Si-Won Park, In-Byung Park, Seok-Jin Kang, Joonbeom Bae, Taehoon Chun
{"title":"Interaction between host cell proteins and open reading frames of porcine circovirus type 2.","authors":"Si-Won Park, In-Byung Park, Seok-Jin Kang, Joonbeom Bae, Taehoon Chun","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e67","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by a systemic inflammation after porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. It was one of the most economically important pathogens affecting pig production worldwide before PCV2 vaccine was first introduced in 2006. After the development of a vaccine against PCV2a type, pig farms gradually restored enormous economic losses from PMWS. However, vaccine against PCV2a type could not be fully effective against several different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b - PCV2h). In addition, PCV2a vaccine itself could generate antigenic drift of PCV2 capsid. Therefore, PCV2 infection still threats pig industry worldwide. PCV2 infection was initially found in local tissues including reproductive, respiratory, and digestive tracks. However, PCV2 infection often leads to a systemic inflammation which can cause severe immunosuppression by depleting peripheral lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues. Subsequently, a secondary infection with other microorganisms can cause PMWS. Eleven putative open reading frames (ORFs) have been predicted to encode PCV2 genome. Among them, gene products of six ORFs from ORF1 to ORF6 have been identified and characterized to estimate its functional role during PCV2 infection. Acquiring knowledge about the specific interaction between each PCV2 ORF protein and host protein might be a key to develop preventive or therapeutic tools to control PCV2 infection. In this article, we reviewed current understanding of how each ORF of PCV2 manipulates host cell signaling related to immune suppression caused by PCV2.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 4","pages":"698-719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10640953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134649033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heemoon Yoon, Mira Park, Hayoung Lee, Jisoon Ahn, Taehyun Lee, Sang-Hee Lee
{"title":"Deep learning framework for bovine iris segmentation","authors":"Heemoon Yoon, Mira Park, Hayoung Lee, Jisoon Ahn, Taehyun Lee, Sang-Hee Lee","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e51","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134903260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kwak, Kyeong Su Chae, J. N. Kim, K. Whang, Younghoon Kim
{"title":"Dietary effects of melatonin on growth performance by modulation of protein bioavailability and behavior in early weaned rats and pigs","authors":"M. Kwak, Kyeong Su Chae, J. N. Kim, K. Whang, Younghoon Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e44","url":null,"abstract":"Melatonin, which is produced from tryptophan, exerts various biological functions, including the regulation of circadian rhythm, sedative agents, and antioxidant ability. Therefore, we conducted two experiments with early-weaned rats and pigs to investigate the antioxidant and sedative effects of melatonin. In the rat experiment, a total of 42 rats (21 days old) were used, and the antioxidant capacity was determined. Next, we used 120 early-weaned piglets (21 days old) to conduct a 5-week experiment to evaluate the reductive effect of melatonin on energy-wasting movement, including roaming and fight states. Dietary melatonin supple - mentation significantly improved growth in both rats and pigs compared to the control groups. Additionally, rats fed a melatonin-supplemented diet showed advanced antioxidant capacity with a decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde concentration compared to rats fed a basal diet. Moreover, dietary melatonin ingestion increased resting and feeding behaviors and reduced roaming and fight behaviors during Days 8–21 compared to the control diet group. Collectively, early weaned animals given dietary melatonin supplementation showed improved growth through upregulation of hepatic antioxidant capacity and minimization of energy-wasting behavior, including roaming and fight states, after pigs’ social hierarchy establishment.","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85705273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyejin Choi, Daye Mun, Sangdon Ryu, Min-Jin Kwak, Bum-Keun Kim, Dong-Jun Park, Sangnam Oh, Younghoon Kim
