Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association最新文献

{"title":"Acute-onset seizures in a 4-year-old Labrador Retriever.","authors":"Kayla S Forlenza, Nicole E Alleva, Joan R Coates, Wendy Karnia, Hsuan-Ping Hong","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.01.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.01.0028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147815313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal complications occur in dogs with intervertebral disk herniation undergoing ventral slot decompression but are mostly self-limiting.","authors":"Hope M Fenton, Kim R Love, Melissa J Lewis","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.01.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.01.0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the frequency and types of gastrointestinal (GI) signs in dogs undergoing ventral slot decompression (VSD) and explore potential risk factors contributing to their development and their clinical impact during hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study of dogs diagnosed with cervical intervertebral disk herniation that underwent VSD between 2016 and 2022. Information collected included signalment, neurologic status, medications administered, anesthesia and surgery details, and documented GI signs during hospitalization. Logistic regression evaluated variables potentially predictive of GI complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>126 dogs were included, with a median age of 8 years (range, 1 to 14 years) and median preoperative Modified Frankel score of 2 (range, 0 to 5). Gastrointestinal signs occurred in 29 of 126 dogs (23%), including diarrhea (14 of 29 [48%]), regurgitation (14 of 29 [48%]), hematochezia (5 of 29 [17%]), melena (4 of 29 [14%]), and vomiting (3 of 29 [10%]). Duration of GI signs was 1 to 2 days in 25 of 29 dogs (85%). Age was a predictor of any GI signs (OR, 0.793; 95% CI, 0.659 to 0.942), regurgitation (OR, 0.717; 95% CI, 0.528 to 0.935), and diarrhea (OR, 0.782; 95% CI, 0.605 to 0.987), with younger dogs more likely to develop signs. Perioperative steroid administration was associated with regurgitation (OR, 6.180; 95% CI, 1.159 to 41.879). No other variables were identified as significant predictors. Hospitalization length did not significantly differ between dogs with and without GI signs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While relatively common, GI complications were self-limiting in most dogs. Younger age and perioperative corticosteroid administration might have increased the odds of development.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Findings have implications for predicting and optimizing perioperative management of GI complications in dogs with cervical intervertebral disk herniation undergoing VSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147815380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mastitis greatly increases the risk of teat fistula surgical repair failure: a retrospective study of 92 lactating dairy cattle (1994-2019).","authors":"Saeed Azizi, Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.12.0803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.12.0803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate risk factors for the recurrence of teat fistulas following surgery and to assess the long-term outcomes of surgery for teat fistulas in lactating dairy cows.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective case series was conducted on 92 lactating dairy cows that underwent surgical repair for congenital or acquired teat fistulas from 1994 to 2019 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Urmia University, Iran. Acquired fistulas were further subdivided etiologically into 2 distinct categories: (1) primary chronic fistulas, defined as full-thickness teat lacerations that were not recognized promptly and healed by second intention, and (2) surgery-related fistulas, defined as fistulas arising as a postoperative complication of primary laceration closure. Defects were closed using a 2- or 3-layer technique with polyglactin 910 or chromic gut sutures. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between fistula recurrence and the predictor variables in cows with acquired fistulas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Surgical repair was uniformly successful for congenital fistulas, whereas the overall recurrence rate following surgery for acquired fistulas was 40.5%. The presence of postsurgical mastitis was the most significant risk factor, increasing the odds of recurrence more than 16-fold. Holstein cows with surgery-related fistulas had 4.7 times the odds of recurrence compared with Holsteins with primary chronic fistulas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prognosis is favorable for congenital teat fistulas, while it is guarded for acquired fistulas. Postoperative mastitis is a profound risk factor for failure.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Successful surgical outcomes depend more on infection control than the specific choice of closure technique or suture material.