Journal of affective disorders最新文献

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: From modeled burden to bedside action-Re-anchoring CSA/IPV-attributable mental health estimates in clinical reality.","authors":"Mei Zhaojun, Long Yang, Xie Wanyu","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120277","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral innate immune signature links migraine and depression: Identification of PTX3 and HP as shared diagnostic biomarkers.","authors":"Shuangyuan Hu, Zili Tang, Xu Ouyang, Shiqi Sun, Longyao Xu, Jing Yuan, Ling Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate convergent peripheral molecular mechanisms linking migraine and major depressive disorder (MDD) and to prioritize shared blood-based biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Peripheral blood transcriptomic datasets from migraine (PRJEB40032) and MDD (GSE98793) were integrated to identify shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched pathways, with independent cohorts (migraine PRJEB67312; MDD GSE76826) used for validation. Candidate biomarkers were prioritized using machine learning (LASSO, SVM-RFE) and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Immune cell infiltration was assessed using CIBERSORT, regulatory networks were reconstructed, and potential therapeutic compounds were predicted through DSigDB.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 122 shared DEGs, enriched in innate immune activation with relative suppression of adaptive immune programs. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and haptoglobin (HP) were identified as diagnostic biomarkers, showing strong but variable performance. In training, PTX3 achieved AUCs of 0.912 (migraine) and 0.644 (MDD), while HP reached 0.767 and 0.661, respectively. The combined model yielded AUCs of 0.938 (training) and 0.736 (validation) for migraine, and 0.683 (training) and 0.775 (validation) for MDD, consistent with validation trends. Immune deconvolution showed increased neutrophils/monocytes across disorders, correlating positively with PTX3 and HP expression. Regulatory analysis implicated chromatin remodeling and inflammatory TFs, while drug repurposing analysis identified anti-inflammatory compounds such as withaferin A and myricetin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our analysis identifies PTX3 and HP as blood-based biomarkers capturing a shared innate immune signature in migraine and MDD. These findings highlight convergent immune dysregulation and support biomarker-informed diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for comorbid migraine-depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The self-effacing empathy scale: Its validity and reliability among adolescents and their parents.","authors":"Veren Gyapersad, Werdie van Staden","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Empathy is a cornerstone of interpersonal and emotional health, yet its measurement often conflates self-oriented sympathetic responses with other-oriented empathy. To measure other-oriented empathy in its interpersonal manifestation, the Self-Effacing Empathy Scale (SEES) was examined for its validity and reliability among adolescents and their parents.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Adolescents and their parents, resident in South Africa were recruited through social media. Hundred and twelve participants completed a composite questionnaire that comprised the SEES, Basic Empathy Scale (BES), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and the Vigour Assessment Scale (VAS). A replicative data set comprising the same measures was collected eight weeks later from the same participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Convergent validity of the SEES was found in it correlating strongly in the initial data set with the BES (r = 0.639) and moderately with the other-oriented items of the IRI (r = 0.528), and strongly in the replicative data set (r = 0.884; r = 0.771). Discriminant validity was found in its weak correlation with the VAS (r = 0.326) in the initial data set. Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated good (0.697) and excellent (0.940) internal consistency. The SEES incurred a small standard error of measurement, whereby the total scores were differing at most between 2.34 and 2.49 from the true values over 72 theoretically possible scores. A three-factor model indicated structural reliability, accounting for 46.3 % and 64.8 % of the cumulative variance in the respective data sets.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SEES provides a valid and reliable measure for investigating associations between health and self-effacing empathy, and effects of interventions on it.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental investment, peer interaction, and children's depression: Evidence from nationally representative panel data in China.","authors":"Hao Song, Yang Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parental investment, defined as parental expenditure and effort aimed at promoting children's well-being, plays a crucial role in shaping children's developmental outcomes. It encompasses two main dimensions: time investment and material investment. Nevertheless, the direct influence of these different types of parental investment on childhood depression and the pathways through which this influence operates remain insufficiently understood. Utilizing a sample of 12,506 children from two waves (2013-2014 and 2014-2015) of the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this study investigates the distinct contributions of parental material and temporal investments to children's depression. Additionally, it explores the mediating functions of positive and negative peer interactions within these relationships. Results indicate that higher levels of both types of parental investment correspond with lower depression levels among children. Importantly, the association between parental investment and depression is partially explained by enhanced positive peer engagement and reduced negative peer involvement. These findings deepen the comprehension of familial and social dynamics affecting children's mental health and provide empirical guidance for developing targeted strategies to foster psychological resilience in childhood.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences and cardiometabolic risk factors in people with bipolar disorder.","authors":"Alyna Turner, Maya Kuperberg, Hugh McGovern, Anna Wrobel, Olivia M Dean, Michael Berk, Louisa Sylvia, Susan L McElroy, Mauricio Tohen, Richard C Shelton, Dan V Iosifescu, Michael Thase, James H Kocsis, Michael J Ostacher, Thilo Deckersbach, Melvin G McInnes, Ole Köhler-Forsberg, Andrew A Nierenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bipolar disorder is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease, incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), and obesity. