Journal fur Hirnforschung最新文献

{"title":"Serotoninergic neurons in the brainstem expressing FOS protein after orofacial noxious stimulation: an immunocytochemical double-labeling study.","authors":"B Lang,&nbsp;Y Q Li","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Employing an immunocytochemical double-labeling technique, we investigated the co-localization of FOS protein, the expression product of c-fos proto-oncogene induced by orofacial noxious stimulation, and serotonin in the rat brainstem. About 3.2%-25.6% of serotonin-like immunoreactive neurons and 6.2%-46.7% of FOS-like immunoreactive neurons in the raphe nuclei, reticular formation and ventrolateral subdivision of the midbrain periaqueductal gray exhibit FOS-like immunoreactivity and serotonin-like immunoreactivity, respectively. The present results provide further morphological evidence for the involvement of serotoninergic neurons in modulating the transmission of noxious information.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"39 2","pages":"263-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20898368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in CD44 and ApoE immunoreactivities due to retinal pathology of man and rat.","authors":"H Kuhrt,&nbsp;W Härtig,&nbsp;D Grimm,&nbsp;F Faude,&nbsp;M Kasper,&nbsp;A Reichenbach","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In cases of retinal light damage, glaucoma, or senile macula degeneration, the loss of retinal neurons is thought to cause alterations of glial cells. We performed immunocytochemical studies on retinae of (i) healthy rats and human donors, (ii) rats exposed to enhanced illumination for 24 months, a procedure which leads to complete loss of photoreceptor cells, (iii) a human donor who had suffered from senile macula (photoreceptor cell) degeneration, and (iv) human donors who had suffered from glaucoma, known to be accompanied by a loss of ganglion cells and other retinal neurons. Furthermore, Müller cells were enzymatically isolated from human glaucomatous retinae. All preparations were subjected to immunocytochemistry for CD44 antigen and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In normal rat and human retinae, CD44 immunoreactivity was observed in the microvillous sclerad processes of Müller cells: in human retinae, perivascular (astro-)glial cell processes were also CD44 immunopositive. ApoE immunoreactivity was only found in some perivascular (astro-)glial cell processes of human retinae. Both rat and human Müller cells respond to photoreceptor cell damage by increased, and ectopic, expression of the CD44 antigen. Increased ApoE immunoreactivity was found in Müller cells from degenerative human retinae, but rarely in light-damaged rat retinae. It is concluded that degeneration-related reorganization involves enhanced expression of the glial cell adhesion molecule CD44 as well as elevated activity of the glial lipid transport molecule ApoE.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 2","pages":"223-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20123524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of amyloid beta-protein immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of rats injected with kainate.","authors":"W Y Ong,&nbsp;Y He,&nbsp;L J Garey","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distribution of amyloid beta-protein immunoreactivity was investigated in the hippocampus of rats injected intravenously with kainate. Very light labelling was observed in cell bodies and dendrites of pyramidal neurons and dentate granule cells in the normal hippocampus. At 6,7,9,10,12 and 20 days postinjection, moderately densely labelled astrocytes were present in the stratum oriens and lacunosum moleculare, extending thick processes towards the stratum radiatum which was degenerating. Immunoreactivity was present as floccules in the mitochondria-rich but glial-filament-poor portions of reactive astrocytes, and in fibrillar form in the neuropil. This suggests that amyloid beta-protein might be present in fibrillar (presumably polymerised) form in degenerating profiles and the neuropil, but in floccular (presumably non-polymerised) form in reactive astrocytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 3","pages":"353-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20281698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardioexcitatory neurons in the snail Achatina fulica.","authors":"V Zhuravlev,&nbsp;R Bychkov,&nbsp;S Kadirov,&nbsp;A Diakov,&nbsp;T Safonova","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The excitatory motor unit of Achatina fulica is composed of five identified cardioregulatory motor neurons: three tonically active neurons (TAN-1, -2 and -3), a periodically oscillating neuron (PON) and a VG1 neuron. High frequency discharges in TAN neurons evoked slow depolarization waves. The PON elicited biphasic excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP). One spike in PON was sufficient to increase heart rate for several minutes. VG1 elicited discrete fast EPSP in the myocardium. Bursts of spikes from VG1 resulted in a summation of EPSP and transiently increased heart. VG1 inhibited spontaneous electrical activity in PON. Our results suggest that the use of semi-intact preparations allow elucidation of new functional cardioregulatory properties of intact neural networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 