evaluated in terms of whether farms abandon environmentally harmful practices. Less attention has been paid to how farms reallocate production across alternative grazing systems and how the composition of production evolves over time. This paper addresses this question by modelling grazing systems as compositional outcomes and examining how financial, institutional and structural factors shape the distribution of livestock across alternative regimes. We use farm level data from the 2007 and 2022 agricultural censuses in Mexico, covering more than 860,000 cattle farms and estimate a fractional multinomial logit model. Financial and institutional support is associated with economically meaningful reductions in free grazing. However, most of this adjustment occurs through confinement rather than controlled grazing. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that small and dairy farms allocate a larger share of production to confinement systems, whereas large and beef-dairy farms allocate relatively more to controlled grazing. The results indicate that sustainability outcomes depend on how policy instruments interact with farm scale, production orientation and land constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":14994,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Economics","volume":"77 2","pages":"267-282"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1477-9552.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148072204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}