Advances in Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Cooperative and Problem-Based Learning Practice in Islamic Education in Bahrain: Strengths and Challenges","authors":"Amal Zayed Alzayed Aljalahma","doi":"10.4236/aa.2023.134018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2023.134018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the influence of collaborative learning in Bahraini Islamic educational systems when employing problem-based Learning (PBL). It is a case study of a girl’s secondary school, where PBL is implemented. This study employed qualitative methods in the form of semi-structured interviews and observations for data collection. The 10 lessons of observational qualitative data emanated from the 4 class-based monitoring that occurred during the problem-based learning event. The other part of the qualitative data was gathered by interviewing 19 students, 2 tutors, and 3 Ministry of Educational consultants. This paper focused on participant’s perspectives during interviews where a number of acts from the participants were taken into consideration. Through observations, this research intended to explore how students act and react in cooperative learning and in which way it influences their learning. During the teamwork, a wide array of opinions regarding how to solve problems were examined. This study suggests that the varying roles which are reflected by students alongside the available environmental factors enabled them to gain experiences of different types of learning as well as enhance their self-directed learning skills. This has been to some degree, a result of excellent task planning and monitoring. To add, tutors showed a more assistive and nurturing role, while students collaborated to resolve any provided issues. Students with clever understanding, creative ideas, and well-advanced knowledge of different areas helped to create a motivational environment, and this greatly assisted the creation of new ideas and enhanced the team’s creativity. Such issues were explored through group discussions. As suggested by this study, teamwork could facilitate the generation of fresh knowledge; develop student’s comprehension, and analytical abilities.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136207125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Engraved Pebble from Pavlo-Ochakovskaya Spit","authors":"E. Mironova","doi":"10.4236/aa.2021.114015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2021.114015","url":null,"abstract":"The status of the pebble artifacts found on the seashores \u0000and banks of the lakes in the sacral places is being discussed intensively in \u0000modern archaeology during recent years. Many of suchlike engraved stone \u0000sculptures in a shape or with the images of a bear, a bird, an elk/deer, etc. were found in the Urals \u0000and Siberia. All finds are connected with \u0000the cult places of worship, namely, painted cliffs or petroglyphs. The shamans’ \u0000burials also were found nearby. This article presents a new find made by the \u0000author in summer, 2020 on the Sea of Azov shore, on Pavlo-Ochakovskaya spit—the \u0000sandy beach in the Gulf of Taganrog, Rostov-on-Don Region. The shape of this \u0000pebble is of the canonized form of an \u0000elk/deer head and it looks like the artifacts from: Kazachka-I, the basin of the river Yenisei; Zamostie-2; Podty \u00001 (Komi Republic) and Mikhailovka-Klyuch \u0000(Osinoozersk culture), western Amur region archaeological sites. The \u0000previous findings of the similar shape were found not only on the open spaces \u0000but also in the archaeological layers. Archaeology still does not have a clear \u0000answer to the question of the usage of this kind of artifact. A new find from the Sea of Azov shore has an image of a running deer, which is partially \u0000painted and partially engraved. It has an incision marking the muzzle of a deer \u0000and very thin lines crossing the deer’s body. With the help of comparative study and interdisciplinary approach in this \u0000paper, we found out that similar \u0000stone sculptures in the shape of an elk/deer head were the markers of the \u0000migrated tribes since Paleolithic and can be attributed as the symbols of the Great Goddess—a divinity of mountains, stones and \u0000fertility cult widely spread in Eurasia since the Upper Paleolithic.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125462655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critics of Delegation and Decentralization in Abdicating Authority and Upholding Ubuntu Philosophy in Social Welfare Organizations","authors":"Tariro Portia Tendengu","doi":"10.4236/aa.2021.113014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2021.113014","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to reach the augment of the critics of delegation and decentralization in abducting authority and upholding Ubuntu philosophy in Social Welfare Organizations in Zimbabwe. The systematic distribution of authority by the top management in social welfare organizations remains a contested issue in abdicating authority and upholding Ubuntu Philosophy. Abdicating respect and human dignity in delegating responsibility is one of the critical issues in social welfare organizations as some community-based organizations fail to consider the inherent worth of employees before conducting some projects and allocating tasks. In governmental parastatals participatory democratic values are not effectively implemented when delegating duties, the top management restricts itself to major decisions areas like policymaking, coordination and control. The lower-level managers have enough decision-making authority and support to introduce innovativeness in their work. A desktop review was used in accordance with the case study for the study, qualitative and qualitative research methods were used to gather data collected from the research. Data collection methods that were used included observations, focus group discussions and interviews. The targeted population included international, statutory and non-statutory organizations in Zimbabwe. Findings from the study concluded that delegation and decentralization in social welfare organizations are criticized as a result of local beurocracy and inequalities that exist in organizations. Respondents articulated that decentralization becomes an important handicap in upholding the organizational values and ethics. In social welfare organizations, some executives do not understand the basic need for basic respect and compassion for other employees like sharing the responsibility of decision-making.