Investigative ophthalmology & visual science最新文献

{"title":"Fecal Microbial Profiles and Short-Chain Fatty Acid/Bile Acid Metabolomics in Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Zaid Parekh, Jason Xiao, Amir Mani, Quadis Evans, Christopher Phung, Hugo A Barba, Bingqing Xie, Ashley M Sidebottom, Anitha Sundararajan, Huaiying Lin, Ramanujam Ramaswamy, David Dao, Reem Gonnah, Madeleine Yehia, Seenu M Hariprasad, Mark D'Souza, Dinanath Sulakhe, Eugene B Chang, Dimitra Skondra","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.4.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.4.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease, and studies have implicated the role of gut microbiota in its pathogenesis. However, characterization of microbiome dysbiosis and associated microbial-derived metabolomic profiles across AMD stages remains unknown. In this pilot study, we explored how gut microbiome composition and gut-derived metabolites differ in AMD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our pilot study analyzed fasted stool samples that were collected from 22 patients at a tertiary academic center. Subjects were classified as control, intermediate AMD, or advanced AMD based on clinical presentation. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and standard chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were used to identify bacterial taxonomy composition and abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs), respectively. Genetic testing was used to investigate the frequency of 14 high-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AMD in the AMD cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-three differentially abundant genera were present among the control, intermediate, and advanced groups. Taxa with known roles in immunologic pathways, such as Desulfovibrionales (q = 0.10) and Terrisporobacter (q = 1.16e-03), were in greater abundance in advanced AMD patients compared to intermediate. Advanced AMD patients had decreased abundance of 12 SCFAs, including acetate (P = 0.002), butyrate (P = 0.04), and propionate (P = 0.01), along with 12 BAs, including taurocholic acid (P = 0.02) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (P = 0.04). Frequencies of high-risk SNPs were not significantly different between the intermediate and advanced AMD groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This pilot study identifies distinct gut microbiome compositions and metabolomic profiles associated with AMD and its stages, providing preliminary evidence of a potential link between gut microbiota and AMD pathogenesis. To validate these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, future research with larger cohorts and more comprehensive sampling is strongly recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 4","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum in: Porcine Sub-Retinal Pigment Epithelium Deposits: A Model for Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration With Comparison to Human Drusen.","authors":"","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 4","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arabic Reading Performance With a Chromatic Acuity Chart.","authors":"Balsam Alabdulkader, Ali Almustanyir, Norah Alsalem, Essam Almutleb, Mosaad Alhassan, Jeffery K Hovis","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.4.3","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study compared the reading performance for Arabic text defined by chromatic and achromatic contrast to understand better how chromatic contrast affects reading of normally sighted individuals and to establish a baseline for determining whether patients have a selective red-green chromatic sensitivity loss.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Reading performance for Arabic text was accessed by examining maximum reading speed (MRS), reading acuity (RA), critical print size (CPS), and the Reading Accessibility Index (ACC) using three near-point charts. The charts were the black-on-white Balsam Alabdulkader-Leat (BAL) chart, a red-on-green chart, and a gray-on-gray chart with a background luminance equal to the chromatic chart.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MRSs were significantly different (P = 0.03), with the red-on-green chart having a slightly higher value than the BAL chart. The ACC was lower for the BAL chart than the red-on-green and gray charts (P = 0.003). However, RA for the BAL chart was better, and the CPS was smaller relative to the red-on-green chart (P < 0.05) and gray chart (P < 0.001). Individuals with red-green color vision deficiencies had poorer RA and larger CPS on the red-on-green chart relative to the achromatic charts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the MRS and ACC of the chromatic chart were significantly higher, the difference was not clinically important. The result that the MRS was similar for all three charts confirmed earlier findings that MRS is similar if text contrast is sufficiently above threshold. The lower RA and corresponding larger CPS for the red-on-green and gray charts were due to their lower background luminance and lower contrast.