Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association最新文献

{"title":"A single survey instrument reliably measures safety culture across 117 US primary and specialty care veterinary clinics.","authors":"Talon S McKee, Carolyn Spivock, Steven W Frederick, Philip J Bergman, Pranav Pandit, Rochelle Low","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.05.0437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To validate an adapted version of the Nottingham Veterinary Safety Culture Survey in US private practice veterinary hospitals, encompassing primary and specialty care settings, and to characterize differences in safety culture perceptions among veterinary care worker populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cross-sectional safety culture survey was conducted between October 4 and November 24, 2023. Veterinary care workers of 123 VCA hospitals were invited to participate. The survey included 27 adapted statements from the original instrument. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses evaluated model performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Responses were received from veterinary technicians or assistants (461 of 702 [65.7%]), other support staff (150 of 702 [21.4%]), and veterinarians (91 of 702 [13.0%]). Responses were received from primary care (502 [71.51%]), specialty care (137 [19.52%]), and hybrid hospitals (63 [8.97%]). Results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed adequately performing fit indices. Differences in responses were observed between leadership and nonleadership roles (75.86% of statements). Veterinarian responses differed from both veterinary technician and assistant (33.3%) and support staff (29.6%) roles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The psychometric properties of the Nottingham Veterinary Safety Culture Survey remain consistent when applied to a US private practice veterinary setting. Additionally, the adapted instrument, consisting of 27 statements, is appropriate for use across primary and specialty care hospital settings.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Safety culture is intrinsically linked to the safety of veterinary care workers and the patients in their care. Using validated survey instruments allows for assessment of safety culture that supports monitoring of potential intervention effectiveness and changes in patient and worker safety or health.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148828350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Icterus in a 3-day-old Quarter Horse foal.","authors":"Emily Lewis, Peres Badial","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.06.0489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.06.0489","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148828519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poorly concentrated urine is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease in apparently healthy cats.","authors":"Adam J Rudinsky, Jo Ann Morrison, Valerie J Parker, Nathaniel Spofford, Kseniya Topdjian, Julie M Byron, Jenessa A Winston, Molly A Bechtold, Catherine Langston, Jessica M Quimby","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.05.0335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate medical records from mature and senior cats stratified by urine specific gravity (USG; ≥ 1.035 or < 1.035) to examine the development of presumptive chronic kidney disease (CKD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>15,027 apparently healthy cats were evaluated for inclusion in a 2-year longitudinal retrospective study. Outcome during the study period was a presumptive CKD diagnosis or development of creatinine > 1.6 mg/dL and USG < 1.035 with consistent clinical signs. Cats were grouped by age (mature, 11 to 15 years; senior, > 15 years) and USG values for contingency and survival analyses. A CKD assignment was precluded in cases where historical information, physical examination findings, diagnoses for each visit, and available diagnostic results over the study period contradicted a CKD diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>504 mature cats with a USG < 1.035, 1,872 mature cats with a USG ≥ 1.035, 89 senior cats with a USG < 1.035, and 149 senior cats with a USG ≥ 1.035 were included. In mature cats, contingency analysis using χ2 test found statistically significant differences in proportions of the population diagnosed presumptively with CKD during the study period, with an increased OR of 3.191 (CI, 1.611 to 6.231) as well as a shorter time to CKD diagnosis in the cats with USG < 1.035 at initial assessment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Identification of a USG < 1.035 appears to facilitate earlier renal disease detection and inform more individualized diagnostics in mature feline patients.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Identification of inadequate urine concentration in mature cats should raise concern for future renal disease detection and impact clinical assessment and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148828528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of veterinarians' receptivity to a canine vaccine for Rocky Mountain spotted fever reveals a potential vaccine market and opportunities for education.","authors":"Tori S Moore, Laura Pikel, Kalanthe Horiuchi, Brad J Biggerstaff, Maureen K Brophy, Ann Carpenter, Dharati Szymanski, Johanna S Salzer","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0342","DOIUrl":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To understand veterinary practitioner awareness about Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) and their receptivity and clients' perceived receptivity to a vaccine to protect dogs from RMSF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The survey tool was developed in collaboration with the CDC and AVMA. Responses were collected June 9, 2025, through July 1, 2025. Respondents were surveyed on whether they had ever diagnosed a case of RMSF and their confidence in identifying the symptoms of RMSF, receptivity to a canine RMSF or anti-tick vaccine, and clients' perceived receptivity to a vaccine. We calculated survey-weighted estimates for the companion- and mixed-animal practitioner population for proportions (95% CIs) and multinomial logistic regression to compute ORs (95% CIs) for comparisons of interest. Free-text responses to questions on vaccines were also collected for educational purposes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eligible respondents included 731 (91.3%) companion-animal practitioners and 70 (8.7%) mixed-animal practitioners. The odds of practitioners recommending a vaccine who felt very confident in recognizing symptoms were 3.9 (95% CI, 3.1 to 4.9) times that of those who felt not confident at all. Fifty-four percent (95% CI, 50% to 58%) of practitioners' clients would be interested in a canine RMSF vaccine, and 79% (95% CI, 76% to 82%) of practitioners were interested in a combined anti-tick vaccine. Vaccine interest was not limited to a single geographic or practice environment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A potential market for a canine RMSF vaccine and a more general combined anti-tick vaccine exists across geographic regions and practice environments.