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) may contribute to this increased incidence, but findings have been mixed. We aimed to determine associations between ACEs and cardiometabolic risk markers in people with bipolar disorder, and how they change during pharmacological treatment. Data was analysed from 482 participants with bipolar disorder treated for 24 weeks with lithium or quetiapine, comparing those with and without ACEs across cardiometabolic markers. At baseline, those with ACEs had higher body mass indexes but were similar on all other cardiometabolic measures. During the 24-week treatment period, those with ACEs improved slightly more on continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS; p = .004), waist circumference, (p = .041) high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, (p = .028) and diastolic blood pressure (p = .042) than those without ACEs. Sensitivity analysis exploring the role of ACE type revealed that change in HDL was most strongly associated with sexual abuse; higher diastolic blood pressure with emotional abuse; and increased waist circumference with emotional and physical abuse, and higher cMetS with all three ACE types. There were almost no baseline differences in cardiometabolic markers between the ACE and no ACE groups. Those with ACEs seemingly benefitted more from psychiatric treatment regarding their cardiovascular health compared to the no ACE group. Future research should explore links between ACEs and cardiovascular health in those with bipolar disorder, including benefits of psychiatric treatment, the role of specific ACE types, and longer-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120270"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization in delirium studies: Key findings and methodological issues.","authors":"Hongliang Tao, Xiwen Simon Qin, Zixin Liang, Minghui Tan, Jingjing Jiao, Miaoli Wang, Hao Tan, Chongmei Huang, Siyuan Tang, Jinfeng Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Delirium is a severe neurocognitive syndrome encountered in various medical and healthcare settings. Mendelian randomization (MR) offers a valuable approach for exploring causal relationships between delirium and various exposures using genetic variants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched seven databases from their inception to June 2025. Two researchers independently screened the articles, extracted the data, and conducted quality assessment. Meta-analysis was conducted when at least three MR studies using distinct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets investigated the association between delirium and same exposure. The causal effect of other exposures was narratively synthesized. The methodological quality was assessed using a tool adapted from an existing appraisal framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 29 MR studies were included. Four studies were pooled into meta-analysis, which showed that Alzheimer's disease (OR = 1.31, 95 %CI:1.23-1.40, I² = 0.0 %) was a risk factor for delirium. Other exposures included 29 additional risk factors, 22 protective factors, five potential therapeutic genes and delirium-related 459 serum proteins. We categorized these exposures into five domains: (1) lifestyle, (2) anthropometric indices, (3) biomarkers, (4) clinical variables, diseases, and treatments, and (5) environmental factor. Overall, study quality was acceptable, though concerns remained regarding inappropriate exposure and instrument variables selection, lack of validation, reporting transparency, and ethnic diversity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Many studies have used MR to explore risk factors for delirium, but the range of factors is limited and methodological issues remain. Future studies should emphasize biologically relevant exposures, rigorous validation, transparent reporting, and diverse populations, and multiple testing correction for better reliability and generalizability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world safety profile of zuranolone for postpartum depression: A FAERS analysis.","authors":"Lingbin Chen, Weiping Pan, Zhou Chen, Shaowei Yan, Yuying Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Zuranolone, the first oral medication specifically designed to treat postpartum depression (PPD), was approved by the FDA in August 2023. However, reports on post-marketing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to it remain relatively limited. Therefore, this study aims to identify disproportional ADRs signals associated with zuranolone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We extracted FAERS data from Q3 2023 to Q1 2025 and performed signal detection for zuranolone using both the reporting odds ratio (ROR) method and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) method. Clinical prioritization of safety signals was performed on Preferred Terms (PTs) not listed in the product labeling. Conduct sensitivity analyses on subgroups of perinatal depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 477 unique cases using zuranolone. Statistical disproportionality analysis detected positive signals for zuranolone predominantly in Nervous system disorders and Psychiatric disorders. Among adverse reactions (AEs) not listed in zuranolone's prescribing information, feeling drunk demonstrated the strongest positive signal, followed by bradyphrenia, intrusive thoughts, tachyphrenia, and hangover. It is worth noting that one death case due to suicide was reported in this analysis, which was submitted by a physician. Sensitivity analyses confirmed most positive signals aligned with initial findings (top 30 PTs).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our pharmacovigilance study identified a high reporting frequency of psychiatric and neurological ADRs associated with zuranolone use. Given the inherent limitations in establishing causality through FAERS data, we emphasize the need for future clinical monitoring and research to further substantiate the potential causal relationship between zuranolone and these reported AEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the interplay between somatic symptoms, depression, self-efficacy, and suicide risk among Latinx college students.","authors":"Ashley Bautista, Crystalia Weidner, Kipp R Pietrantonio, Amanda Venta","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study examined the relations among somatic symptom burden, self-efficacy, depression severity, and suicide risk in a sample of Latinx immigrant college students. It was hypothesized that a greater burden of somatic symptoms would be associated with increased suicide risk, and that self-efficacy would mediate this relation, with depression moderating the link between somatic symptoms and self-efficacy. Data were collected from 493 Latinx immigrant students across seven public universities in Texas via an anonymous survey. Results partially supported the hypotheses. Greater somatic