Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association最新文献

{"title":"Spectrum of care toolkit: identifying and communicating evidence-based options.","authors":"Michelle Evason, Jason W Stull, Jason Coe","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.06.0384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.06.0384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Using a case-based example, to provide a video tutorial on the use of a framework to identify, review, and communicate to a pet owner (veterinary client) evidence-based findings that enable the provision of spectrum-of-care options for patient management, demonstrate use of the Value Matrix, and inform shared decision-making.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Any veterinary patient for which evidence-based care options along the continuum of acceptable care (often referred to as spectrum of care) is sought.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Evidence-based veterinary medicine involves identifying a relevant clinical question facing the patient, client, and veterinarian and acquiring and appraising the evidence, informing the options applied to the unique case. An easily followed framework informs this process to maximize success in identifying existing veterinary evidence. Several tools, including the Value Matrix, allow for effective client communication of the options for the patient, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages for each option for situation-specific criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence-based options are identified and communicated easily, even for complex clinical questions for which there is minimal published existing evidence.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This tutorial provides practical tools that can assist veterinary professionals in collaborating with clients on making evidence-based decisions, are integral to practicing broadly across the spectrum of care, and can be adapted to each unique pet, pet owner, geography, and veterinary clinic scenario.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statewide passive tick surveillance using companion animals in Delaware reveals 9 tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) and 6 associated pathogens.","authors":"Ashley C Kennedy, Michael Buoni, Jacob Walls, Talisha Palmer, Emma Marek","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.05.0329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.05.0329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess which ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose the greatest risk to companion animals and their human owners and handlers in Delaware.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We established a statewide passive surveillance program wherein participating veterinary clinics and individual pet owners in Delaware contributed ticks removed from animals in their care. We identified ticks to species and life stage and tested a subset (approx 20%) of ticks collected during the first 4 years for pathogens of medical and veterinary interest.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2019 and 2023, program participants throughout the state contributed 1,533 ticks from 522 individual host animals. Submitted ticks represented 9 tick species (in order of abundance: Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor albipictus, Ixodes cookei, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) from 5 host species (dogs, cats, goats, rabbits, and a ferret). Screening revealed 6 pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Ehrlichia canis) within tested ticks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Companion animals in Delaware are at risk of encountering a variety of tick species and associated pathogens.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study was the first in Delaware to document and measure the specific tick-associated risks facing Delaware pets. These findings provide a baseline for tick-borne pathogen prevalence in ticks encountered by companion animals in Delaware and thus serve as a measure of those animals' exposure to various tick-associated infections, highlighting the continuing need for tick awareness and tick bite prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Companion animals and H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza: cause for concern?","authors":"Jane E Sykes","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.06.0388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.06.0388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The first known human infection with a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus appeared in China in 1997. Between 2003 and 2017, the WHO documented an additional 862 human cases, mainly from southeast Asia and Egypt, with a mean annual case fatality rate of 56%. By 2006, the susceptibility of cats to severe respiratory and neurologic disease became apparent. Scientists raised concerns regarding the potential for domestic cats to transmit novel pathogenic strains to humans. But after 2006, reports of new H5N1 infections in companion animals dwindled, and human cases fell after 2016. In 2021, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses suddenly appeared in Europe and spread rapidly to the Americas, wreaking havoc on wildlife and crippling the poultry and dairy industries. Between 2022 and 2025, dozens of domestic cats died, most often following raw food consumption. Unease regarding the transmission potential of pets resurfaced. Although most human infections in the Americas were mild and associated with poultry or dairy contact, the recent detection of genotype D1.1 in association with severe illness or death is cause for concern. Genotype D1.1 has now also been detected in dairy cattle and domestic cats. Reports of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in India suggest a new potential threat. Successful control of H5N1 infections is strongly dependent on a One Health approach. Small animal veterinarians play a key role in this approach through recognition of cases and education of pet owners, thus preserving the human-animal bond.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes in dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis treated via sinuscopic debridement and clotrimazole cream application.","authors":"Beatrice Hertel, Frances Bird, Rosario Vallefuoco, Mark Longley, Hervé Brissot","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.04.0266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.04.0266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe surgical fungal plaque debridement and clotrimazole 1% cream application via normograde sinoscopy (NS) and report short- and long-term outcomes in dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA).