Advances in Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Cultural and Ethnic Characteristics of Sikhs in Afghanistan","authors":"Mujtaba Arify","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.111003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.111003","url":null,"abstract":"Afghanistan is a land that has lived together with small ethnic tribes and minorities throughout history, and in terms of history, these tribes have spoken different dialects, had their own customs, traditions and beliefs, and by studying the appearance and their anatomical structure more carefully, this difference can be considered from the ideological point of view, natural geographical structure and neighborly relations with neighboring countries. But these ethnic minorities are referred by different names, including Sikhs and Hindus living in the country who faced all kinds of oppression and suffering of the time, and most of them endured it and considered this land as their homeland.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"21 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120859585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Kyrgyz Carpet Weaving Process and Semantics of Related Customs","authors":"Chynykhan Satybaldieva, Mukaram Tashalieva, Zamira Eshnazarova, Ainura Tagaibekova, A. Satybaldieva, Zhanara Tashalieva, Zhypargul D. Abdullaeva","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.111006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.111006","url":null,"abstract":"Research relevance in this article is providing information about the traditional Kyrgyz carpet weaving process and semantics of related customs. Carpet weaving is the most popular form of Kyrgyz traditional handicraft. This craft is mainly seen as a women’s activity. The process of carpet weaving is a combination of involved activities. The history of people’s ethnic culture is deeply connecting with the way of life and the type of economy of certain people. Handicrafts are satisfying aesthetic needs and have a great practical value, as well as reflecting ethnic relations between people. One of the main material value categories in the Kyrgyz people custom is woven carpets and rugs. Recently, carpets and rugs have not lost their practical significance, and in some traditions of Kyrgyz life, carpets and rugs are the main attributes. Therefore, we can say that Kyrgyz carpet weaving is endemic. The main focus in this article was made on semantics of carpet weaving traditional custom in the Kyrgyz culture.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134084150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Embodiment and Conditions of Labor Promoting Individuals’ All-Round Development—Based on the Study of Grundrisse","authors":"Shan Zhang","doi":"10.4236/AA.2021.111004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2021.111004","url":null,"abstract":"Realizing individuals’ all-round development is the fundamental value goal pursued by Marxism. There is an internal unity between labor and individuals’ all-round development. Productive labor can promote the overall development of individuals’ mental and physical strength, and attractive labor with the characteristics of autonomy, innovation and seriousness can promote the development of human-being’s free individuality. It needs certain conditions for labor to promote individuals’ all-round development. As far as labor practice itself is concerned, happy labor, scientific labor, efficient labor and cooperative labor are the necessary conditions for labor to promote individuals’ all-round development.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"30 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120910810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palaeolithic Hafting in Himachal Sub-Himalaya","authors":"A. R. Sankhyan","doi":"10.4236/AA.2020.104014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AA.2020.104014","url":null,"abstract":"Hafting has brought a landmark change in technology and behavior of the Palaeolithic man heralding evolution of anatomical modernity and behavior. The author recently discovered large assemblages of Late Acheulian to Middle Palaeolithic industries from the Quaternary fans of the Sub-Himalayan piedmont area of Ghumarwin Sir Khad valley of Himachal Pradesh. He identified 20 typological categories in a collection of 450 stone implements, which include several new tool types, so far unknown in other Indian sites. There is a remarkable occurrence of 111 hafted implements; almost one in four is the hafted tools (24.67%). They include large-sized axes/adzes, spears, sickles, shovels, picks, chopping tools, etc. among the frequent types, noticed for the first time in north-western Sub-Himalaya of India. The diversified hafting in the region suggests diverse activities of the prehistoric man, like intense wood cutting/wood work, large game hunting, butchering, and some warfare as well. In addition, soil processing for primeval farming is also indicated.