Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association最新文献

{"title":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in companion animals are an emerging One Health threat.","authors":"Jennifer L Granick, Claire L Fellman, Emily J Curren, Michelle Funk, Allison James, Leslie Kollmann, Kate KuKanich, Darby McDermott, Jason W Stull, Meera Surendran-Nair, Regina Wagner, Karen A Alroy, Amanda L Beaudoin, Ian DeStefano, Dubra Diaz-Campos, Erin Frey, Christy King, Souci Louis, G Sean Stapleton, Stephen D Cole","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.06.0512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.06.0512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are an emerging, multidrug-resistant threat to human and animal health. Emergence is driven by antimicrobial use and multidirectional transmission pathways between humans, animals, and the environment. Carbapenems are essential drugs for treatment of multidrug-resistant infections in humans and, although not approved for veterinary use, are infrequently prescribed in dogs and cats in an extralabel manner. In the US, CRE detections in companion animals have recently increased. While prevalence of CRE in US companion animals is estimated to be low, outbreaks in veterinary hospitals demonstrate that CRE can be transmitted within animal healthcare settings, persist in the environment, and cause operational disruption. Exchange of CRE between companion animals and people has been documented. There are several important knowledge gaps about CRE in companion animals, including (1) uncertainties in true prevalence due to infrequent testing and underreporting; (2) lack of understanding of carbapenem resistance mechanisms because of inconsistent access to testing; (3) limited data on colonization dynamics; and (4) lack of information characterizing risk factors for acquisition. A coordinated One Health approach for surveillance and preparedness is essential to identify, prevent, and contain CRE. Here we provide veterinary professionals with a comprehensive, practical overview of CRE epidemiology, mechanisms of resistance, diagnostic considerations, therapeutic limitations, and infection prevention and control (IPC) practices. The companion Currents in One Health article by Frey et al, AJVR, forthcoming 2026, reviews the current understanding of carbapenemase-producing CRE in companion animals; identifies gaps in epidemiology, diagnostics, and infection control; and outlines priorities for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148793067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are common clinical protocols prioritizing detection over prevention in canine Dirofilaria immitis?","authors":"Matt Horvath","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.04.0312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owner noncompliance, not preventive failure, drives most canine Dirofilaria immitis infections in established patients. Only 24.4% of dogs under care achieve full-year purchase compliance with monthly macrocyclic lactones. Informal data suggest far more practices send annual testing reminders than monthly dosing reminders. The primary goal is continuous chemical protection, not annual detection of prior failures. This viewpoint argues for tracking adherence rates, routine adherence counseling, and prospective evaluation of adherence-first protocols in standard prescription-renewal settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148792967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of changing living conditions, pollutants, and climate change on allergic skin disease in our pets: highlighting our interconnectedness.","authors":"Rosanna Marsella","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.06.0472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.06.0472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our pets share our living conditions. Many transformations have occurred over the past few decades, including lifestyle shifts and increased exposure to chemicals, pollution, and climate change. Our pets have left a rural environment to join our urban lifestyle, with a loss of plant and microbial diversity; increased exposure to pollution from car traffic, plastics, and chemicals; and more time spent indoors. Concurrently, they have experienced, with us, the effects of climate-related events, including extreme heat, humidity, wind, and exposure to dust from fires. Higher carbon dioxide levels have intensified pollen production and allergenicity, while pollution and chemicals damage epithelia, increasing their permeability. Pollen seasons are longer and more intense. These changes contribute to the rising incidence of allergic diseases and their increased severity. These factors affect the immune system, epithelial barriers, and microbiome, collectively leading to dysbiosis, increased allergen penetration, inflammation, and a higher risk of allergic sensitization. Our pets have mirrored the rise in certain conditions, such as allergic diseases, as seen in people. Atopic dermatitis has been linked to epithelial damage and gut dysbiosis in both dogs and people. This Currents in One Health article aims to present the current state of knowledge on our changing environmental conditions and their impact on our pets, with a focus on skin diseases. The purpose is to increase our awareness of the fact that animal, human, and environmental health are connected and changes in our environmental conditions are driving the rise of inflammatory skin diseases in pets and people.