</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>18 client-owned dogs.</p><p><strong>Clinical presentation: </strong>This was a retrospective single-institution case series of dogs diagnosed with SNA and treated with NS. Signalment, history, physical examination, diagnostic and sinuscopic findings, topical treatment frequency, complications, and outcome were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>18 dogs underwent NS for SNA treatment. The median age was 8.5 years. Unilateral disease (15 of 18) was more frequent than bilateral. Following direct access to the frontal sinus, debridement of fungal plaques was completed under direct visualization with a 2.4-mm, 30° arthroscope. Two topical cream instillations were performed in 17 of 18 cases, with a complete resolution of clinical signs recorded in 15 of 18 dogs. Re-treatment was achieved via percutaneous injection in dogs requiring more than 1 topical cream application. A small self-limiting swelling of the surgical wound was reported in 1 case. Re-treatment via percutaneous injection was a fast, well-tolerated, and low-morbidity procedure. Repeated debridement via NS was required in 4 dogs. Long-term follow-up documented an overall cure rate of 83.3% with no major complications.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>NS provided a safe approach for complete debridement of the frontal sinus with a comparable outcome to previously reported treatments. No major complications associated with the surgical procedure occurred. This technique allowed direct visualization and video-assisted debridement of fungal plaques. Normograde sinoscopy could be considered as a technique to enhance topical treatments for extensive frontal sinus aspergillosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xylazine prolongs the duration of action of inverted L blocks in steers.","authors":"Kelley M Varner, Maya K Keefer, Maggie Mooring, Earl Ford Iv, Kim Love, Sarah E Klein","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.03.0186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.03.0186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if the combination of lidocaine and xylazine has a longer duration of action compared to lidocaine alone when administered as an inverted L block in steers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>6 healthy beef-cross steers were enrolled in a randomized crossover study. Both groups received an inverted L block using 6 mg/kg of lidocaine. Group L received lidocaine only, and group LX received lidocaine and 0.02 mg/kg of xylazine. There was a 5-day washout period between treatments. Following administration, the onset and duration of action were assessed through a series of needle pricks along the paralumbar fossa every minute for the first 15 minutes and then every 15 minutes until the return of sensation. Sedation scores and heart rates were also collected. Parametric data were analyzed with a paired t test. Nonparametric data were analyzed with a Wilcoxon signed rank test. A P value < .05 was considered significant. This study was completed in June 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When administered as an inverted L block, the addition of xylazine to lidocaine significantly prolonged the duration of action from 130 ± 43.1 minutes to 197.5 ± 61.7 minutes (P = .027). Sedation scores were higher in the LX treatment group (P = .039). There was no difference between groups for onset of action time (P = 1.0) or heart rate (P = .89).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combination of lidocaine and xylazine, when administered as an inverted L block, prolongs the duration of blockade.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The addition of xylazine to lidocaine for administration as an inverted L block extends the duration of anesthetic effect, confers mild sedative properties, and is readily integrated into clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic antimicrobials administered in rams before elective castration are detectable in resected tissues and unlikely indicated under aseptic conditions.","authors":"Ronan J J Chapuis, Sean Moore, Walter R Vandaveer, Erika Little, Hélène Lardé","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.04.0247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.04.0247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To report the incidence of intraoperative surgical site positive bacterial cultures and occurrence of postoperative infection following elective castration in rams and to measure, in different units, the concentrations of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline in resected tissues following preoperative SC administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In January and February 2016, healthy rams were enrolled before elective castration and were randomly assigned to the control group (saline) or subcutaneous treatment groups (22,000 IU/kg of procaine benzylpenicillin, 6.6 mg/kg of ampicillin trihydrate, or 6.6 mg/kg of oxytetracycline dihydrate administered within 2 hours before resection of the tissues). Excised tissues were sampled to measure drug concentrations by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The surgical site was swabbed at the end of the procedure for anaerobic and aerobic cultures. Rams were monitored for 2 weeks after surgery. The tissues' weight-to-volume ratio in 10 additional rams was measured in May 2022 to allow conversion of drug concentration from ng/g to µg/mL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No microbial growth or postoperative complications were detected in 46 rams. The concentration of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline was successfully measured in all tissues and reported in ng/mL and µg/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prophylactic administration of antimicrobials is unlikely indicated for elective castration in rams in a hospital setting. Concentrations of antimicrobials were detected in resected tissues within 2 hours after SC injection. The relevance of the conversion of drug concentration from ng/g to µg/mL needs further investigation.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Avoiding prophylactic administration of antimicrobials for elective castration aligns with the principles of antimicrobial stewardship. Without sound rationales, extralabel routes of injection should be discouraged in rams undergoing castration.