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147815382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical perspectives guide advances in equine minimally invasive soft tissue surgery.","authors":"Meagan Rockow, Anna Gongaware, Dean Hendrickson, Jeremiah Easley, Lauren Luedke, Lynn Pezzanite","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.01.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.01.0067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Equine minimally invasive soft tissue surgical techniques have increased in demand and frequency with concurrent expansion of training programs under the oversight of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. Benefits of recent advances in laparoscopic techniques include reduced cost and risk associated with general anesthesia and anesthetic recovery, improved visualization of the surgical field relative to open procedures, and more rapid return to performance, further improving patient welfare and limiting economic loss to the industry following surgical interventions. The evolution of laparoscopic techniques and instrumentation in human and veterinary practice predates contemporary practice by more than a thousand years. Current strategies in equine minimally invasive surgery emphasize applications related to gastrointestinal and urogenital disease, with thoracoscopic approaches less frequently applied, representing an area for growth in the field. This review seeks to summarize the origins and development of laparoscopic procedures and instrumentation in large animal surgery, current applications, and opportunities for expansion to meet evolving surgical demands such as integration of NOTES (ie, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery), near-infrared technology for improved perfusion and lymphatic detection, and robotic control options. The overall aim is to provide background and incorporate perspectives from small animal and human practice toward a One Health approach to enhance acceptance and integration of minimally invasive procedures in large animal surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147815405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytology and histopathology have poor to fair agreement for determination of neoplastic or nonneoplastic lesions in dogs with splenic masses or nodules.","authors":"Matthew F Aluisio, Bridget C Garner, Elizabeth W Howerth, Travis Laver, Janet A Grimes","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.01.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.01.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the correlation between cytology and histopathology of splenic masses or nodular lesions in dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective medical record review from January 2014 to July 2022 of dogs that had a splenic mass or nodular lesion and cytologic and histopathologic evaluation within 90 days of each other. Slide review was conducted by a single pathologist from each subspecialty and recorded as neoplastic, possibly neoplastic, or nonneoplastic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>33 dogs were included and had a median of 4 days (range, 0 to 90 days) between cytologic and histopathologic evaluation. Cytologic and histopathologic results agreed in 18 of 33 dogs (55%; 12 nonneoplastic and 6 neoplastic), although the type of neoplasm differed in one of these (sarcoma vs lymphoma). There was disagreement in 8 of 33 dogs (24%; 7 neoplastic on histopathology and nonneoplastic on cytology, 1 nonneoplastic on histopathology and neoplastic on cytology). When including a possibly neoplastic cytologic diagnosis as neoplastic, there was agreement in 22 of 33 dogs (67%) and disagreement in 11 of 33 dogs (33%). In dogs with a neoplastic or possibly neoplastic cytologic diagnosis, 10 of 14 (71%) were neoplastic on histopathology. In dogs with a nonneoplastic cytologic diagnosis, 12 of 19 (63%) were nonneoplastic on histopathology.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cytologic diagnosis correlated with histopathologic diagnosis of splenic masses or nodular lesions in 55% to 67% of dogs. Cytology was accurate in 71% of neoplastic and 63% of nonneoplastic splenic masses or nodular lesions.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>There is poor to fair agreement between cytology and histopathology in dogs with splenic masses or nodular lesions. A neoplastic cytologic diagnosis more commonly agrees with histopathology than a nonneoplastic diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Husbandry factors, feed characteristics, and pathogen prevalence on pooled oral fluids are associated with the prevalence of lameness in finishing pigs.","authors":"Meghann Pierdon, Priyal Thakkar, Abigale Zoltick, Maria Clavijo, Laurel Redding","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.02.0136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.02.0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess lameness prevalence and associations between lameness and animal- and husbandry-related factors at the pen and farm levels of finishing pigs at 2 ages in 3 states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 3 states, farms were visited when pigs were at 15 ± 2 weeks and 21 ± 2 weeks of age from February 20, 2023, to July 31, 2024. Pigs were scored for lameness from 0 (not lame) to 2 (moderate to severe lameness), and farm- and pen-level factors were recorded. Associations between these factors and