{"title":"Molecular characterization and functionality of rumen-derived extracellular vesicles using a <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> animal model.","authors":"Hyejin Choi, Daye Mun, Sangdon Ryu, Min-Jin Kwak, Bum-Keun Kim, Dong-Jun Park, Sangnam Oh, Younghoon Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2022.e124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2022.e124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rumen fluids contain a wide range of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The various ruminal microorganisms in the rumen provide nutrients by fermenting the forage they eat. During metabolic processes, microorganisms present in the rumen release diverse vesicles during the fermentation process. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the function of rumen extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their interaction with the host. We confirmed the structure of the rumen EVs by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the size of the particles using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Rumen EVs range in size from 100 nm to 400 nm and are composed of microvesicles, microparticles, and ectosomes. Using the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> smart animal model, we verified the interaction between the host and rumen EVs. Exposure of <i>C. elegans</i> to rumen EVs did not significantly enhance longevity, whereas exposure to the pathogenic bacteria <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> significantly increased lifespan. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed gene expression alterations in <i>C. elegans</i> exposed to rumen EVs, with significant changes in the metabolic pathway, fatty acid degradation, and biosynthesis of cofactors. Our study describes the effect of rumen EV interactions with the host and provides novel insights for discovering biotherapeutic agents in the animal industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 3","pages":"652-663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f8/62/jast-65-3-652.PMC10271931.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10035450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dongseok Lee, Daekyum Yoo, Hyeran Kim, Jakyeom Seo
{"title":"Negative association between high temperature-humidity index and milk performance and quality in Korean dairy system: big data analysis.","authors":"Dongseok Lee, Daekyum Yoo, Hyeran Kim, Jakyeom Seo","doi":"10.5187/jast.2022.e119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2022.e119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heat stress on milk traits in South Korea using comprehensive data (dairy production and climate). The dataset for this study comprised 1,498,232 test-day records for milk yield, fat- and protein-corrected milk, fat yield, protein yield, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and somatic cell score (SCS) from 215,276 Holstein cows (primiparous: n = 122,087; multiparous: n = 93,189) in 2,419 South Korean dairy herds. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2020 through the Dairy Cattle Improvement Program, and merged with meteorological data from 600 automatic weather stations through the Korea Meteorological Administration. The segmented regression model was used to estimate the effects of the temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk traits and elucidate the break point (BP) of the THI. To acquire the least-squares mean of milk traits, the generalized linear model was applied using fixed effects (region, calving year, calving month, parity, days in milk, and THI). For all parameters, the BP of THI was observed; in particular, milk production parameters dramatically decreased after a specific BP of THI (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In contrast, MUN and SCS drastically increased when THI exceeded BP in all cows (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and primiparous cows (<i>p</i> < 0.05), respectively. Dairy cows in South Korea exhibited negative effects on milk traits (decrease in milk performance, increase in MUN, and SCS) when the THI exceeded 70; therefore, detailed feeding management is required to prevent heat stress in dairy cows.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 3","pages":"588-595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/34/73/jast-65-3-588.PMC10271930.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9715794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yong-Jun Kang, Sang-Hyun Han, Sang-Geum Kim, Su-Yeon Kim, Hyeon-Ah Kim, Yoo-Kyung Kim, Ji-Hyun Yoo, Moon-Cheol Shin, Byoung-Chul Yang, Hee-Bok Park, Jun Heon Lee, In-Cheol Cho
{"title":"Association of functional sequence variants of the <i>myosin heavy chain 3</i> gene with muscle collagen content in pigs.","authors":"Yong-Jun Kang, Sang-Hyun Han, Sang-Geum Kim, Su-Yeon Kim, Hyeon-Ah Kim, Yoo-Kyung Kim, Ji-Hyun Yoo, Moon-Cheol Shin, Byoung-Chul Yang, Hee-Bok Park, Jun Heon Lee, In-Cheol Cho","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the association between functional sequence variants (FSVs) of <i>myosin heavy chain 3</i> (<i>MYH3</i>) genotypes and collagen content in a Landrace and Jeju native pig (JNP) crossbred population. Four muscles (<i>Musculus longissimus dorsi</i>, <i>Musculus semimembranosus</i>, <i>Musculus triceps brachii</i>, and <i>Musculus</i> <i>biceps femoris</i>) were used for the analysis of meat collagen content, and the same animals were genotyped for the FSVs of the <i>MYH3</i> gene by using PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism). Three FSVs of <i>MYH3</i> genotypes were identified and had genotype frequencies of 0.358, 0.551, and 0.091 for <i>QQ</i>, <i>Qq</i>, and <i>qq</i>, respectively. <i>QQ</i> animals for the FSVs of the <i>MYH3</i> genotypes showed higher collagen content in their <i>M</i><i>. longissimus dorsi</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.001), <i>M. semimembranosus</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.001), <i>M. triceps brachii</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and <i>M. biceps femoris</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.001) than <i>qq</i> homozygous animals. After the validation of this result in other independent populations, the FSVs of MYH3 genotypes can be a valuable genetic marker for improving collagen content in porcine muscles and can also be applied to increase the amount of collagen for biomedical purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 3","pages":"511-518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6d/41/jast-65-3-511.PMC10271922.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10017909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sehyuk Oh, Sanghun Park, Yunhwan Park, Yun-A Kim, Gyutae Park, Xiangshun Cui, Kwansuk Kim, Seontea Joo, Sunjin Hur, Gapdon Kim, Jungseok Choi
{"title":"Culturing characteristics of Hanwoo myosatellite cells and C2C12 cells incubated at 37°C and 39°C for cultured meat.","authors":"Sehyuk Oh, Sanghun Park, Yunhwan Park, Yun-A Kim, Gyutae Park, Xiangshun Cui, Kwansuk Kim, Seontea Joo, Sunjin Hur, Gapdon Kim, Jungseok Choi","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To improve culture efficiency of Hanwoo myosatellite cells, these cells were cultured at different temperatures. Hanwoo myosatellite cells were compared with C2C12 cells to observe proliferation and differentiation at culture temperatures of 37°C and 39°C and determine the possibility of using them as cultured meat. Immunofluorescence staining using Pax7 and Hoechst, both cells cultured at 37°C proliferated better than cultured at 39°C (<i>p</i> < 0.05). When differentiated cells were stained with myosin and Hoechst, there was no significant difference in myotube thickness and Fusion index (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In Western blotting analysis, Hanwoo myosatellite cells were no significant difference in the expression of myosin between cells differentiated at the two temperatures (<i>p</i> > 0.05). C2C12 cells were no significant difference in the expression of myosin between cells differentiated at the two temperatures (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, Hanwoo myosatellite cells cultured at 39°C had significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher expression levels of MyHC, MYF6, and MB than those cultured at 37°C. C2C12 cells cultured at 39°C showed significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher expression levels of MYOG and MB than those cultured at 37°C. To increase culture efficiency of Hanwoo myosatellite cells, proliferating at 37°C and differentiating at 39°C are appropriate. Since results of temperature differences of Hanwoo myosatellite cells were similar to those of C2C12 cells, they could be used as a reference for producing cultured meat using Hanwoo satellite cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 3","pages":"664-678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/55/73/jast-65-3-664.PMC10271921.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10017911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Santi Devi Upadhaya, Woo Jeong Seok, Shanmugam Suresh Kumar, Rudolf H van der Veen, In Ho Kim
{"title":"Marine derived Ca-Mg complex supplementation basal diet during four subsequent parities improved longevity and performance of sows and their litters.","authors":"Santi Devi Upadhaya, Woo Jeong Seok, Shanmugam Suresh Kumar, Rudolf H van der Veen, In Ho Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2022.e121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2022.e121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Ca-Mg complex on the longevity and reproductive performance of sows. In total, seventy-two gilts ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc, average body weight 181 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments during 4 successive parity in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), CM1 (basal diet -MgO - 0.3% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex), and CM2 (basal diet - MgO - 0.7% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex). A higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) number of totals born and live piglets, and sows increased feed intake during gestation and lactation, increased backfat thickness, and increased estrus interval were observed (<i>p</i> < 0.05) during their third and fourth parity than during their first and second parity. Ca-Mg complex supplementation improved (<i>p</i> < 0.05) the number of total piglets during the first and second parity as well as live-born piglets during the first to third parity, reduction (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in backfat thickness during the third and fourth parity, a higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) initial and final number of suckling piglets as well as higher weaning weight compared with sows fed CON diet during the first, second, and third parity. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in piglets born to CM1 and CM2 sows regardless of parity. The treatment diets fed to sows lowered (<i>p</i> < 0.05) the duration of first to last piglet birth and placenta expulsion time compared with CON sows. A significant interactive effect (<i>p</i> = 0.042) between parities and treatment diets was observed for the first to last piglet birth. Thus, Ca-Mg complex supplementation by partially replacing limestone in the basal diet enhanced sow performance, specifically during their third and fourth parity, thereby improving sow longevity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 3","pages":"562-578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b6/ea/jast-65-3-562.PMC10271925.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10035446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vetriselvi Sampath, Shanmugam Sureshkumar, Woo Jeong Seok, In Ho Kim
{"title":"Role and functions of micro and macro-minerals in swine nutrition: a short review.","authors":"Vetriselvi Sampath, Shanmugam Sureshkumar, Woo Jeong Seok, In Ho Kim","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Livestock production depends on the utilization of nutrients, and when this is accomplished, there is accelerated momentum toward growth with a low cost-to-feed ratio. Public concern over the consumption of pork with antibiotic residues in animals fed antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has paved the way for using other natural additives to antibiotics, such as herbs and their products, probiotics, prebiotics, etc. Numerous feed additives are trending to achieve this goal, and a classic example is vitamins and minerals. Vitamins and minerals represent a relatively small percentage of the diet, but they are critical to animal health, well-being, and performance; both play a well-defined role in metabolism, and their requirements can vary depending on the physiological stage of the animals. At the same time, the absence of these vitamins and minerals in animal feed can impair the growth and development of muscles and bones. Most commercial feeds contain vitamins and trace minerals that meet nutrient requirements recommended by National Research Council and animal feeding standards. However, the potential variability and bioavailability of vitamins and trace elements in animal feeds remain controversial because daily feed intake varies, and vitamins are degraded by transportation, storage, and processing. Accordingly, the requirement for vitamins and minerals may need to be adjusted to reflect increased production levels, yet the information presented on this topic is still limited. Therefore, this review focuses on the role and function of different sources of minerals, the mode of action, the general need for micro and macro minerals in non-ruminant diets, and how they improve animal performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 3","pages":"479-489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3e/4d/jast-65-3-479.PMC10271933.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10035449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep-learning-based gestational sac detection in ultrasound images using modified YOLOv7-E6E model.","authors":"Tae-Kyeong Kim, Jin Soo Kim, Hyun-Chong Cho","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the population and income levels rise, meat consumption steadily increases annually. However, the number of farms and farmers producing meat decrease during the same period, reducing meat sufficiency. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has begun to be applied to reduce labor and production costs of livestock farms and improve productivity. This technology can be used for rapid pregnancy diagnosis of sows; the location and size of the gestation sacs of sows are directly related to the productivity of the farm. In this study, a system proposes to determine the number of gestation sacs of sows from ultrasound images. The system used the YOLOv7-E6E model, changing the activation function from sigmoid-weighted linear unit (SiLU) to a multi-activation function (SiLU + Mish). Also, the upsampling method was modified from nearest to bicubic to improve performance. The model trained with the original model using the original data achieved mean average precision of 86.3%. When the proposed multi-activation function, upsampling, and AutoAugment were applied, the performance improved by 0.3%, 0.9%, and 0.9%, respectively. When all three proposed methods were simultaneously applied, a significant performance improvement of 3.5% to 89.8% was achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":14923,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology","volume":"65 3","pages":"627-637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cd/8a/jast-65-3-627.PMC10271918.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10017910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}