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148793089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe azotemia, bilateral renomegaly, and anorexia in a 2-year-old female spayed mixed canine.","authors":"Zhuoxi Ye, Jesse Riker, Kali M Griffith, Lilian J Oliveira","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.06.0482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.06.0482","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148764648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending climate-health protection from public health to animals: evidence from Colorado.","authors":"Allison Kohnen, Aurora Koren, Caroline Kern-Allely, Danielle Scott, Kapahi Kawai Puaa, Madison Clark, Jennifer Malmberg, Sheryl Magzamen, Shelby E McDonald, Colleen Duncan","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0285","DOIUrl":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal health remains largely absent from climate-health policy, despite growing evidence of climate-related health risks across species. Using Colorado as a model, we identify key climate hazards affecting animals and examine their overlap with human health risks. We synthesized national, regional, and state-specific climate and health, translating human health themes to 3 animal groups: companion animals, livestock (including horses), and wildlife. Findings were validated through interviews with subject-matter experts from state agencies, academia, and nonprofit organizations. Wildfire, air quality, extreme heat, and drought emerged as the most urgent hazards, with flooding, extreme storms, waterborne disease, and vector-borne disease also affecting animal populations across the state. Three crosscutting themes-animal welfare, food safety, and caregiver impacts-linked all hazards and highlighted the interdependence of animal and human well-being. Experts identified major gaps between human-focused resources and the limited animal-specific guidance. Transferable strategies such as air-quality advisories, heat-risk mitigation, and emergency preparedness were recognized but require adaptation across species and management settings. This work suggests 4 priority areas for climate action, emphasizing (1) animal-specific decision tools and surveillance; (2) integrated preparedness for concurrent hazards; (3) equitable access to veterinary and protective resources; and (4) cross-sector networks that harmonize animal, human, and ecosystem health. Aligning animal and public health systems offers a practical opportunity to strengthen climate resilience for animals, people, and ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148725348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anorexia is the most common presenting complaint of companion pigs: a retrospective study of 192 companion pigs (2008-2024).","authors":"Kari Hancock, Shannon Darby","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.03.0165","DOIUrl":"10.2460/javma.26.03.0165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the predominance of presenting complaints, diagnoses, and serum biochemistry abnormalities of companion pigs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a retrospective study from January 2008 through December 2024, medical records were reviewed for companion pigs that were presented to a referral hospital and received biochemistry panels. Exclusionary criteria included healthy status and pigs < 1 year old. Year, signalment, presenting complaints, diagnoses, and biochemistry results were recorded. Frequencies were analyzed with descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>192 patients were included, with a total of 275 complaints and 225 diagnoses. Chief complaints were anorexia (64 of 275 [23%]), lethargy (45 of 275 [16%]), neurologic signs (24 of 275 [9%]), vomiting (23 of 275 [8%]), and abnormal urination (19 of 275 [7%]). Predominant diagnoses by system included gastrointestinal (42 of 225 [19%]), musculoskeletal (35 of 225 [16%]), and renal or urinary (35 of 225 [16%]). The most common individual diagnosis reported was an unspecified diagnosis (28 of 225 [12%]). Among frequent diagnoses, anorexia was the most consistently reported complaint. Main biochemical abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia (74 of 192 [39%]), hypomagnesemia (72 of 192 [38%]), hypoalbuminemia (56 of 192 [29%]), elevated BUN (51 of 192 [26%]), elevated AST (41 of 192 [21%]), hypochloremia (37 of 192 [19%]), and both hypocalcemia and elevated creatinine (35 of 192 [18%]). Among main biochemical abnormalities, anorexia and lethargy were the most consistently encountered complaints. Principal diagnosis among main biochemical abnormalities was an acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Companion pigs frequently present for nonspecific complaints associated with diverse subsets of diseases and biochemistry abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study further expands the literature available to practitioners facing an increased prevalence of companion pigs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148726123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-site ventral distal paravertebral block is an effective method of anesthetizing the bovine paralumbar fossa.","authors":"Madeline Butterfield, Lydia Love, Earl Ford, Blanca E Camacho, Margaret Mooring, Kelley Varner","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0317","DOIUrl":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of a single-site ventral distal paravertebral (SS-VDP) block at vertebrae L1 or L2 for regional anesthesia of the bovine paralumbar fossa and characterize subsequent thoracolumbar spinal nerve staining.