3","pages":"279-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20281784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling of cortical neuron density and white matter volume in mammals.","authors":"J Prothero","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A prior scaling model, based on repeating cortical units, whose number and size increase with brain size, gave discrete exponents for cortical thickness (1/9), outer (visible) surface area (2/3), folded cortical surface area (8/9) and cortical volume (1), each as a function of brain volume. These exponents are in reasonable agreement with a diversity of empirical data (Prothero, 1997). Rockel et al. (1980) reported that neuron number, assayed in a narrow column across cortex (pia to white matter) is invariant over several differing brain regions and species. Since cortical thickness scales, empirically, as about the 1/9 power of brain volume, their data imply that neuron line density (across cortex) scales with an exponent of about -1/9. Rockel et al. (1980) also urged that cortical neuron surface density is invariant. This extrapolation implies that neuron volume density scales, like line density, as the -1/9 power of brain volume, in marked disparity with the data of Haug (1987) and Tower (1954). The present model assumes an invariant number of neurons per repeating unit. Thus neuron number, assayed across cortical thickness, is independent of brain size, in accord with Rockel et al. (1980). The model predicts that neuron line density (in any direction) scales as the -1/9 power of brain volume. Now neuron volume density scales as the -1/3 power of brain volume, in reasonable agreement with the results of Haug (1987) and Tower (1954). For white matter, I assume that mean axon length scales with brain diameter (exponent of 1/3). The number of white matter axons scales in proportion to the number of repeating units (exponent of 2/3). Given an invariant size distribution of white matter axons, white matter volume thus scales with an exponent of one, in reasonable accord with Haug (1970).</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 4","pages":"513-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20402910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species differences in the distribution of the glutamate receptor subunit, GluR1, in the rat and monkey entorhinal cortex.","authors":"Y He,&nbsp;W Y Ong,&nbsp;S K Leong","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distribution of the DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2/3 were studied by immunocytochemistry in the rat and monkey temporal neocortex and entorhinal cortex. The monkey neocortex was similar to the rat neo- and entorhinal cortex, in that non-pyramidal neurons were densely labelled for GluR1, while pyramidal neurons were lightly labelled. The monkey entorhinal cortex was very different, in that dense GluR1 labelling was present in the pyramidal neurons of layer V. Although many GluR2/3-positive pyramidal neurons were also present in layers II, III, V and VI of the monkey entorhinal cortex, the neuropilar staining in layer V was less intense for GluR2/3, than for GluR1. This suggests that there were fewer GluR2 or GluR3 subunits in that layer compared with GluR1, and it is possible that many of the GluR1 subunits exist as homomers. Since GluR1 homomeric channels are permeable to calcium ions and are inwardly rectifying, the high GluR1 content of the layer V pyramidal neurons could render these cells particularly susceptible to calcium influx, and consequently, calcium-mediated neuronal injury. This could therefore be one of the reasons why the entorhinal cortex shows some of the earliest and most severe pathological alterations in Alzheimer's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20016331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size of somatosensory cortex and of somatosensory thalamic nuclei of the naturally blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi.","authors":"M D Mann,&nbsp;G Rehkämper,&nbsp;H Reinke,&nbsp;H D Frahm,&nbsp;R Necker,&nbsp;E Nevo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hypothesis that the somatosensory system in the naturally blind subterranean rodent Spalax ehrenbergi (= mole rat) is enlarged was tested by measuring the volume of somatosensory cortex and somatosensory thalamic nuclei (Nuclei ventrales posteromedialis and posterolateralis). Electrophysiology and tracing were used to identify and delineate these areas. On average the somatosensory cortex is 1.7 times larger and the thalamic nuclei are 1.3 times larger in the blind mole rat than in the sighted laboratory rat if different body weights are taken into consideration. This confirms the demands of a life underground where it seems touch would replace vision. The data reveal a remarkable brain plasticity among mammals under natural conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 1","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20016333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glyoxylate oxidoreductase activity and glyoxylate-like molecules in the motor, somatosensory, cyngulate and olfactory areas of the rat frontoparietal cortex. Histoenzymological and immunohistochemical study.","authors":"R Martínez-Rodríguez,&nbsp;E Muñiz,&nbsp;E De Miguel,&nbsp;I Gómez-Segura,&nbsp;M J Alonso,&nbsp;R R Toledano,&nbsp;R R