Journal of Animal Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the potential of salivary small RNAs as non-invasive biomarkers in pigs.","authors":"Ga-Hyeon Jeong, Kyu-Sang Lim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2025.e17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2025.e17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saliva, a non-invasive potential source of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and microbiomes, is not well described in pigs. Salivary miRNA expression profiles and the functional significance in pigs were investigated in this study. Saliva samples were extracted from adult female pigs, and small RNA sequencing revealed 26 known and 223 novel miRNAs. The large number of novel miRNAs also demonstrates the differences between salivary miRNAs in pigs and other biological samples. Functional analysis of miRNA target genes indicated enrichments in molecular functions related to transcription regulator activity, cytoskeleton organization, and protein binding, suggesting roles for this interaction in gene expression and physiological control. Moreover, metagenomic analysis revealed microbial sequences representing around 39% of the total reads, with <i>Corynebacterium</i> genus, an important member of the oral microbiota, being the most prevalent. Combining miRNA with microbiome data indicates that porcine saliva is rich in molecular information that will be useful for salivary health monitoring and microbiome studies. This study underscores the potential of salivary miRNAs as biomarkers for physiological processes and microbiome interactions in pigs, paving the way for further research into their diagnostic and monitoring applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1207-1214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of microencapsulated organic acids-essential oils blend and protease on performance and gut health of broilers under nutritional challenges.","authors":"Pattaveekan Preesong, Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul, Koonphol Pongmanee, Akaradet Seemacharoensri, Glenmer Bathan Tactacan, Chanporn Chaosap, Yuwares Ruangpanit","doi":"10.5187/jast.2024.e115","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2024.e115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the effects of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils (EOA) combined with a protease (PRO) supplement on the growth performance and gut health of broilers subjected to nutritional challenges through a diet high in wheat and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The treatments were: 1) corn and soybean meal-based diet with high levels of wheat and corn DDGS (WD); 2) WD+microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils at 300 mg/kg (EOA); 3) WD+PRO at 125 mg/kg (PRO); and 4) WD+EOA at 300 mg/kg+PRO at 125 mg/kg (EOA+PRO). Body weight gain, feed intake and mortality rate did not differ among treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratio from day 1-35 was lower in the EOA+PRO group than in the WD group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The EOA+PRO group had a lower jejunal crypt depth (CD) and a higher villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio than the other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The putrescine level was higher in the WD group than in the other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). On day 35, the EOA and EOA+PRO groups had higher claudin-1 mRNA expression than the WD and PRO groups (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Occludin mRNA expression was higher in the EOA and PRO groups than in the WD group (<i>p</i> < 0.01). In summary, the combination of EOA and PRO improved feed efficiency and gut health in broilers fed a high wheat and corn DDGS diet. This was demonstrated by decreased jejunal CD, increased VH/CD ratio, increased mRNA expression of claudin-1 at the tight junction and decreased putrescine content in the hindgut, suggesting an indirect effect on pathogenic bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1255-1272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knockdown of Y-box-binding protein 2 induces mitochondrial dysfunction to interrupt zygotic genome activation in porcine embryos.","authors":"Wen-Jie Jiang, Song-Hee Lee, Hyeon-Ji Song, Xiang-Shun Cui","doi":"10.5187/jast.2024.e87","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2024.e87","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Y-box-binding protein 2 (YBX2) is a germ cell-specific protein that plays important roles in mRNA stability, transcription, and translation. However, the effects of YBX2 on porcine embryos development remain unclear. To investigate the function of YBX2 in early porcine embryonic development, YBX2 knockdown (KD) was performed via siRNA microinjection at the single-cell stage. The expression level of YBX2 gene was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effect of YBX2 on mitochondrial function and zygotic genome activation were detected by qRT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that YBX2 is essential for early embryonic development. YBX2 KD decreased the blastocyst rate, mitochondrial activity, and the expression levels of NRF1, NRF2, and SIRT1, thereby reducing mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, YBX2 KD led to an increase in maternal mRNA levels and a decrease in zygotic genome activation mRNA levels. However, maternal protein levels were reduced, indicating that YBX2 can affect the maternal-to-zygotic transition. Meanwhile, H3K9ac levels decreased and H3K9me3 levels increased following YBX2 KD, suggesting that YBX2 regulates gene transcription. YBX2 affected embryonic development by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and ZGA expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1215-1227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete genome sequence of potential probiotic <i>Ligilactobacillus ruminis</i> CACC881 isolated from swine.","authors":"Soyeon Park, Mi Ae Park, Hyun-Jun Jang, Dae-Hyuk Kim, Yangseon Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2024.e50","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2024.e50","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ligilactobacillus ruminis</i> is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium in the host intestinal tract. <i>L. ruminis</i> has not been extensively studied, resulting in limited data regarding its potential probiotic properties and genomic information. In this study, the genome of <i>L. ruminis</i> CACC881 was comprehensively analyzed, resulting in the prediction of potential probiotic characteristics. Additionally, a comparative genomic analysis was conducted on the five <i>L. ruminis</i> strains. The genome of strain CACC881 comprised one circular chromosome 2,107,343 bp in