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 4","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11967997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contextual Binocular Imbalance Impairs Local Stereopsis.","authors":"Rong Jiang, Shuai Chang, Xin-Ping Yu, Ming Meng","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.6","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Binocular imbalance is known to inhibit stereopsis. This study investigates whether an imbalanced context around stereo stimuli also affects local stereopsis and explores the underlying mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three experiments were conducted with normally sighted participants. Experiment 1 measured local stereo detection thresholds under three context conditions: binocular balance (0.5 vs. 0.5 contrast), left-eye dominance (0.8 vs. 0.2 contrast), and right-eye dominance (0.2 vs. 0.8 contrast). Experiment 2 assessed the modulation of the imbalance effect by context-target collinearity. Experiment 3 examined the imbalance effect with binocular fusion and rivalry context stimuli.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In experiment 1, the average stereo threshold was 62.4 arcsec in the binocular balance condition, elevated to 111.4 arcsec in the left-eye dominance (P = 0.003), and 114.7 arcsec in the right-eye dominance (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two imbalance conditions (P = 0.650). Experiment 2 showed that context-target collinearity modulated the imbalance effect, resulting in a smaller threshold elevation in the non-collinear condition (P = 0.011). Experiment 3 revealed significant main effects of imbalance (P = 0.031) and rivalry (P = 0.004), with no significant interaction (P = 0.966).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Contextual binocular imbalance inhibits local stereopsis, an effect modulated by collinearity and similarly observed in both binocular integrative and suppressive contexts. These findings suggest that lateral connectivity in the primary visual cortex (V1) plays a fundamental role in stereopsis generation, offering novel approaches for clinical interventions aimed at restoring binocular balance and stereopsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 3","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11892528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143541419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure-Function Correlation of Deep-Learning Quantified Ellipsoid Zone and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Loss and Microperimetry in Geographic Atrophy.","authors":"Klaudia Birner, Gregor S Reiter, Irene Steiner, Azin Zarghami, Amir Sadeghipour, Simon Schürer-Waldheim, Markus Gumpinger, Hrvoje Bogunovic, Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.26","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to define structure-function correlation of geographic atrophy (GA) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and functional testing on microperimetry (MP) based on deep-learning (DL)-quantified spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with GA were prospectively examined by SD-OCT (Spectralis, 97 B-scans) and two microperimetry devices (MP3 and MAIA) in two combined test runs each. DL-algorithms measured the ellipsoid-zone thickness (EZT), ellipsoid-zone loss (EZL), hyper-reflective-foci (HRF) volume, drusen-volume (DV), and retinal-pigment-epithelium loss (RPEL) area. Pointwise co-registration was established between all stimuli and the location on OCT. A multivariable mixed-effect model with variable selection was used to identify pointwise retinal sensitivity (PWS) changes for each biomarker, accounting for age and eccentricity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three thousand six hundred stimuli points were collected and correlated with 1940 OCT B-scans in 20 eyes of 20 patients. PWS was significantly lower in stimuli with EZL without RPEL (-2.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.72 to -1.91 decibel [dB], 0 degrees, P < 0.0001) and in areas with both EZL and RPEL (-10.03, 95% CI = -10.96 to -9.11 dB, 0 degrees, P < 0.0001) compared to areas without any atrophy. Increased EZT had a significant positive effect on PWS (0.34, 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.36 dB/µm, P < 0.0001). Structure-function correlations were consistent throughout all levels of eccentricity with P < 0.001. Drusen and HRF volume, but not age, were associated with reduced PWS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Functional impairment by MP was associated with defined morphological changes as quantified by DL on OCT. PR degeneration seen as EZL alone impairs the function on MP examinations. The combination of DL-based SD-OCT biomarker assessment and MP appear suited for evaluation of retinal function beyond visual acuity for disease monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 3","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11918028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NLRP3 Activation With Bisphosphonate Use and the Risk of Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","authors":"Joseph Magagnoli, Tammy Cummings, James W Hardin, S Scott Sutton, Jayakrishna Ambati","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.32","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine whether bisphosphonate use increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), thereby providing evidence for the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in AMD pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort study among US veterans who had undergone dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans. Time-dependent Cox models were used to assess the association between cumulative bisphosphonate exposure and AMD incidence. Propensity score matching was applied to balance characteristics between bisphosphonate users and nonusers. A secondary analysis examined the impact of NLRP3 inhibitors (fluoxetine and fluvoxamine) on AMD risk among bisphosphonate users.