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After institutional IACUC approval, 8 healthy 5-month-old Holstein steers received SS-VDP block in a blinded, randomized crossover design at L1 or L2 on each side with 6 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine with 1 mg of methylene blue dye. Anesthesia was assessed along the traditional paralumbar fossa incision site. Calves were euthanized for an unrelated study, and carcasses were dissected to characterize dye spread across thoracolumbar spinal nerves. Block success and staining patterns of spinal nerves were compared between groups via contingency tables and Fisher exact tests. Significance was set at P < .05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SS-VDP injection at either location (vertebrae L1 or L2) produced successful anesthesia of the paralumbar fossa with an overall block success of 75%. Both approaches consistently stained spinal nerves T13, L1, and L2, though an L1 approach resulted in more consistent staining of T13 compared to L2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SS-VDP block at vertebrae L1 or L2 provided regional anesthesia of the bovine paralumbar fossa. Hypaxial musculature and spinal nerve anatomy of the bovid closely mirrors that of other species, indicating that SS-VDP block is a variant of a quadratus lumborum fascial plane block.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>SS-VDP block provided an alternative to traditional approaches of anesthetizing the bovine paralumbar fossa that require multiple injections and may improve patient welfare by increasing efficiency and practitioner safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148722541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isorhythmic atrioventricular dissociation detected during anesthesia in a geriatric cat.","authors":"Keisuke Sugimoto, Kanako Fujiwara, Kanako Tsuji, Masashi Miyazaki, Kosuke Kobayashi, Teppei Kanda","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.05.0378","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-dose oral pentobarbital can produce anesthesia in aggressive dogs prior to euthanasia.","authors":"Kathleen A Cooney, Sheilah A Robertson, Lori R Kogan, Gozong Zina Lor","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.04.0266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether PO administration of pentobarbital sodium solution at 3 times the labeled IV dose induces unconsciousness or euthanasia in dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>12 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Criteria included dogs in a shelter setting scheduled for euthanasia between June 2024 and October 2025. Dogs exhibiting human and/or animal aggression and scheduled for euthanasia were selected for the study. There were no limiting factors for inclusion such as breed, sex, or age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pentobarbital sodium solution was injected into size 00 gelatin capsules (1-mL capacity), placed in high-reward foods, and offered to the dogs; 9 consumed the food and 3 refused. Five of the 9 dogs that ate the food containing pentobarbital capsules (≥ 255 mg/kg) achieved unconsciousness within a mean time of 25 minutes. Respiratory rates remained slow but consistent during the observation period (120 minutes). All 12 dogs required another euthanasia method to achieve death.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ingestion of pentobarbital sodium as a euthanasia agent in dogs is unreliable. Death was not achieved 120 minutes after ingestion, and another euthanasia method was necessary.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Oral administration of ≥ 255 mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium appears to be an effective pre-euthanasia anesthetic for dogs. When handling is best avoided because of behavior, veterinary and animal shelter personnel may try offering pentobarbital sodium at high doses in capsules hidden in food to fasted dogs as an anesthetic agent before euthanasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An artificial intelligence-enabled digital stethoscope demonstrates moderate murmur detection in dogs but not cats and unreliable arrhythmia classification in both species.","authors":"Jake H Johnson, Joshua A Stern, Teresa C DeFrancesco, Kursten V Pierce","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.05.0353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To prospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of an AI-enabled digital stethoscope in detecting cardiac murmurs and arrhythmias compared to fourth-year veterinary students and experienced clinicians.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dogs and cats presenting to a university teaching hospital were prospectively enrolled from August 1, 2025, through December 31, 2025. Each animal underwent cardiac auscultation at 4 thoracic sites with the use of an AI-enabled digital stethoscope (Core 500; EKO Health Inc), 6-lead ECG, and echocardiogram, if clinically indicated. Auscultation was performed by a cardiology resident, board-certified cardiologist, and fourth-year veterinary student.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The stethoscope demonstrated a sensitivity of 86.8%, specificity of 56.3%, and positive predictive value of 82.5% for murmur detection in dogs. There was no difference between the agreement of the AI stethoscope or students with a clinician (κ = 0.447). In cats, sensitivity was markedly lower (9.1%), with only 2 of 22 murmurs detected (κ = 0.081). The stethoscope demonstrated high sensitivity for atrial fibrillation (100%), but classified no dog as arrhythmia-free. Murmur grade was the only significant predictor of stethoscope murmur diagnosis, and high-grade murmurs (≥ 3) had significantly greater odds of detection (OR, 15.11).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AI-enabled stethoscope demonstrated moderate murmur detection performance in dogs, comparable to fourth-year veterinary students, but performed poorly in cats. Arrhythmia classification was unreliable in both species.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>AI-enabled stethoscopes represent an emerging tool in veterinary medicine, but clinical validation is necessary before routine adoption. This study provides prospective performance data across small animals and examiner levels, identifying meaningful limitations regarding interpretation of this technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}