length. Among the predicted 1,935 protein-coding genes, the genome included genes associated with potential probiotic properties, such as acid/bile salt tolerance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-related genes, and vitamin B-group genes. Notably, the genes for bacteriocin regulation/immunity (<i>nisK</i> and <i>nisI</i>) and antioxidant activity (<i>ahpC</i>) were exclusively found in strain CACC881, while absent in the other four <i>L. ruminis</i> genomes. These findings suggest that <i>L. ruminis</i> CACC881 is a potential probiotic with applications for the animal industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1427-1432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of functional fermented feed additives enhanced with xylo-oligosaccharides and yeast proteins from corn cobs.","authors":"Gayoung Lee, In Jung Kim, Soo Rin Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2025.e31","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2025.e31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of agricultural by-products, such as corn cobs, has gained significant attention as a sustainable and promising strategy for developing functional feed additives. This study aimed to produce a functional feed additive enriched with xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and yeast protein, using corn cobs as the primary raw material. To efficiently convert the xylan in corn cobs into XOS, a recombinant <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> strain displaying endo-xylanase on its cell surface was constructed. Among six anchor proteins evaluated for their efficiency in endo-xylanase expression, the X-Tir1 strain exhibited the highest enzymatic activity. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated corn cobs using the X-Tir1 strain and commercial cellulase were optimized under various pretreatment conditions, resulting in the production of 15.2 g/L of XOS and 12.8 g DCW/L of yeast protein after 72 h of fermentation with corn cobs pretreated using 2% (w/v) NaOH. This study demonstrates an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective approach to upcycling agricultural by-products into value-added functional feed additives, thereby improving feed efficiency in fiber-based diets. Additionally, it underscores the applicability of a cell surface display system as a versatile and effective tool for bioconversion processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1379-1394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive comparison of egg yolk of three Korean native chicken varieties: physicochemical quality, antioxidant activity, and flavor-related substances.","authors":"Yousung Jung, Dongwook Kim, Soomin Oh, Sangrok Lee, Hee-Jeong Lee, Hyo-Jun Choo, Aera Jang","doi":"10.5187/jast.2025.e19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2025.e19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The conservation of native chicken breeds is essential for promoting sustainable farming practice and preserving local genetic resources. Herein, we investigated the physicochemical quality, antioxidant activity, and flavor-related compounds of egg yolk from three Korean native chicken (KNC) breeds, namely blue-shelled egg (BSE), Woorimatdag No. 1 and 2 chicken egg (WRMD1E and WRMD2E), and commercial egg (CE). The physicochemical characteristics of chicken eggs, such as Haugh unit, yolk color, and eggshell characteristics, along with yolk traits including moisture, crude fat, pH, and cholesterol levels, were found to vary depending on the species (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The yolk of WRMD2E and CE exhibited significantly higher levels of monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, compared to those of other groups. Umami-related free amino acids (Glu + Asp) were significantly higher in CE yolk than in KNC egg yolk. Multivariate analysis identified potential bio-volatile markers, including hexane, 3-ethyl-, hexadecane, and nonane, 2,5-dimethyl-, which could effectively differentiate between the yolk of various KNCs and CE. Notably, WRMD2E yolk exhibited substantial antioxidant power, as demonstrated by DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The overall results indicate that eggs from these native lines match the quality of a commercial egg product in many characteristics, with some superior traits, such as antioxidant capacity. The results of this study offer comprehensive insights into the egg yolk characteristics of KNC, particularly Woorimatdag chicken, providing fundamental data to enhance the utilization of KNC eggs in food applications while supporting efforts toward the conservation of native chicken biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1359-1378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taurine effects on cell proliferation and gene expression of apoptosis and oxidative stress in broiler satellite cells under heat stress.","authors":"Jinryong Park, Kwanseob Shim, Darae Kang","doi":"10.5187/jast.2024.e99","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2024.e99","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of taurine on broiler embryonic muscle-derived satellite cells under heat stress. Satellite cells were extracted from the leg muscle of 18-day-old broiler embryos and cultured under two different temperature (37°C and 42°C), with or without taurine addition. The experiment comprised four treatment groups: 37°C without taurine, 37°C with taurine, 42°C without taurine, and 42°C with taurine. Cell survival rates and the expression of genes related to heat shock proteins (HSPs), cell cycle, oxidative stress, and MAPK/ERK-Nrf2 were analyzed, considering the effects of taurine and culture temperature and their interaction. The results showed higher cell survival rates at 42°C, with increased expression of satellite cell markers pax7 and MyoD in all treatment groups. HSP90 and HSP40 gene expressions were significantly upregulated at 42°C, and taurine treatment also led to a significant increase. However, HSP70 expression showed the opposite pattern. In cell cycle-related genes, expect for bcl2, significant differences were observed due to taurine and culture temperature, with an interaction effect observed for p53. Regarding antioxidant-related gene expression, superoxide dismutase was significantly upregulated at 42°C and also in the taurine treatment. extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 showed significant increases and decreases due to 42°C and taurine, respectively, while c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 displayed opposing results. These diverse findings suggest that broiler satellite cells can undergo proliferation and growth at 42°C, and taurine treatment can enhance their resilience to heat stress, potentially maintaining cellular health even at 37°C.