Gragera","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present paper the presence of glyoxylate-oxidoreductase (GOR, GLYO-DH) activity and glyoxylate-like molecules has been investigated in several areas of the rat frontoparietal cortex-motor, somatosensory, cyngulate and olfactory areas-, using the histoenzymological and immunocytochemical methods. Antibodies against glyoxylate-like molecules have been obtained using a glyoxylate-BSA conjugate as immunogen. GOR activity as well as immunostaining for glyoxylate-like molecules were observed in the periphery of the perikaryon and neuronal processes of scattered neurons in the above mentioned cortical areas. At the electron microscopic level positive immunoreaction was found associated to synaptic vesicles in axon terminals, and also within glial cells. These findings reveal both the presence of glyoxylate-like molecules and glyoxylate metabolism in neurons of the motor, somatosensory, cyngulate and olfactory areas of the rat frontoparietal cortex. The presence of such molecules associated to synaptic vesicles within the axon terminals suggest the possible involvement of these molecules in some type of neurotransmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 1","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20016334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal light damage vs. normal aging of rats: altered morphology, intermediate filament expression, and nuclear organization of Müller (glial) cells.","authors":"J Grosche,&nbsp;D Grimm,&nbsp;N Clemens,&nbsp;A Reichenbach","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In retinal light damage, degeneration of photoreceptors results in alterations of glial (Müller) cells. In particular, Müller cells show signs of gliosis such as thickening of their stem processes, and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) which is normally not detectable by immunocytochemistry. We were interested in a quantification of these morphological alterations, and in possible effects of an application of free radical scavengers (Ginkgobiloba extract EGb 761). For this purpose, we studied Müller cells in retinae of albino rats exposed to enhanced illumination for 24 months, a procedure which causes a complete loss of photoreceptor cells. The cells were labeled by (i) bulk filling with the fluorescent dye, Procion yellow, and by (ii) immunocytochemical demonstration of vimentin and GFAP. One group of rats was fed daily with EGb 761 during the last 8 months of life when the remaining photoreceptors (about 50%) died. The retinae were compared with retinae from 3 months-old albino rats, serving as normal young controls, and with retinae from 24 month-old pigment rats, representing normal aging processes. As age-related changes of the ultrastructure of glial cell (astrocytic) nuclei have been described in the literature, the organization of Müller cell nuclei was also studied by an argyrophilic stain, and by electron microscopy. We found that in the thin light-damaged retinae, Müller cells were shorter but thicker than in age-matched control retinae. The volumes of their vitread stem processes were almost unchanged. Müller cells were GFAP-immunoreactive in the light-damaged retinae but not in the controls. The application of EGb 761 prevented the expression by Müller cells of (detectable levels of) GFAP. By contrast, in retinae from EGb 761-treated animals the volumes of the vitread stem processes were significantly increased in comparison to untreated animals. The number of nuclear organization regions was significantly enhanced in Müller cell nuclei from light-damaged untreated albino rats, as compared with the young controls. Application of EGb 761 prevented much of this increase. Thus, exogeneous free radical scavengers do not prevent the occurrence of an reactive hypertrophy but inhibit the expression of \"pathological marker molecules\", and the (accompanying) signs of enhanced nuclear activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 4","pages":"459-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20402965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogeny of GABA-immunoreactive cells in the prefrontal and occipital cortices of the primate.","authors":"A Yamashita,&nbsp;M Hayashi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The developmental changes in the density of total neurons and GABA-immunoreactive cells were examined in the prefrontal and occipital cortices of the crab-eating monkey, Macaca fascicularis. The density of total neurons declined rapidly during the embryonic period. Both density and proportion of GABA cells increased rapidly during the embryonic period, and only gradually increased between birth and postnatal day 30. Both density and proportion of GABA cells were higher in the occipital cortex than the prefrontal cortex between embryonic day 110 and 140, indicating late development of the prefrontal area. The activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase increases more than two times during postnatal development (HAYASHI et al., 1989), suggesting that the synthesis of GABA in each cell is enhanced during postnatal maturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14790,"journal":{"name":"Journal fur Hirnforschung","volume":"38 4","pages":"471-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20402966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}