Journal of affective disorders最新文献

{"title":"A symptom-level perspective on irritability, PTSD, and depression in children and adults","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Although irritability is a prominent clinical manifestation among traumatized populations, its relationships with other psychopathologies are rarely studied. Adopting a symptom-level perspective, this study aimed to explore how symptoms of irritability, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression are associated.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>The Brief Irritability Test, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used to measure irritability, PTSD, and depression, respectively, in a large sample of trauma-exposed children and adolescents (<em>n</em> = 5454), trauma-exposed adults (<em>n</em> = 4718), and children and adolescents with probable PTSD (<em>n</em> = 556). Exploratory graph analysis (EGA) and network analysis were conducted to examine potential communities and significant relations.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Although irritability, PTSD, and depression were highly correlated at the disorder level, EGA results indicated that, at the symptom level, they formed highly stable and dense communities, respectively. Relations across disorders mainly emerged at symptoms related to negative cognition, dysphoria, and suicidal thoughts. Especially, strong transdiagnostic relations across all samples were “negative beliefs” and “suicidal thoughts”, “numbing” and “suicidal thoughts”, “startle” and “moving slowly or restless”, “bothering” and “moving slowly or restless”. Furthermore, irritability symptoms seem more central than PTSD and depression symptoms, with “snap” being the most central node across all networks, especially in the child and adolescent sample.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Irritability, PTSD, and depression are relatively independent constructs when analyzed at the symptom level. Irritability symptoms emerged as core symptoms in trauma-exposed populations. Our findings highlight the importance of independent assessment of irritability in the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impairments of neurovascular coupling after stroke lower glymphatic system function and lead to depressive symptom: A longitudinal cohort study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Respective changes in neurovascular coupling (NVC) and glymphatic function have been reported in post-stroke depression (PSD). Recent studies have found a link between NVC and waste clearance by the glymphatic system, which has not been illustrated in PSD.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>We prospectively recruited ninety-six stroke patients and forty-four healthy controls (HC), with fifty-nine patients undergoing a second MRI scan. NVC metrics were investigated by exploring Pearson correlation coefficients and ratios between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and BOLD-derived quantitative maps (ALFF, fALFF, REHO maps). Diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular (DTI-ALPS) index was used to reflect glymphatic function. We first analyzed the altered NVC metrics in stroke patients relative to the HC group. Then, we explored the relationship between NVC metrics, ALPS index and depressive symptoms at baseline and during the follow-up period through correlation and mediation analyses.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Stroke patients exhibited significantly lower global CBF-fALFF coupling and ALPS index. At the regional level, abnormal NVC alterations in brain regions involved in cognition, emotion, and sensorimotor function in PSD. Baseline analyses showed that ALPS index exhibited positive associations with both global and local NVC and abnormal regional NVC may contribute to generation of PSD by reducing glymphatic function (β = −0.075, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05, CI = [−0.169 to −0.012]). Longitudinal analyses similarly showed that ALPS index changes were positively associated with changes in NVC and mediated improvements in depressive symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings suggest that NVC abnormalities leading to impaired glymphatic system function may be a potential neurobiological mechanism of PSD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental trajectories of loneliness in Chinese children: Environmental and personality predictors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>This study aimed to identify the developmental trajectories of loneliness in Chinese children and examine the predictive roles of domain-specific environmental factors (i.e., family dysfunction and satisfaction of relatedness needs at school), personality factors (i.e., neuroticism and extraversion), and their interactions in these developmental trajectories.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 702 Chinese children (<em>M</em>_age = 8.95, <em>SD</em> = 0.76; 54.1 % boys) participated in assessments at six time points over three years at six-month intervals. Growth mixture modeling (GMM) was used to estimate trajectory classes for loneliness, followed by multivariate logistic regression analyses exploring associations between these classes and predictors.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>GMM analyses identified three distinct trajectories of loneliness: “low-stable” (81.5 %), “moderate-increasing” (9.4 %), and “high-decreasing” (9.1 %). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that family dysfunction and neuroticism served as risk factors for adverse loneliness trajectories, while satisfaction of relatedness needs at school and extraversion acted as protective factors. Furthermore, the interaction between family dysfunction and extraversion indicated that extraversion did not mitigate the adverse effects of high family dysfunction on children's loneliness, emphasizing the vital need to support positive family functioning among all children.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This study did not incorporate biological variables (e.g., genetics), which are crucial in the evolutionary theory of loneliness.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The identification of three distinct trajectory groups of children's loneliness, along with key environmental and personality predictors, suggests that interventions should be tailored to each group's unique characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The triangular relationship of physical activity, depression, and inflammatory markers: A large cross-sectional analysis with NHANES data","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Depression is a major public health problem worldwide and is closely related with systemic inflammatory responses. Additionly, physical activity (PA) is thought to be associated with lower levels of depression and inflammatory markers. This study aimed to elucidate the complex interactions between PA, depression, and inflammatory markers. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), various logistic regression were applied to analyze the pairwise correlations among the three. Restrictive cubic splines were constructed to explore the nonlinear relationship between PA and depression. Mediation models were used to identify the mediating role of inflammatory markers. The findings revealed a positive link between depression and inflammatory marker, whereas PA was inversely correlated with both inflammatory marker and depression. Particularly, we noticed the greatest reduction in the risk of depression when the level of PA was between 1200 and 1722 MET-min/week. Besides, we demonstrated that inflammatory markers mediate the potential effects of physical inactivity on depression, ranging from 1.72 % to 6.25 %. In conclusion, PA appear to protect against depression, in which inflammatory markers may play a mediating role. Moreover, we determined the optimal dosage of PA to minimize the likelihood of depression, thereby offering valuable guidance for managing depression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032724014861/pdfft?md5=2aa91222336dcb167a41f3acec37dda5&pid=1-s2.0-S0165032724014861-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similarities and differences in the functions of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) across gender non-conforming and cisgender young adults","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) can be motivated by a broad range of functions and many individuals report multiple reasons for self-injuring. Most NSSI research has involved predominantly female samples and few studies have examined gender similarities and differences in function endorsement.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We characterise the prevalence and versatility of NSSI functions within a gender-diverse online sample of cisgender women (cis-women<em>; n</em> = 280), cisgender men (cis-men<em>; n</em> = 176), and transgender, non-binary, and other gender non-conforming young adults (TGNC; <em>n</em> = 80) age 18–30 (<em>M</em> = 23.73, <em>SD</em> = 3.55). The Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI-F) assessed 24 intrapersonal and social functions across nine domains: affect regulation, self-punishment, anti-dissociation, anti-suicide, sensation seeking, sexuality, interpersonal influence, and body image.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>TGNC participants and cis-women were significantly more likely to report intrapersonally motivated NSSI and greater function versatility than cis-men. Low mood, emotional distress, suicidality, and trauma symptomology appeared to contribute to gender differences in function endorsement. Gender similarities also emerged; across groups, intrapersonal functions were substantially more common than social functions, and the most endorsed domains were affect regulation and self-punishment. No domains were gender specific.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The OSI-F was developed from majority female samples and may not adequately capture the experiences of other gender groups.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Interventions which reduce distress and strengthen emotion regulation are likely to benefit individuals who self-injure regardless of gender. However, most individuals report multiple NSSI functions and person-centred interventions which address this complexity are needed. Future research should develop gender-informed treatment models which consider the unique experiences of TGNC individuals and cis-men who self-injure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032724014526/pdfft?md5=5ee70b8d7331ccb57a01403c3cd896e9&pid=1-s2.0-S0165032724014526-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odor identification dysfunction in late-life depression with suicidal ideation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Suicide is more prevalent among older adults compared to younger individuals. Late-life depression (LLD) poses the highest risk for suicide. However, early recognition of suicidal ideation is challenging. Dysfunction in odor identification (OI), a characteristic of LLD, may hold potential for early identification of suicidal ideation. This study aims to compare OI between LLD patients with suicidal ideation (LLD-S) and LLD patients without suicidal ideation (LLD-NS), and examine its relationship with cognitive function.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 262 LLD-NS patients, 63 LLD-S patients, and 316 healthy normal older adults (HOAs) underwent OI testing, standardized clinical interviews, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessments.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>(1) LLD-S patients exhibited lower OI scores and poorer cognitive performance (including global cognition, information processing speed, memory, language, executive function, and visuospatial ability) compared to LLD-NS patients and HOAs. (2) There were interactive effects between suicidal ideation and OI dysfunction, leading to lower scores in information processing speed and visuospatial ability. (3) OI dysfunction mediated the differences in cognition between the LLD-NS and LLD-S groups.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The present study was a cross-sectional design.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>LLD-S patients had worse odor identification than LLD-NS patients and HOAs, suggesting that OI testing could be a valuable approach for identifying suicidal ideation in LLD and screening for suicide risk. The presence of both OI impairment and suicidal ideation was associated with poorer cognitive performance in LLD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depressive symptoms over the final menstrual period: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Women may be vulnerable to elevated depressive symptoms during the menopause transition (MT). Studies generally have not considered premenopausal depressive symptom history or examined symptoms in relation to the final menstrual period (FMP).</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To identify specific time points in relation to the FMP when depressive symptoms increase or decrease.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants were 1582 multiracial/ethnic women from the longitudinal Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Biological, psychosocial, and depressive symptom data were collected approximately annually. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES<img>D) scale.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Women with high baseline depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) declined in symptoms (<em>M</em> = −1.04/yr., 95 % CI = -1.58, −0.50) until 4 years before the FMP, followed by a smaller decrease (<em>M</em> = −0.50/yr., 95 % CI = −0.72, −0.28) until 18 months after the FMP. Depressive symptoms increased (<em>M</em> = 0.21/yr., 95 % CI = 0.11, 0.30) in those with low baseline symptoms until 1 year before the FMP, and decreased (<em>M</em> = -0.06/yr., 95 % CI = −0.11, −0.008) going forward. Greater social support, higher levels of follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol, and less sleep disturbance contributed to greater decline in depressive symptoms among those with high baseline depressive symptoms. Anxiety, experiencing stressful life events, lower body mass index, and poor role-physical function contributed to an increase in depressive symptoms among those with low baseline symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Excluded women had higher baseline CES-D scores. Lacked pre-MT depression for pre/early perimenopausal women at baseline.