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1343-1358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying and adapting the welfare quality^® protocol for assessing animal welfare in Korean cattle and pig slaughterhouses.","authors":"Chae Eun Chun, Joo Seong Kim, Nonghoon Choe, Seung Aee Ma, Jin Soo Han, Hye Jin Kang","doi":"10.5187/jast.2024.e101","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2024.e101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to review the applicability of the Welfare Quality^® protocol to evaluate animal welfare in cattle and pig slaughterhouses in Korea. A total of 6 cattle and 7 pig slaughterhouses were studied and evaluated by applying the Welfare Quality^® protocol. To ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the results, the three investigators were first trained in Welfare Quality^® protocol and took video and photographs during the initial field assessment. A reassessment was then conducted using video and photographs. Generalized linear models, such as Poisson regression or negative binomial regression, were used to analyze differences between slaughterhouses, and Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess the relationships between different factors in slaughterhouse scores. The average on-site inspection of the slaughterhouse took four and a half hours, and the video analysis took a total of eight and a half hours. A total of 590 cattle and 3,232 pigs were evaluated in the study. The analysis revealed significant differences between the turning back and dead animals in unloading, as well as in slipping and turning back in the moving to stunning area (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in 6 cattle slaughterhouses. In 7 pig slaughterhouses, differences were observed in panting in the lairage and falling, reluctance to move, and lameness in the moving to the stunning area among slaughterhouses (<i>p</i> < 0.05). By analyzing several variables within the slaughterhouse, we found that for cattle, the density of trucks and pens was strongly associated with temperature stress and lameness, and that rough handling increased as the cattle's fear response increased. For pigs, they also found that rough handling increased as the pigs' fear response increased. This study is significant because it is the first to evaluate the welfare of cattle and pigs in slaughterhouses in Korea and was successful in identifying several welfare issues in slaughterhouses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1406-1426"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of substrate type and growth stage on nutrient composition and convergence efficiency of <i>Hermetia illucens</i> larvae.","authors":"SangHun Ha, Abdolreza Hosseindoust, JunYoung Mun, SeRin Park, SoDam Choi, SeonAh Park, JinSoo Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2024.e96","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2024.e96","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the bioconversion efficiency and nutrient accumulation in black soldier fly (BSF; <i>Hermetia illucens</i>), focusing on the effects of feeding on two different substrates (tofu by-products and food waste) and harvesting at two developmental stages (larvae and prepupae) within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The growth performance, conversion efficiency, nutrient composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition, and nutrient composition of BSF meal were assessed. Results indicated that BSF reared on tofu by-products exhibited superior weight gain compared to those fed food waste, with significant enhancements observed in weight, length, and width upon harvesting at the prepupae stage. Moreover, tofu by-products promoted higher bioconversion rates, protein conversion efficiency, and lipid yield, while food waste favored lipid conversion. Analysis of nutrient composition revealed higher crude protein content in BSFs fed tofu by-products, with elevated levels of crude protein, ether extract, and chitin in prepupae-stage BSFs. Higher concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan were observed in tofu by-product-fed BSF. Conversely, BSFs harvested at the prepupae stage exhibited increased levels of threonine, alanine, and tyrosine, regardless of substrate. Higher proportions of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) were observed in tofu by-product-fed BSF. Conversely, BSF harvested at the larval stage displayed higher levels of saturated fatty acids, including lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0). In conclusion, tofu by-products emerged as a promising substrate for enhancing essential amino acid and unsaturated fatty acid content in BSF, while harvesting at the prepupae stage offered advantages in nutrient density and storage stability of the harvested biomass.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1273-1284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variability of particulate matter and ammonia emissions in a laying hen house in Korea.","authors":"Hee-Jin Kim, Eui-Chul Hong, Jiseon Son, Hyun-Soo Kim, Ji-Hyuk Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2024.e95","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2024.e95","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted to measure the seasonal concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions in laying hens performed according to the Verification of Environmental Technologies for Agricultural Production (VERA) Test Protocol and to calculate corresponding emission factors. During the winter and summer, the concentration of emitted PM₁₀ was high at 391.6 μg/m³ and low at 223.7 μg/m³, respectively, whereas that of PM_2.5 was high at 50.4 μg/m³ and 62.8 μg/m³ in the winter and spring, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of emitted NH₃ was high at 9.33 and 8.37 ppm during winter and spring, respectively. The annual average emission concentrations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were 323.5 and 49.6 5 μg/m³, respectively, whereas that for NH₃ was 5.75 ppm. The emission factors of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were highest in summer and lowest in winter; and those in fall were higher than those in spring. Similarly, the highest and lowest NH₃ emission factor values were recorded in the summer and winter, respectively. The annual emission factors of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and NH₃ were 0.027, 0.0045, and 0.383 kg/head/year, respectively. Our finding in this study highlight the importance of monitoring for the effective management of PM and NH₃ emissions that occur over short time periods and indicate that the ventilation volume should also be considered on a seasonal basis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"67 6","pages":"1395-1405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}