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134520291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicide: Posthumous Notes Analysis from Inhabitants of Mexico City","authors":"M. L. S. González, Nelli G. Rodríguez Diaz, Nelson Eduardo Álvarez Licona","doi":"10.4236/aa.2020.104015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2020.104015","url":null,"abstract":"The research results presented here correspond to 5 years of continuous work, focused on the methodology of Discourse Analysis, based on the analysis of content articulated to the work of forensic medicine. The sample focused on the analysis of posthumous messages, of people who committed suicide by hanging. This line of study was carried out at the National Polytechnic Institute (Key SIP Project: No 20181294) carried out at INCIFO in Mexico City. The results rest on the use of a nonparametric test for difference in proportions as well as summary measures such as ratio, proportion, and percentage. What it was found was that the most frequent motivation was sentimental (52% men, 45% women) followed by guilt (27% women, 5% men). The receiver of the message, in the first place, was the couple (33% men, 20% women), and in second place the parents (10% women and 19% men). Regarding occupation, the ones that have the highest rates of suicide were employees (48%), and police officers (34%). Finally, the district with the highest rate of suicides was Iztapalapa (30% women and 24% men) within the winter months of January and February (98% and 100%) respectively in the total of deaths.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132735743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary Perspective on Narmada Hominin Fossils","authors":"A. R. Sankhyan","doi":"10.4236/aa.2020.103013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2020.103013","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding of human evolution in South Asia primarily rests on a solitary calvarium (partial skullcap) from Hathnora in the central Narmada valley, but its disputed taxonomic status has blurred the picture. Early explorations (1983-1992) led to the discovery of 2-clavicles and a 9th rib from Hathnora, but those were so tiny to fit with the calvarium, and fueled the debate whether the calvarium is of a dwarf or a pygmy. Further explorations conducted (2005-2010) brought out 6-femora, 3-humeri and 2-sacra. They were derived from different localities and bio-stratigraphic and archaeological contexts, and posed a challenge of association with the calvarium or with other unknown hominins. The present study is undertaken to address this problem, and the postcranial bones are sorted into possible morphotypes based on criteria of robustness, estimated sex and stature/body size under the control of their contexts. The study distinguished two major morphotypes which reflect the process of humanization in the central Narmada valley and a possible evolutionary scenario for South Asia. The earliest morphotype is a “robust tall hominin”, recognized as a unique hybrid cf. H. heidelbergensis, represented by the calvarium and two femora. It appeared around 300 - 150 ka in association with megaterrestrial fauna and late Acheulian tools-kit. The second morphotype is a “short and stocky” hominin, named Homo narmadensis Sp. Nov. This is hitherto unrecognized hominin represented by eight fossil bones in association with the “Upper Group fauna” and Middle to Upper Palaeolithic industry. It appeared about 150 - 100 ka and continued to ca. 40 ka, and was the likely precursor to the “short-bodied” ancient populations of India, including the Andaman pygmy.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"50 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132974045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Kurdish Files of Saddam Hussein’s Ba’ath Regime: Struggle for Reconciliation in Iraq","authors":"Bruce P. Montgomery, Ferdinand Hennerbichler","doi":"10.4236/aa.2020.103011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2020.103011","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S.-led wars against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 resulted in the seizure of vast quantities of internal state security documents from the former regime of Saddam Hussein. Following Iraq’s 1991 defeat in Kuwait, the Kurds staged a popular uprising against Saddam’s dictatorial rule, capturing tons of secret police files that detailed vast humanitarian crimes, including corroborating evidence of the “al-Anfāl” (referring to Quran: “The Spoils of War”) genocide, against the Kurds in the late 1980s. These files were transferred to the U.S. where they were digitized and analyzed for a possible genocide case against the Saddam regime. Another estimated 120 million pages of documents were seized by U.S. forces in the 2003 war in the failed hunt for evidence of Saddam’s alleged unconventional weapons and ties to al Qaeda. Most of the seized Ba’athist records, along with digital copies of the Anfāl files, have since been returned to Baghdad and various parties in Iraqi Kurdistan. The state security files of Saddam’s regime hold considerable historical importance and value for the peoples of Iraq. The documentary legacy of Saddam’s Ba’ath regime should be used to help Iraqis come to terms with their tragic history and initiate sweeping democratic reforms on behalf of reconciliation and the rule of law. This has proved difficult to achieve. Corruption and the cycle of revenge in both Baghdad and Erbil have fueled the increased exploitation and weaponization of these state security records against political and sectarian rivals. In Baghdad, the sectarian misuse of the files has helped to fuel new waves of still escalating tensions, confrontations, and the continuing destabilization of Iraq. The Kurdish political parties also have exploited the Anfāl files against their political adversaries, raising the specter of new infighting, division, civil war, and the continued supplication to foreign influence. Nonetheless, several positive and countervailing developments have fostered greater access to these documents in digital form among Iraqi Kurds in the hope of promoting human rights, the rule of law, and learning from Iraq’s recent history under Saddam’s homicidal regime. This article explores these topics in detail, including the seizure and restitution of the records, the political and sectarian misuse of the files, and the recent positive trends that hold the possibility of using the files in the spirit of human rights and the rule of law in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. It also outlines a number of concrete steps that Iraq’s political leaders can take to reinforce these positive trends with the help of international supporters.