The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics最新文献

{"title":"Book Notes","authors":"Scott L. Althaus","doi":"10.1177/1081180x0200700209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x0200700209","url":null,"abstract":"Where the early Marx described false consciousness as an outgrowth of capitalism, this book details how the Soviet state systematically promoted a “moral economy” in which economic relationships between state and citizen were reframed by news discourse, popular culture, and the arts into a set of moral obligations borne by dependent citizens in grateful service to their omni-provident state.Brooks documents how the Soviet leadership employed myth, ritual, and spectacle to organize an “official” popular culture around a cult of Stalin while at the same time suppressing public debate outside the private sphere. Newspapers are the primary focus of this book, since they constituted a central discursive arena in which the state defined a national Soviet identity and cultivated the loyalty of its citizens. Examining the most intensive period of state control from the October Revolution of 1917 until Stalin’s death in 1953, this book provides a vivid and systematic analysis of the techniques used by the Soviet leadership to build a nation unified in service to the state.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130296668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strict Scrutiny","authors":"Jeff Chester","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700207","url":null,"abstract":"The current Federal Communications Commission (FCC) review of media ownership rules is likely to be influenced by FCC Chairman Michael Powell’s deregulatory, market-oriented bias. Among the rules under review are those prohibiting newspaper-broadcast and broadcast-cable cross-ownership and those placing a ceiling on the number of cable systems or broadcast outlets that any one company can own—all of which have come under attack by industry lobbyists asserting corporate “First Amendment” rights. The likely loss of these public-interest protections will have a profound effect, not only on the public’s access to a wide range of antagonistic voices in the traditional media, but also on the evolution of the Internet, which is already reflecting many of the ownership-consolidation patterns of the mass media. The FCC has thus far failed to examine the impact of its media policies on journalism in general and on civic discourse in particular, a failure that is unlikely to be covered by the mainstream press itself, beholden as that institution has become to its corporate owners. It is now time for a much-needed public inquiry, during this critical period of transition, into how the media are structured and how the public is served.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133274141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CNN and September 11th","authors":"Alex K. Jones","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"533 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123919616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watching Television and Civic Engagement","authors":"M. Hooghe","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700206","url":null,"abstract":"In the debate on the alleged erosion of social cohesion in Western societies, some authors have stressed the negative role of television. Others have argued that some programs like news and current affairs programs could strengthen civic engagement and political participation. In this article, the author uses cross-sectional survey data in an effort to disentangle the possible causal mechanisms between television and political behavior and attitudes. No evidence is found for a time-replacement effect on the individual level, but robust relations are found between television and attitudinal components of social capital. While news programs are positively related with some of these attitudes, consistent negative relations are found with the time spent on television and a preference for entertainment programs and commercial stations. This could imply that commercial stations, especially, cultivate a less civic-minded value pattern among their viewers. The analysis demonstrates that television effects are dependent not only on the time people spend but also on the kind of programs they watch and (at least in countries with a public broadcasting system) on the station they tune in to.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125360677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Was It Russian Public Television That Won It?","authors":"S. White, I. McAllister, S. Oates","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700203","url":null,"abstract":"A nationally representative survey conducted immediately after the December 1999 Russian Duma election indicates that national television was the most important source of news for voters and that there were few differences between the party supporters in their patterns of viewing. Voters for the pro-Kremlin Unity party, however, were the most likely to say they had been influenced by state television, and regression analysis indicates that state television was by far the most important of all the variables that contributed to their voting choices. The Russian Duma election accordingly provides a striking illustration of the extent to which a determined regime can resist a challenge to its authority by using its control of the media, particularly state television.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134486613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polls, Polls, and More Polls","authors":"Reed L. Welch","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700107","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the information the news media provide about public opinion polls. To do this, the study uses standards established by the American Association for Public Opinion Researchers and the National Council on Public Polls to evaluate how polls about the presidential election were reported in four major national newspapers and four smaller newspapers in the fall of 2000. The study found that some newspapers do better at providing information about polls than others, almost all articles do not disclose important information about polls, a newspaper does a better job at providing information about polls sponsored by the newspaper itself than it does about outside polls, and large, national newspapers do no better at reporting information about polls than smaller, more locally oriented newspapers. The article concludes that the media do not disclose the “minimal essential information” for the public to determine a poll’s reliability and validity and that it would be in the best interest of polling organizations, newspapers, and the public for more information to be provided about the polls that are made public.