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Vaccine receptivity and patient care could be improved through education about RMSF and vaccine technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weekly terminal cleaning is recommended to maintain low airborne bacterial counts in operating rooms.","authors":"Alison Pankowski, Nicholas Jeffery, Katy Wendler, Pamela Douglas, Artem S Rogovskyy, David Sanders, Kelley M Thieman","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0397","DOIUrl":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify the maximum recommended duration between terminal cleaning events in small animal veterinary operating rooms (ORs) and explore factors contributing to increased airborne microbial load.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational study using agar settle plates was completed to measure the Index of Microbial Air contamination (IMA) across ORs in a veterinary teaching hospital over a 2-year period. Plates were exposed for 60 minutes during surgeries and incubated for 48 hours to measure IMA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median IMA for 192 collected cases was 4.3, below the published OR benchmark of 25 IMA, with a median terminal cleaning interval of 48 hours. Univariable linear regression implied that increasing time after terminal cleaning was associated (β = 0.002; 95% CI, 0.0002 to 0.003) with an increase in air contamination. For each 10-hour delay in cleaning, bacteria count increased by 1.04 IMA. Significant associations were also found between IMA and total number of personnel in the OR. In exploratory univariable analyses, significant relationships were not identified between IMA and procedure classification, number of scrubbed personnel, or postoperative surgical site infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Settle plates offer a practical, cost-effective method for monitoring air hygiene and evaluating cleaning protocols. Our methodology confirms that terminal cleaning has a measurable effect in reducing OR air contamination and indicates weekly terminal cleaning events to maintain appropriate OR airborne microbial counts would be beneficial.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Terminal cleaning should be completed at least every 10 days in veterinary ORs to keep microbial air contamination at levels below the working OR threshold of 25 IMA.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mentolabial approach is a novel, safe, and effective method of blood collection in rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus).","authors":"Haley Johnson, Jaturun Luapan, Melissa Seiberlich, Cory Brayton, Isabel A Jimenez","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.04.0299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the safety, efficacy, and repeatability of a novel technique, mentolabial blood collection, in rats (Rattus norvegicus), Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus), and long-tailed chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) and to characterize the associated anatomy through dissection and histopathology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective study was conducted in rats (n = 10), Chinese hamsters (10), and long-tailed chinchillas (12) from February 2026 to March 2026 to evaluate mentolabial blood collection. Animals were chemically restrained, and a needle was inserted through the skin below the inferior labium, targeting the gingival vein. Success was defined as a blood sample of ≥ 0.1 mL. A subset of Chinese hamsters (n = 6) underwent serial venipuncture, and hematology values were compared at days 0, 7, and 14. An additional 2 rats, 2 Chinese hamsters, and 1 long-tailed chinchilla were included for anatomical characterization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The success rate of the mentolabial approach was 100% (10 of 10) in rats and Chinese hamsters and 75% (9 of 12) in long-tailed chinchillas. No animals experienced clinical complications, and histopathology in rats and Chinese hamsters did not reveal adverse effects. In Chinese hamsters, hematologic parameters remained within reference range with no significant differences over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mentolabial blood collection is safe in sedated or anesthetized rats, Chinese hamsters, and long-tailed chinchillas and is highly effective in rats and Chinese hamsters, yielding clinically relevant blood volumes with precise control and minimal risks.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The mentolabial approach may facilitate more routine bloodwork analysis in rodents by veterinarians and, in research settings, may improve animal welfare and contribute to refinement and reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pet-ownership inquiry and cross-species referral are clinically relevant priorities for human and veterinary medical care providers: a cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Andrew B Crocker, Austin B Byrd, Cindy Cloud, Ryan Blake Williams","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.05.0429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.05.0429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the importance human and veterinary providers and nonproviders place on One Health interprofessional collaboration and identify factors associated with provider comfort in making cross-species referrals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An online, cross-sectional survey was given to human and veterinary providers via professional associations and snowball sampling (January to February 2025) and to nonproviders via a nationally representative panel. Analyses included frequencies, ordinal logistic regression, and χ2 tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,660 respondents were enrolled (144 human providers, 50 veterinary providers, 1,466 nonproviders). Among human providers, pet ownership was associated with higher importance for pet-ownership inquiry (OR, 3.44; range, 1.53 to 7.70), cross-species care inquiry (OR, 2.29; range, 1.09 to 4.78), and greater comfort making cross-species referrals (OR, 2.18; range, 1.04 to 4.57). Specialty human providers assigned lower importance to both inquiries versus primary human providers, with ORs of 0.46 (range, 0.21 to 1.00) and 0.45 (range, 0.21 to 0.98), respectively. Among veterinary providers, viewing client health as a proxy for patient health was statistically significantly associated with greater referral comfort (OR, 4.39; range, 1.11 to 17.36).