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128594923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Large Society Problem in Northwest Europe and East Asia","authors":"P. Frost","doi":"10.4236/aa.2020.103012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2020.103012","url":null,"abstract":"Kinship was the organizing principle of early societies, defining how people should behave toward each other. Social and economic activity was thus organized mostly among closely related individuals, a limitation that would keep societies from realizing their full potential as they grew larger. The “large society problem” has not been fully solved anywhere, but Northwest Europeans and East Asians have gone the farthest toward a solution. In general, the solution has been to weaken the relative importance of kinship and strengthen forms of sociality that can include everyone, and not just close kin. In particular, one must think and feel in certain ways, i.e., be susceptible to social norms that are absolute, universal, and independent of kinship; feel guilty after breaking social norms; feel empathy for non-kin; and orient oneself toward society. This mindset shows similarities and differences between Northwest Europeans and East Asians. Both groups adapted to a larger social environment by becoming more empathetic toward non-kin and more susceptible to universal social norms. Northwest Europeans became more individualistic while acquiring stronger internal controls of behavior (affective empathy, guilt proneness). East Asians became more collectivistic while acquiring stronger internal controls (cognitive empathy) and stronger external controls (shaming, family-community surveillance, inculcation of normative behavior).","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126480805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Society and Sex Selection; Son Preference among the Educated Middle-Class in Kathmandu","authors":"B. Dahal","doi":"10.4236/aa.2020.102009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2020.102009","url":null,"abstract":"A cultural ecological perspective is valuable in identifying the complex relationship among ecology, culture, society, economy, demography and preference of particular gender especially male preferences. An evolutionary psychology explanation of female infanticide should take into account the role of cultural practices and ecological pressures in shaping psychological antecedents to treating differently even for own genes i.e. male preference and female neglect. In this regards, the relationship between ecology and culture is dynamic, and that macro interventions, such as building of cities, urbanization, development of highways, constructions of high dams in a physical development and advancement of socio-economic parameters associated with human development including leadership development, sustainability, sustainable use of resources, maintain equilibrium among population and resources and opportunities including empowerment of women, ultimately resulting in tightening the screw of social control of women’s sexuality. There should be maintained delicate balance between the relationship between women-men, women-women, and men-men, economically, demographically, socially, physically ecologically biologically or say culturally symbiotic in various forms as a husband or a son or a brother. From the study, it is concluded that, though society and culture are modern, heterogeneous, complex, advancing the conservative or traditional practices of son preference or discrimination based on gender are still practiced and are prevalent in our society and continue to define gender roles and practices especially among the middle-classes that found in Kathmandu. Therefore, son preference, for the middle-class women in Kathmandu, should not be understood superficially. It is a complex whole and it should be studied critically in detail.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125627039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the DSP2 Tool in a Contemporary Identified Skeletal Collection from Northeastern Brazil","authors":"S. M. Almeida, Marcus Vitor Diniz de Carvalho, Maria Carolina Tavares de Lyra Menezes, Gabriela Granja Porto Petraki, E. Cunha, E. Soriano","doi":"10.4236/aa.2020.102010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2020.102010","url":null,"abstract":"The Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste v.2 (DSP2) is an accurate tool used for estimating the sex of an individual through the os coxae. The goal of this study was to verify the applicability of the DSP2 tool in a skeletal sample from Northeastern Brazil and to attest for its precision, accuracy, and reliability. The sample was composed of 301 os coxae from the Center for Studies in Forensic Anthropology of the College of Odontology from the University of Pernambuco, in Pernambuco, Brazil. The results reveal that it was possible to correctly estimate the sex of 83.7% of the total sample. The error rate was 0.4%, and the percentage of undetermined individuals varied according to the combination of measurements used. The results demonstrated a high index of accuracy and a low error rate, indicating that DSP2 is a reliable tool for sex estimation applied to this studied Brazilian population.","PeriodicalId":149660,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Anthropology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132346422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}