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131797439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Archaeology of Human Consciousness: An Integrated Narrative of Cognitive Evolution from the Preanthromorphic Mind to Humanity’s Contemporary, Academia-Centric Culture","authors":"Eric Bond","doi":"10.4236/aa.2021.113013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2021.113013","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive model of the human intellect’s evolution is presented, ranging from the origins of higher cognition to 21st century academic culture. It begins by delving into the composition of the pre-human mind, treating complications in deriving an all-encompassing theory of life’s comparative phenomenology, and then providing outlines of such a theory to the extent which seems possible at our current stage of knowledge. Parameters in the evolution of communication and language are set out along with the way these factors converged to produce the linguistic properties of human thought and behavior. These insights are combined in a phenomenology of the anatomically modern human psyche, coupled with a narrative of humanity’s evolution from prehistoric lifestyles to civilization of the historical period. This is followed by a description of the evolution of Western discourse away from essentialist illusions and towards a more versatile perspectivism.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132759510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ayotzinapa 43: The Political Aesthetics of Drone Protest Graffiti","authors":"Mary Louisa Cappelli","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.112009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.112009","url":null,"abstract":"Mexico has a unique history of deploying man-hunting drones in its militarized arsenal of security patrols to control narco traffickers, bandas criminales and dissident populations. Considered to be the drone capital of Latin America with one of the first Drone Academies to teach the myriad aspects of drone piloting, Mexico is at the forefront of drone surveillance technology. It is also at the vanguard of Drone Art Performance. Angered by what is perceived as militarized surveillance warfare and a violent culture of corruption that operates with impunity, Mexican phygital graffiti artists and activists have responded in collective protest to these post-panopticon tactics with its own counter-hegemonic warfare—Droncita, Mexico’s first grafitera drone. Droncita is an emerging art form that combines the ethical and subversive aesthetics of graffiti street art to physical spaces high above the ground to offer new models of spectatorship, testimony, participation, and political agency. First deployed after the disappearance of 43 students from Ayotzinapa teacher training college, Droncita represents a discursive space to revision art and humanity. This qualitative research demonstrates how surveillance technologies have been refocused and redeployed as an aesthetic genre of political activism and performance to challenge dominant discourses on militarized power.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123376005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fate of Aboriginal Habitation of Gazetted State Forests in Present Day Kenya: A Case Study of the Agitation by the Ogiek and Sengwer Traditional Communities","authors":"N. Sifuna","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.112008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.112008","url":null,"abstract":"Two of Kenya’s few traditional communities, the Ogiek and the Sengwer, have for decades now been agitating, and even presently continue agitating to be allowed to enter and inhabit gazetted state forests (government forests) despite the protected status of these forests. They in their agitation claim an aboriginal “entitlement” to such habitation, which in this paper is referred to as “aboriginal habitation”. They argue that these forests are their traditional ancestral lands that were in the primordial to pre-colonial times inhabited by their long-departed ancestors. Their agitation, which has persisted for a long time without end, has been resisted by the Kenya government which argues that these forests are government forests that are under state control and protection, and habitation of which is prohibited by law. Besides, of Kenya’s land area of approximately 582,600 km2, only about 7.4 percent is under forests. Of this, gazetted state forests (also called public forests) occupy a mere 4 percent land area. Yet, it is these particular forests (state forests) that the two traditional communities are agitating to be allowed to inhabit. This paper presents the findings of a 12 months study that set out to interrogate these rival arguments as well as establish whether aboriginal habitation of such forests is supportable, and has a place in the present day Kenya. It answers the question whether under Kenya’s existing laws and circumstances, traditional communities should under aboriginal “entitlement” be allowed to enter and inhabit these forests. It is a case study of the said two traditional communities; for reason that they are the ones that have been agitating for their perceived aboriginal “entitlement” to habitation of such forests. Notably, this agitation has not only been through political activism, but also through litigation in national and even regional courts of law; and without success or governmental endorsement. This paper concludes that whereas historically the Forest was at some point in history the ancestral home of humankind and place of human abode, that can no longer be the case in the circumstances and realities of the present day Kenya. The country’s state forests should continue to be protected from habitation, even if such habitation is based on perceived aboriginal “entitlement”, such as the one agitated by the Ogiek and the Sengwer communities. Whereas these communities claim to still be traditional forest dwellers (or forest peoples), they have in reality at the present time long abandoned and transformed from the typical aboriginal life as we know it, and adopted modern lifestyles akin to other contemporary communities. Some of the government officials interviewed by this author believe, this aborigineness is a tag they wear or card they play whenever it suits them or whenever it suits the circumstances.