symptom burden was significantly associated with elevated suicide risk. Self-efficacy mediated this relation, but only at higher levels of depression severity. Specifically, at high depression levels, somatic symptoms were positively associated with self-efficacy, which in turn was linked to lower suicide risk. No significant mediation effects were observed at average or low levels of depression. These findings suggest that under conditions of greater depression, some individuals may maintain or strengthen coping beliefs despite physical and psychological distress, and that this may serve a protective function against suicide risk. The study highlights the importance of considering somatic symptoms, self-efficacy, and mental health together when assessing suicide risk in Latinx college students and underscores the need for integrated, culturally responsive interventions. Future research should use longitudinal designs to clarify causal pathways and explore additional contextual factors, such as coping strategies and healthcare engagement, that may influence these processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120256"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spousal depressive symptoms and partner's subsequent risk of cardiovascular diseases: A nationwide population-based prospective study in China.","authors":"Yujia Guo, Wenhua Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The relationship between spousal depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk remains understudied despite established links between individual depression and cardiovascular outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from 6651 married Chinese adults (≥45 years) in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2018), we examined associations between spousal depressive symptoms and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Cox proportional hazards models. Cox models with penalized splines were performed to explore the dose-response relationship. Marginal structural models examined how changes in spousal depressive symptoms over time related to CVD risk. Four-way decomposition analysis quantified the mediating and modifying role of individual depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Spouses with depressive symptoms were associated with increased CVD risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.26, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.51 for men; HR: 1.29, 95 % CI: 1.08-1.54 for women). Dose-response analyses revealed similar linear patterns in both genders, with each unit increase in spousal depressive symptom score associated with progressive increases in CVD risk. Persistent spousal depressive symptoms were associated with significantly higher CVD risk in both men (HR: 1.44, 95 % CI: 1.04-1.98) and women (HR: 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.08-2.12), while recently remitted or recent-onset symptoms showed no significant associations. Women's own depressive symptoms mediated 26.3 % of this association, while no evidence of mediation was observed in men.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Spousal depressive symptoms represent an important, underrecognized CVD risk factor, highlighting the need for couple-based approaches to mental health care and cardiovascular management, particularly for couples where one partner has persistent depressive symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and safety of adjunctive transcranial direct current stimulation for adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial.","authors":"Can-Jin Deng, Qi-Man Liu, Hua-Qing Zhong, Rong Zeng, Xin-Hu Yang, Jian-Xin Mai, Xing-Bing Huang, Todd Jackson, Yu-Tao Xiang, Wei Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120261","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation method, can improve depressive symptoms by applying weak electric direct currents to the scalp. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive tDCS for adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder (FE-MDD).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial (RCT) was conducted between January 3, 2024, and August 24, 2024. Adolescents (aged 13-17 years) with FE-MDD were included and randomly allocated to active tDCS group or sham tDCS group. Patients completed 10 sessions of active tDCS or sham tDCS, 1 session per day on weekdays for 2 weeks. The main outcome was the change score in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) from baseline to the last session of tDCS. Secondary outcomes included response rate, remission rate, and changes in neurocognitive function, with the latter assessed by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Clinical response was defined as a ≥ 50 % reduction in the MADRS score from baseline to the 10th tDCS session. Clinical remission was defined as MADRS scores equal to or less than 10 at the 10th tDCS session.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Twenty patients in the active tDCS group and 20 patients in the sham tDCS group were included in the Intention-To-Treat analysis. A linear mixed model adjusting for baseline MADRS scores and daily chlorpromazine equivalents revealed no significant interactions between time and tDCS condition in MADRS scores (F&lt;sub&gt;3,114&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.65; p = 0.59). Rates of response (14 of 20 patients [70 %; 95 % CI, 50 %-90 %] versus 9 of 20 patients [45 %; 95 % CI, 25 %-65 %]; χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 2.56; p = 0.11) and remission (11 of 20 participants in the active tDCS group [55 %; 95 % CI, 35 %-75 %] versus 10 of 20 participants in the sham tDCS group [50 %, 95 % CI, 30 %-70 %]; χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.10; p = 0.75) were higher in the active tDCS group than in the sham tDCS group, though these group differences were not statistically significant. However, statistically significant group by time interactions were observed in cognitive domains of working memory (F&lt;sub&gt;1,38&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.14; p = 0.049) as well as verbal learning and memory (F&lt;sub&gt;1,38&lt;/sub&gt; = 8.22; p = 0.01). No serious adverse effects were observed in either group. The active tDCS group (versus the sham tDSC group) had significantly more post-tDCS headaches (85 % [95 % CI, 65 %-100 %] vs. 50 % [95 % CI, 30 %-70 %]; χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 5.58; p = 0.02), but other side effects (e.g., dizziness, diarrhea) did not differ significantly between the two study groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Findings of this RCT suggest that active tDCS is safe for adolescents with FE-MDD. Although no statistically significant difference between groups over time was observed in the primary efficacy outcome, patients in the active tDCS group did have a greater proportion of remission ","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}