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic upper respiratory signs in a 10-year-old spayed female domestic longhair cat.","authors":"Maggie M Richards, Lorelei A Bojorquez, Nicolette Cassel, Maria C Jugan","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.06.0392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.06.0392","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144794476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community service-learning in contemporary veterinary education is here to stay.","authors":"Oliver A Garden","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.05.0324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.05.0324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Service-learning is an educational paradigm in which students learn important skills while delivering 1 or more services to a community in response to its self-declared needs. Service-learning is a powerful tool to augment academic knowledge gained in didactic settings with technical, practical, behavioral, and social skills developed in real-world contexts. It is grounded on the principles of reciprocal benefit, authentic partnership, social advocacy, and critical reflection. To date, community service-learning in veterinary education has focused on applications in shelter medicine and veterinary outreach, but may also include One Health, pathway building, and other community engagement scenarios. The rigorous evaluation of existing and planned initiatives, including their impact on student learning outcomes, will be an important area of future attention. Service-learning has the potential to advance all domains of competence in the Competency-Based Veterinary Education 2.0 Model and the allied Competency-Based Veterinary Education - Nursing Model. It is likely to become an impactful feature of all veterinary curricula, now and in the future. A focused series of manuscripts on veterinary service-learning will be launched in JAVMA in the coming months.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144794477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement of laparoscopic-guided abdominal approaches in cetacean species.","authors":"Lynn M Pezzanite, Carolina Le-Bert, Elizabeth Lutmerding, Jennifer Meegan, Stacey DiRocco, Todd Robeck, Dean A Hendrickson","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.04.0276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.04.0276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Surgical procedures in small cetaceans are rarely considered as treatment options due to anatomic considerations limiting exposure, concerns with achieving a watertight incisional closure, and logistical complexities of both anesthesia and surgery in completely aquatic mammals. The objective is to provide a video tutorial on laparoscopic-guided abdominal approaches with the goal to expand diagnostic and treatment capabilities for common diseases in these species.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Small cetaceans undergoing laparoscopy for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The patient is positioned in dorsolateral recumbency. The initial approach to the abdomen is made at the umbilicus (5- to 10-mm incision). A 10- to 12-mm-diameter X 15-cm-long optical cannula with a 10-mm X 30-cm, 0° laparoscope is inserted. The abdomen is insufflated (10 to 15 mm Hg) and a 30° laparoscope inserted. To access the cranial abdomen, instrument portals are made at 7 and 15 cm cranial to the umbilicus on midline. To access the caudal abdomen, portals are made 15 cm caudal to the umbilicus on midline (midway between the umbilicus and genital slit) and 15 cm lateral to the caudal portal bilaterally. Laparoscopic instruments (grasping forceps, laparoscopic sealing devices) may be inserted to facilitate the procedures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cranial approach allows evaluation of the cranial digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and spleen. The caudal approach allows examination of the caudal digestive tract and urinary (kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder) and reproductive systems relevant to common indications for abdominal surgery.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Development of laparoscopic techniques in small cetaceans would mitigate many of the aforementioned surgical challenges, enhancing visualization of intraperitoneal structures and necessitating small incision sizes, leading to more secure closures for early return to aquatic habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144794474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mentorship supports early-career veterinarians in developing the skills necessary for successful spectrum-of-care practice.","authors":"Kate M Boatright","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.06.0362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.06.0362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Some of the biggest stressors for early-career veterinarians transitioning from student to doctor are the ethical dilemmas that arise when clients are unable to pursue recommended care. Financial limitations are the most common reason these situations occur, and a spectrum-of-care approach to practice can help navigate these cases in a way that maximizes patient care within the limitations of the client and allows the veterinarian to meet their moral, ethical, and legal obligations. Unfortunately, many veterinary students currently have limited exposure to spectrum-of-care training in veterinary school. Training in the client communication and clinical decision-making skills that are needed for successful spectrum-of-care practice is left to the colleagues of these recent graduates. Mentorship offers an opportunity for experienced veterinarians to engage more deeply with early-career veterinarians to support spectrum-of-care thinking. This article reviews the need for spectrum-of-care training in the clinic, common fears that may prevent early-career veterinarians from offering a spectrum of care, and how mentors can support the development of essential spectrum-of-care skills: identifying client and patient barriers, relationship-centered communication, clinical decision-making, and shared decision-making. Ultimately, mentorship and spectrum-of-care practice provide opportunities to improve the mental health of early-career veterinarians.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}