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131091793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hierarchy of Innocence","authors":"Susan D. Moeller","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700104","url":null,"abstract":"The shift in warfare and in geopolitics since the Cold War has made it difficult for Americans to identify the “good guys” and the “bad guys” in international affairs. The “Evil Empire” is no longer reflexively the Soviet Union or its proxies, for example. Without a clear sense of who needs protection, the media and other political actors have tried to identify who is innocent. In many cases, children have been portrayed as the only “pure” victims. For many conflicts and crises, children, seen generically, have filled up the American empathy vacuum—that void that used to be taken up by the Natan Sharanskys, the Alexander Solzhenitsyns, the Jacobo Timmermans, the Nelson Mandelas: men, typically, who stood for the values of democracy, equality, and freedom. Now, often, conflicts are depicted in the media less as political confrontations than as brutal and ideologically senseless battles, and how better to communicate that than to show a damaged child?","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114871864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using History to Think about the Beijing Olympics","authors":"J. Wasserstrom","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128302893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Notes","authors":"Scott L. Althaus","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700110","url":null,"abstract":"How can the public forums required for deliberative democracy be sustained within a technological environment that increasingly feeds people only the news they want to hear? Sunstein argues that while democracy is not made impossible by extreme forms of news personalization, it is made more dangerous without the moderating influence of “general interest intermediaries” like traditional newspapers and television broadcasts that provide audiences with common experiences and information that they would not have sought in advance. Drawing a sharp distinction between the competing demands of consumer sovereignty and political sovereignty, the book argues that a communications market designed to satisfy the needs of consumers is unlikely to suit the needs of citizens. However,Sunstein recognizes that new information technologies have the potential to improve the quality of democratic deliberation, and a chapter details several policy proposals designed to temper the excesses of news personalization so that its social benefits can be realized. Republic.com is perhaps miscast as an “Internet” book, for its argument indicts generally the tendency for market pressures to produce news content geared toward the idiosyncratic tastes of smaller and demographically homogeneous segments of available news audiences. The debate at the heart of this book between negative and positive definitions of press freedom is familiar ground for first amendment scholars. The book’s signal contribution to this debate is in updating Alexander Meiklejohn’s classic defense of positive press freedoms for a new technological age and in developing a normative framework with which to evaluate the impact of news personalization. Although the book has its weaknesses—notably a limited connection to empirical work on new media and media effects, its neglect of the philosophical literature on deliberative democracy, and a normative framework oriented around styles of news presentation rarely encountered before the twentieth century— Republic.com presents a novel and compelling argument, simply executed but eloquently turned, that marks it as an important book in the continuing debate over the press’s role in democratic politics.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124219514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Capital and the News Media","authors":"P. Norris","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700101","url":null,"abstract":"Many writers have long emphasized the importance of civic society and voluntary associations as vital to the lifeblood of democracy. Interest in this perennial topic has been revived by Putnam’s theory of social capital, which claims that rich and dense associational networks facilitate the underlying conditions of interpersonal trust, tolerance, and cooperation, providing the social foundations for a vibrant democracy. Groups and new social movements have traditionally been regarded as agencies for expressing and aggregating interests. But what is most striking about modern theories of civic society is the claim that typical face-to-face deliberative activities and horizontal collaboration within voluntary associations far removed from the political sphere, such as sports clubs, agricultural cooperatives,or philanthropic groups, promote interpersonal trust, fostering the capacity to work together in the future, creating the bonds of social life that are the basis for civil society and democracy. Organized groups not only achieve certain instrumental goals, it is claimed, but in the process of doing so they also create the conditions for further collaboration, or social capital. For Putnam (2000), social capital is defined as “connections among individuals—social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them” (p. 19). Most important, this is therefore understood as both a structural phenomenon (social networks) and a cultural phenomenon (social norms). But what is the relationship between social capital and the news media? In particular, in Bowling Alone, Putnam (2000) presented the most extensive battery of evidence that civic society in general, and social capital in particular,has suffered substantial erosion in the postwar years in America. Putnam considered multiple causes that may have contributed toward this development, such as the pressures of time and money. But it is changes in technology and the media, particularly the rise of television entertainment as America’s main source of leisure activity, that Putnam fingered as the major culprit responsible for the erosion of","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128835336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}