lameness prevalence at the pen and farm levels were assessed with binomial generalized linear mixed models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>53 farms were visited at least once. At the farm level, poor feeder adjustment and pelleted feed were associated with increased lameness. The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibody and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae were associated with decreased lameness. At visit 1, feed levels of zearalenone and zinc were associated with increased and decreased risk of lameness, respectively. At the second visit, lameness prevalence on visit 1 was the strongest predictor, while increased space allowance was associated with decreased lameness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lameness in finishing pigs is multifactorial. Feed, husbandry, and facilities play a role. The decrease in lameness associated with pathogens detected by oral fluids should be further studied.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>A multifactorial approach to decreasing lameness in growing pigs is needed. Costs should be weighed against economic impacts of lameness and pig welfare. Veterinarians should submit lameness cases to laboratories to explore the role of pathogens in the etiology of lameness.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immediate surgical intervention for small animal pyometra shows no definitive advantage.","authors":"Emily Durocher, Rebecca Windsor, Christopher Smola","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.12.0854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.12.0854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe preoperative parameters and outcomes in small animals undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH) for pyometra relative to duration of stabilization and surgical timing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study included canine patients undergoing emergency OVH for pyometra. We searched electronic medical records to identify patients undergoing OVH for pyometra between November 2018 and July 2024 at 3 referral hospitals. Presentation, anesthetic induction, and discharge or mortality were recorded for 137 patients. Regression analyses were used to determine predictive impact of cervix patency, stabilization time, and after-hours procedures on surgery and anesthetic time, postoperative hospitalization, and cost.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found no difference in surgical time, anesthetic time, or postoperative hospitalization across surgical timing groups. There was also no observed difference between open and closed pyometra for any of the evaluated variables. Total cost was modeled to be lower by 19% (β = -$1,058.9; adjusted R2 = 0.043; 95% CI, -$1,831.03 to -$286.77) when patients presented after hours and to increase with additional stabilization (β = $43.20/h; adjusted R2 = 0.042; 95% CI, $11.58 to $74.88).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicated that operating time does not meaningfully affect clinical outcomes for open and closed pyometra other than a predicted increase in total cost.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Immediate surgical intervention for patients with pyometra may not be superior to delayed surgical intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thoracic radiographs in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus rarely affect the decision to proceed with surgery or survival to discharge: a 25-year retrospective study of 176 cases.","authors":"Jihen Lee, Whitney DeGroot","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.12.0871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.12.0871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess whether thoracic radiographs in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) are associated with the decision to proceed with surgery and survival to discharge.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study of dogs with GDV confirmed on right lateral abdominal radiographs at a single referral hospital (Veterinary Emergency Clinic and Referral Centre, Toronto, Ontario) from January 2000 to March 2025. Dogs with thoracic radiographs (or documented interpretation), complete signalment, and survival-to-discharge data were included. Thoracic findings were recorded and evaluated for associations with surgery and survival.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 176 included dogs, 16 (9.1%) had findings suggestive of aspiration pneumonia and 15 (8.5%) had cardiomegaly. One dog had a solitary soft tissue opacity recorded as a structured interstitial pulmonary abnormality; none had evidence of disseminated pulmonary metastasis. Surgery was performed in 171 of 176 dogs (97.2%), and 162 of 171 (94.7%) survived to discharge. Radiographic findings suggestive of aspiration pneumonia and cardiomegaly were not associated with whether surgery was performed or survival to discharge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In dogs with GDV and documented thoracic radiographs, thoracic radiographic abnormalities were not associated with the decision to proceed with surgery or survival to discharge.