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115194792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Accuracy of AncesTrees Software in Ancestry Estimation in Brazilian Identified Sample","authors":"L. C. Fernandes, M. Bento, P. M. Rabello, E. Soriano, D. Navega, E. Júnior, E. Cunha","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.112011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.112011","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study a software tool for craniometric ancestry estimation, AncesTrees, was evaluated in an identified Brazilian skeletal sample with known self-reported ancestry. Twenty-three craniometric measures were obtained from each skull and analyzed using AncesTrees software, with two classification strategies—tournamentForest and ancestralForest algorithm. The tournamentForest (53.54%) and ancestralForest algorithms with three ancestry groups (50.96%) were more accurate to classify Europeans, while the ancestralForest algorithm with six (50.00%) and two (67.64%) groups were more accurate to estimate the ancestry of African descents. Admixed ancestry specimens were classified predominantly as European descent. The use of the ancestralForest algorithm considering only European and African origin (58.42%) was the most accurate setup for ancestry estimation in Brazilian skulls. Supervised classification algorithms and tools such as the AncesTrees work based on data analysis and pattern matching, and there is no Brazilian sample in its database, the software showed a low accuracy Brazilian samples. The incorporation of representative craniometric data obtained from Brazilian skulls into the software database may significantly increase the accuracy of ancestry estimates.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129364889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Orbital Cavity Be Used to Estimate Stature in Human Identification?","authors":"A. Antunes, Andreza Alexandre da Paz de Souza, Breno Henrique Mara Rodrigues, Romeyka Karinny Almeida de Freitas, Marcus Vitor Diniz de Carvalho, E. Soriano, G. Porto","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.111001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.111001","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To establish the correlation between orbital measurements and the height of individuals of a Brazilian population for human identification and height estimation. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 100 patients of both sexes, from Brazil Northeast, who sought the radiology service of the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital to undergo facial CT for other purposes. Sex and stature of each subject were obtained on this occasion. After data collection, the craniometric points were determined and tomographic measurements were taken, correlating the findings with the variables studied. Results: Sixty-four (64.3%) of the participants were male and 36 (35.7%) were female. Stature was significantly greater in men than in women. The two variables had positive coefficients and were significant (p < 0.001), with female sex being used as the reference. The coefficient of determination was 0.435, indicating a reasonable fit of the model to the data. The orbit measurements can be accurate on estimating male and female stature in 83%. Conclusion: The orbit is an effective parameter for the estimation of stature from images of bone remains for human identification, in which linear orbital measurements can be correlated with anthropometric data (sex, and stature). An equation was proposed for estimating a subject’s stature in the population studied.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115375937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dynamics of “Ethnic Boundary”: In the Identity of the Tengger Community of Madurese Descent","authors":"Retno Suratri, Jajang Gunawijaya","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.111005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.111005","url":null,"abstract":"Tengger people are known as those who are very obedient in carrying out traditional ceremonies and highly uphold honesty. The research problem in this dissertation is that people of Madurese descent prefer their main identity as Tengger people. Data collection uses observation methods involved and in-depth interviews. The results of the study concluded that the “ethnic boundary” or Tengger people’s social boundary was to have attributes, such as sarong, Tengger language, farming communities, and obediently carrying out traditional ceremonies, and having the value of those living in the Tengger region, hardworking, egalitarian, peace-loving and always doing good, obeying the leader and obeying the customary rules, maintaining family ties and being close to the spirit world. Madurese people carry out the process of “becoming Tengger” to get various accesses whose legality is owned by the original Tengger people. These accesses are social identity, market, capital, knowledge, through negotiations from other social relations, a better life and authority for the original Tengger people. The Tengger’s strong efforts to maintain “ethnic boundary” resulted in a social construction that depicted the Tengger region as a sacred area that only certain people could live in, which ultimately gave Tengger people full autonomy to manage their territory with minimal outside intervention.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133898098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theory for the Study of Identity","authors":"Nelson Eduardo Álvarez Licona","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.111002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.111002","url":null,"abstract":"Identity is a state of reality, a construct we make of what we perceive. I understand by state of reality the moment of our existence in which we are being. We are the embodiment of society that provides us with the contexts from which we interpret what we perceive; we are also an existence of our own, in which we formalize reality from our particular point of view. We form at the same time a social identity, a personal identity, which are not opposed, but are inserted structurally from the construction we make of reality.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121999147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}