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Accounting for baseline depressive symptom level and focusing on the FMP more precisely characterize depressive symptom change over the MT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining trajectories of nonsuicidal self-injury across the first year of university","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent among emerging adults in post-secondary school, but little is known about change and stability in NSSI during the transition to university. Moreover, there has been limited person-centered work focusing on heterogeneity in NSSI engagement among students over time. The present study aimed to investigate the development and maintenance of NSSI across the first year of university and explore predictors of potential variability in trajectories of NSSI.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The present sample consisted of 1125 first-year university students at a large post-secondary institution (<em>Mage</em> = 17.96, 71 % female, 28 % male, 1 % gender diverse) who participated in a larger longitudinal study. Participants completed an online survey three times over their first year of university. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) in Mplus was utilized to explore different NSSI group trajectories across first year university.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>NSSI was prevalent among first year students (35 %). LGCM revealed one developmental trajectory; NSSI engagement decreased across the first year of university. Students who engaged in NSSI had increased difficulties with emotion regulation, lower self-compassion, and lower levels of social support compared to students who did not engage in NSSI.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The present study may be subject to recall errors and future studies should include more gender diverse samples to increase generalization of findings.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings highlight the transition to university as a peak period of vulnerability for NSSI engagement and emphasize the need for proactive university intervention efforts to mitigate risk and improve student well-being.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociodemographics and clinical factors associated with depression treatment outcomes in 65,741 first-time users of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A Danish cohort study in older adults","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate a wide range of sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with treatment outcomes in older adults who initiated an SSRI for depression treatment in a real-world setting.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cohort study used Danish registry data covering all older adults (aged ≥65) who initiated SSRIs for depression from 2006 to 2017, first-time (since 1995). We followed the individuals for one year after their SSRI prescription. Six different outcomes were analyzed, including treatment discontinuation, switching, augmentation, psychiatric hospital contacts for depression, psychiatric hospital admission, and suicide attempt/self-harm. Association analyses employed Poisson regression, estimating incidence rate ratios with 95 % confidence intervals.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study included 65,741 individuals with a mean age of 78.23 years, and 55.6 % were females. During follow-up, 40.1 % discontinued, 4.8 % switched, 20.3 % received augmentation, 3.0 % had psychiatric hospital contacts for depression, 3.2 % had psychiatric admission, and 0.1 % had suicide attempt/self-harm records. Differential treatment outcomes were observed based on sociodemographic and clinical factors. For example, being female, residing predominantly in rural areas, having psychiatric or somatic diagnoses, and using medications acting on blood/blood-forming organs, the cardiovascular system, or musculo-skeletal systems were linked to fewer unfavorable clinical outcomes. Conversely, marital status as being single or separated and the use of nervous system drugs were associated with a higher risk of unfavorable outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Confounding by indication might remain a problem, and depression severity data was not unavailable.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings emphasize considering patient characteristics in clinical decisions, as they can influence the clinical course of those undergoing depression treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032724014770/pdfft?md5=5ac159355f99a9284502bdbb5433ff59&pid=1-s2.0-S0165032724014770-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential serum levels of CACNA1C, circadian rhythm and stress response molecules in subjects with bipolar disorder: Associations with genetic and clinical factors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Many patients with bipolar disorder (BD) do not respond to or have difficulties tolerating lithium and/or other mood stabilizing agents. There is a need for personalized treatments based on biomarkers in guiding treatment options. The calcium voltage-gated channel CACNA1C is a promising candidate for developing personalized treatments. CACNA1C is implicated in BD by genome-wide association studies and several lines of evidence suggest that targeting L-type calcium channels could be an effective treatment strategy. However, before such individualized treatments can be pursued, biomarkers predicting treatment response need to be developed.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>As a first step in testing the hypothesis that CACNA1C genotype is associated with serum levels of CACNA1C, we conducted ELISA measures on serum samples from 100 subjects with BD and 100 control subjects.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We observed significantly higher CACNA1C (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) protein levels in subjects with BD. The risk single nucleotide polymorpshism (SNP) (rs11062170) showed functional significance as subjects homozygous for the risk allele (CC) had significantly greater CACNA1C protein levels compared to subjects with one (<em>p</em> = 0.013) or no copies (<em>p</em> = 0.009). We observed higher somatostatin (SST) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.003) protein levels and lower levels of the clock protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (ARTNL) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.03) and stress signaling factor corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) in BD. SST and period 2 (PER2) protein levels were associated with both alcohol dependence and lithium response.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings represent the first evidence for increased serum levels of CACNA1C in BD. Along with altered levels of SST, ARNTL, and CRH our findings suggest CACNA1C is associated with circadian rhythm and stress response disturbances in BD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}