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Thoracic radiography findings were not associated with surgical decision-making or short-term survival in this cohort, suggesting limitations in the prognostic utility of routine thoracic radiography in dogs with GDV, although thoracic imaging may still provide clinically relevant information in select cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lameness 4 weeks after stabilization predicts long-term complications in small ruminants with long-bone fractures.","authors":"David K Cox, Madeline Bower, John Peroni","doi":"10.2460/javma.26.01.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.01.0031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe clinical features, management strategies, outcomes, and potential prognostic indicators for long-bone fractures in small ruminants. We hypothesized that complication rates would exceed those previously reported.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective observational study evaluating sheep and goats with radiographically confirmed long-bone fractures treated at a single veterinary teaching hospital (December 2014 to July 2025). Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to characterize demographics, fracture features, treatments, and complications. Associations between variables and outcomes were explored with χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Primary outcomes were short- and long-term complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>58 small ruminants with 69 fractures were included. Hind limb fractures predominated (38 of 58 [65.5%]); the most frequently affected bones were the metatarsus III/IV (21 of 69 [30.4%]) and tibia (15 of 69 [21.7%]). Most fractures were closed (56 of 69 [81.2%]) and complete (67 of 69 [97.1%]). Among stabilized animals, casting was the most common primary method (22 of 44 [50.0%]). Survival to discharge was 86.2% (50 of 58). Among animals with follow-up available, short- and long-term complications occurred in 24 of 31 (77.4%) and 17 of 23 (73.9%), respectively. Lameness at 4 weeks after stabilization was strongly associated with long-term complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Long-bone fractures in small ruminants were associated with a high frequency of complications. Lameness 4 weeks after stabilization may be a clinically useful early indicator of poor long-term outcome. In this cohort, casting was most often associated with favorable outcomes in closed metatarsus III/IV fractures.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>These results supported case selection and client counselling by identifying fracture characteristics for which casting may be most appropriate. Additionally, they highlighted poststabilization lameness as a potential prognostic indicator.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The malignant potential of a canine incidental adrenal mass cannot be predicted by lesion size, but outcomes following laparoscopic adrenalectomy are excellent.","authors":"Audrey K Cook, Philipp D Mayhew, Federico Massari, Felipe Lillo Araya, Sebastiaan A van Nimwegen, Bart Van Goethem, Ameet Singh","doi":"10.2460/javma.25.10.0708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.10.0708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe demographics, imaging characteristics, diagnosis, and outcome for dogs undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for an incidental adrenal mass (In-AM), compare findings in dogs with In-AMs against those with clinical adrenal masses (Cl-AMs), and identify preoperative indicators of histologic diagnosis for dogs with In-AMs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study of 214 dogs undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Demographics, imaging characteristics, and histologic findings were compared for dogs with In-AMs versus Cl-AMs. Survival to discharge was determined for dogs with In-AMs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In-AMs were identified in 61 of 214 dogs (28.5%). Age and body weight were similar to dogs with Cl-AMs. In-AMs were more likely to be pheochromocytomas than Cl-AMs (32.8% vs 8.5%; OR, 5.25 [95% CI, 2.43 to 11.35]). Vascular invasion was highly suggestive of a medullary rather than a cortical lesion (OR, 11.31 [95% CI, 3.03 to 36.42]). Maximal mass dimension (MMD) for In-AMs was similar for pheochromocytomas, cortical carcinomas, and cortical adenomas, but smaller dogs were more likely to have a carcinoma or pheochromocytoma. A total of 20 In-AMs had MMD ≤ 2 cm, 8 of which had vascular invasion. However, 6 of 11 small, noninvasive In-AMs were malignant (3 carcinoma) or had malignant/invasive potential (3 pheochromocytoma). Two dogs with In-AMs (3.3%) died from complications related to adrenalectomy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In-AMs were routinely malignant or had malignant/invasive potential, irrespective of size. Vascular invasion was highly suggestive of pheochromocytoma. Short-term outcomes following elective laparoscopic adrenalectomy were excellent.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Previous recommendations to monitor noninvasive In-AMs with MMD ≤ 2 cm should be reconsidered; perioperative planning should address the likelihood of pheochromocytoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":14658,"journal":{"name":"Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}