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pet ownership among human providers is the strongest predictor of engagement with One Health inquiry and referral. Specialty human providers are a key gap One Health training opportunity. Veterinary providers who frame client wellness as relevant to patient health show markedly higher comfort with client referral to a human provider.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Questions about pet ownership and cross-species health may yield relevant insights for providers. Incorporating One Health inquiries into standard intakes could improve patient/client outcomes and advance interprofessional collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depth and distribution of colonic sand accumulation in a desert population of horses and its association with diagnosis of sand colic.","authors":"Zuzanna Sikorska, Emma Stapley, Joao Oliveira, Jude Eric Lazala, Tiago Fernandes, Florent David, Tatiana Vinardell, Camilla Jamieson","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.02.0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.02.0122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe patient and management characteristics associated with radiographic sand accumulation in a desert population of horses, as well as identify factors independently associated with a diagnosis of sand colic and need for surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Horses were prospectively allocated into 3 groups: control horses, horses with sand colic, and horses with non-sand-associated colic. Signalment, radiographs, and management outcomes were compared between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median depth of sand was significantly greater in horses diagnosed with sand colic compared to other groups (112.16 vs 10.5 vs 12.0 mm). Increasing sand depth was associated with increased odds of having sand colic. Younger horses were more likely to be diagnosed with sand colic (2 vs 4.9 years); however, surgical intervention was more likely in older horses (2.6 vs 1.3 years).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Horses diagnosed with sand colic exhibited greater sand depth compared to those with non-sand colic or controls. For every millimeter of sand present, horses had a 2% increase in the odds of being diagnosed with sand colic. Factors independently associated with a diagnosis of sand colic were a lower body weight, presence of cranial sand on radiographs, and increasing sand depth.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The OR of a diagnosis of sand colic increases by 2% with every millimeter of measured sand depth. Additionally, greater depths of sand were not associated with increased risk of surgical management. This data helps clinicians determine the relevance of sand identified radiographically in horses presenting for colic.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allele frequencies of 7 inherited disorders in performance and random cohorts of American Quarter Horses (2020-2024).","authors":"Briana N Brown, Shayne Hughes, Thong M Le, Nathan P Tatar, Jennifer C Grahn, Martin Carrillo-Alvarez, Rebecca R Bellone, Carrie J Finno","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.04.0256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.04.0256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To estimate allele frequencies for genetic diseases in the American Quarter Horse (QH), including hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1), malignant hyperthermia (MH), myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM), glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED), hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), and equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia (EJSCA), and to compare these frequencies over time among elite performance subgroups and a random cohort of registered horses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective genetic survey, DNA was extracted from 300 elite performance QHs in 7 popular disciplines and 300 randomly selected QHs born between 2020 and 2024. Genotyping was performed with commercially available assays. Allele, carrier, and affected frequencies were calculated as proportion ± SE, compared across disciplines, and compared to a 2009 study by Tryon et al.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genotyping the top-performing QHs identified high HYPP (0.318 ± 0.050) and PSSM1 (0.386 ± 0.052) frequencies in halter horses. Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency frequency was high in reining horses (0.109 ± 0.032), and HERDA was high in cutting horses (0.135 ± 0.035). Genotyping randomly selected QHs identified low PSSM1 (0.012 ± 0.004) and high myosin-heavy chain myopathy frequencies (0.066 ± 0.010). Many of these allele frequencies in the random population have not changed over time (HYPP, GBED, HERDA) but have changed within specific subgroups. Equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia allele frequencies were low but detectable in the random, reining, and cutting populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Disease allele frequencies in QHs are highly variable between performance subgroups.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The establishment of allele frequencies allows for longitudinal monitoring to determine how genetic testing results are being utilized.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of bone-targeted electrochemotherapy for palliation of bone tumors in dogs and cats.","authors":"Alessandro Zanasi, Arbel Vigodny, Riccardo Finotello, Raimondo Tornago, Matteo Cadossi, Joseph S Impellizeri, Joseph A Impellizeri","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.06.0439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.06.0439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a minimally invasive locoregional treatment that combines reversible electroporation with cytotoxic agents to enhance intracellular drug delivery. Although its efficacy is well established in cutaneous malignancies, its role in bone tumors has only recently been explored in veterinary medicine. This narrative review integrates preclinical evidence, human clinical data, and early veterinary experience with an original 4-case series to evaluate the translational potential of ECT in bone oncology. Preclinical studies demonstrate effective tumor ablation within bone while preserving extracellular matrix integrity and enabling bone tissue regeneration. Clinical studies in humans report consistent pain relief, meaningful local tumor control, and acceptable safety profiles, including in complex scenarios, such as radiotherapy-resistant metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. In contrast, veterinary evidence remains limited to isolated case reports, in part due to limited dedicated technologies. Taken together, available data suggest that ECT may represent a function-preserving alternative for selected bone tumors. Prospective studies are warranted to define its clinical role in veterinary medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}