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After propensity score matching, each additional year of bisphosphonate use was associated with a 4.7% increased hazard of AMD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.047; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.020-1.074). In the secondary analysis, fluoxetine or fluvoxamine use among bisphosphonate users was linked to a reduced hazard of incident AMD (HR, 0.814; 95% CI, 0.676-0.98) in the matched sample.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Bisphosphonate use increases AMD risk, while NLRP3 inhibitors mitigate this effect. These findings support the hypothesis that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in AMD pathogenesis and represents a potential therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 3","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11925225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optic Nerve Crush Does Not Induce Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in the Contralateral Eye.","authors":"Florianne E Schoot Uiterkamp, Margaret E Maes, Mohammad Amin Alamalhoda, Arsalan Firoozi, Gloria Colombo, Sandra Siegert","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.49","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.49","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Optic nerve crush (ONC) is a model for studying optic nerve trauma. Unilateral ONC induces massive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in the affected eye, leading to vision loss within a month. A common assumption has been that the non-injured contralateral eye is unaffected due to the minimal retino-retinal projections of the RGCs at the chiasm. Yet, recently, microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have shown a responsive phenotype in the contralateral eye after ONC. Whether RGC loss accompanies this phenotype is still controversial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the available RGCode algorithm and developing our own RGC-Quant deep-learning-based tool, we quantify RGC's total number and density across the entire retina after ONC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We confirm a short-term microglia response in the contralateral eye after ONC, but this did not affect the microglia number. Furthermore, we cannot confirm the previously reported RGC loss between naïve and contralateral retinas 5 weeks after ONC induction across the commonly used Cx3cr1creERT2 and C57BL6/J mouse models. Neither sex nor the direct comparison of the RGC markers Brn3a and RBPMS, with Brn3a co-labeling, on average, 89% of the RBPMS+-cells, explained this discrepancy, suggesting that the early microglia-responsive phenotype does not have immediate consequences on the RGC number.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results corroborate that unilateral optic nerve injury elicits a microglial response in the uninjured contralateral eye but without RGC loss. Therefore, the contralateral eye should be treated separately and not as an ONC control.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 3","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuronal Degeneration and Glial Activation in the Absence of Vascular Changes in Human Retinas of Patients With Diabetes.","authors":"Henar Albertos-Arranz, Natalia Martínez-Gil, Xavier Sánchez-Sáez, Julio Cesar Molina-Martín, Pedro Lax, Nicolas Cuenca","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.53","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study assessed retinal cells in the macula of human donors with diabetes with or without retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventeen human donor retinas were classified as diabetes mellitus (DM, n = 7), diabetes with diabetic retinopathy (DR, n = 3), or control (n = 8). Macular transversal sections were analyzed for photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, ganglion cells, their synaptic connections, and Müller cells using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. The densities of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and ganglion cells and the thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) were quantified around the fovea.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the macula, cone photoreceptors elongated their axons to establish synapses with bipolar and horizontal cells in intraretinal cysts. Bipolar cells were reduced in the DM group compared to the control (P < 0.001), and rod bipolar cells showed morphological alterations in the cell body and synaptic terminals in both diabetic groups. Morphological changes were observed in both plexiform layers, with a decrease in the IPL thickness in DR. Horizontal cell terminals sprouted into the outer and inner retina in DR, despite no density differences existing between DM and control (P = 0.498). Ganglion cell density was reduced in the DM retinas compared to control (P < 0.001). Müller cells exhibited thickening of their cell bodies and end feet in all diabetic retinas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The degeneration of neurons and synaptic connectivity within the macula in individuals with DM, even in the absence of clinical vascular signs, is associated with impaired visual function. These early changes suggest potential new biomarkers for imaging techniques and emphasize the need for therapies for diabetic patients without clinical signs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 3","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitreous Fibrillar Structure and Interfibrillar Composition in Adult Mice.","authors":"Patricia Jaramillo-Garcés, Judit Pampalona, Ana Carretero, Eduard José Cunilleras, David Ramos, Jesús Ruberte","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.60","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although mice are widely used models for human eye diseases, knowledge of their vitreous is scarce and fragmentary. This study characterizes the structure and composition of vitreous fibrils and their interfibrillar space. Given the role of this fibrillar network in maintaining the vitreous' biomechanical properties, the impact of intravitreal injections on vitreous architecture was also explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy adult C57/BL6J mice were studied. Classical histological techniques, picrosirius red-polarization, immunofluorescence, lectin histochemistry, and hyaluronic acid binding protein assays were used to examine vitreous fibrils and interfibrillar space. For the analysis of distribution of components along the fibrils, the Airyscan microscopy was used to achieve higher resolution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vitreous fibrils consist of fibrillar collagen, glycoproteins (fibrillin 1, fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV), N-acetyl galactosamine, and hyaluronan, all absent in the interfibrillar space. A single sterile intravitreal saline injection induced an inflammatory insult, characterized by increased fibril density and macrophage/hyalocyte invasion. Lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1) immunohistochemistry suggests these cells may remove fibrils via phagocytosis and activate a remodeling process in the vitreous.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study enhances understanding of the mouse vitreous structure, suggesting fibrils are composed of glycoprotein-wrapped collagen cores. Furthermore, the absence of hyaluronan and glycoproteins between fibrils may explain lower viscosity in mice compared with humans. Intravitreal injections as an inflammatory insult disrupt fibril networks and activate macrophages/hyalocytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 3","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11956745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated With Retinal Vessel Traits in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.","authors":"Alexis O'Neil, Roshan A Welikala, Sarah Barman, Christopher G Owen, Alicja R Rudnicka, Mohan Rakesh, Marie-Hélène Roy-Gagnon, David Maberley, Ellen E Freeman","doi":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.13","DOIUrl":"10.1167/iovs.66.3.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the factors cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with retinal vessel diameter, total area, and tortuosity in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Of the 30,097 adults between ages 45 and 85 years old in the CLSA Comprehensive Cohort, 26,076 had at least one retinal image gradable by QUARTZ, a deep-learning algorithm that automatically assessed image quality, distinguished between arterioles and venules, and estimated retinal vessel traits over the entire retina. Questions were asked about demographic, lifestyle, and medical factors. Blood pressure, cholesterol, and C-reactive protein were measured. Participants returned for follow-up 3 years later. Multiple linear regression was used to provide adjusted estimates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Current smoking was strongly associated with wider arteriolar and venular diameters and their widening over 3 years (P < 0.05). Current smoking was also associated with a larger arteriolar and venular area and a 3-year increase in venular area (P < 0.05). Obesity was positively associated with venular diameter, total venular area, 3-year change in total venular area, and venular tortuosity (P < 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure was negatively associated with both arteriolar and venular diameter, area, and tortuosity, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (P < 0.05). Diabetes was associated with wider arteriolar diameters cross-sectionally, and type 1 diabetes was associated with 3-year widening of arteriolar diameters (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work provides comprehensive information on the factors associated with retinal vessel traits and their change. Factors such as smoking, obesity, blood pressure, and diabetes were longitudinally related to retinal vessel traits, which play a role in the development of eye disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":14620,"journal":{"name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","volume":"66 3","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11895846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}