The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics最新文献

{"title":"Who Follows Whom?","authors":"H. Brandenburg","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700303","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides a first step toward filling a gap in our understanding of the sources of issue salience and of the ability of political actors to manipulate the dimensions of social choice. It investigates how daily issue agendas of political parties and the news media (press and television) affected each other during the 1997 U.K. general election campaign. Using a time-series cross-section design (including data on nine different policy dimensions), ordinary least squares regressions with panel-corrected standard errors show that TV news broadcasts responded systematically to preceding issue selection by both the Labour party and the Conservatives. While the press seemed to respond predominantly to stimuli by the Conservatives, none of the parties were influenced in their agenda choices by any of the media outlets.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129941441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadcast News Diffusion in Crisis-Ridden Democracies","authors":"Yoel Cohen","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700302","url":null,"abstract":"Having covered many national crises in the past, Israel’s media structure appeared well suited to deal with the assassination of Prime Minister Itzhak Rabin. This study examines the social functions fulfilled by Israel’s broadcast media following the assassination. Three roles played by the media were examined. Drawing on survey data, television and radio were found to be important initial sources about the news of the assassination, and television was important for following subsequent events. They contributed to reintegrating the nation in the period afterwards. However, continuous coverage traumatized the population.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134251884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Being a Citizen Online","authors":"Dietram A. Scheufele, M. Nisbet","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700304","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares the impact of various types of traditional and Web-based forms of communication on political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Findings suggest that the role of the Internet in promoting citizenship is limited. In fact, respondents who used the Web frequently for entertainment purposes were less likely to feel efficacious about their potential role in the democratic process and also knew less about facts relevant to current events. Regardless of the frequency with which people used the Internet for various informational or entertainment purposes, these analyses suggest that traditional mass media maintain a key role in promoting democratic citizenship.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129644466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antipress Violence and the Crisis of the State","authors":"S. Waisbord","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700306","url":null,"abstract":"Although it is an issue of immediate interest to reporters and press organizations, antipress violence has not elicited a great deal of scholarly attention. While in the context of developed democracies, studies have concluded that violence against the press has significantly diminished in the twentieth century, the situation is markedly different elsewhere. This gap is not surprising considering that the literature on press and democracy has been largely produced in the West and has largely reflected the absence of antipress violence in Western nations. The persistence of attacks against journalists outside the West, however, makes it necessary to put it at the center to analyze the situation of journalistic labor and the prospects for the press in historically weak democracies. This article analyzes antipress violence by focusing on the Latin American case. The argument is that in postauthoritarian situations, the breakdown of the state accounts for why the press, particularly investigative reporters and publications, is the target of violence. Antipress violence reflects the impossibility of the state’s fulfilling its mission to monopolize the legitimate use of violence and the lack of accountability of those responsible for the attacks. Because it is a central arena in the battle for public expression, the press becomes a prominent target when naked violence replaces the rule of law. The fate of the press is intrinsically linked to the fate of the democratic state. There cannot be a democratic press as long as the state does not secure minimal institutional conditions that democracy demands.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123717907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Bad Press Is Good News","authors":"Barry C. Burden","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700305","url":null,"abstract":"This article identifies conditions under which bad press can help rather than hurt a congressional campaign. In elections such as congressional primaries, where information levels are extremely low and party cues do not help voters distinguish candidates, name recognition is perhaps the most important factor. In these situations, even negative coverage can benefit a campaign because it raises voter familiarity with the candidate. The author illustrates this phenomenon using two cases studies, the 1992 Republican primary in Ohio’s 15th district and the 2001 Democratic primary in Massachusetts’ 9th district. In both cases, the victor was also the candidate who received the most negative news coverage. It seems that the volume but not the tone affected voters’ assessments of the candidates. The article concludes with thoughts about how these observations speak to the larger literatures on campaigns and the media.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126298199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bridging and Bonding Role of Online Communities","authors":"P. Norris","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700301","url":null,"abstract":"A long tradition in sociological theory among writers such as Durkheim, Marx, Weber, Tonnies and Simmel has been concerned about the loss of community and the weakening of the face-to-face relations of Gemeinschaft, a theme revived recently in the work of Robert Putnam (2000). The role of new communication technologies, especially the Internet, has often been regarded as important for this phenomenon by either exacerbating social isolation or by reviving communities ties virtually. Contemporary debates about social capital have noted that many local networks and associations strengthen social cohesion, but another darker downside exists in community life (Portess and Landholt 1996; Edwards and Foley 1998). To understand this phenomena Putnam (2000, 2002) has drawn an important distinction between ‘bridging’ groups that function to bring together disparate members of the community, exemplified by mixed-race youth sports clubs in South Africa or the Civic Forum in Northern Ireland, and ‘bonding' groups that reinforce close-knit networks among people sharing similar backgrounds and beliefs. In Putnam’s words: “Bridging social capital refers to social networks that bring together people of different sorts, and bonding social capital brings together people of a similar sort. This is an important distinction because the externalities of groups that are bridging are likely to be positive, while networks that are bonding (limited within particular social niches) are at greater risk of producing externalities that are negative.” This conceptual distinction should be seen as a continuum rather than a dichotomy, since in practice many groups serve both bridging and bonding functions, but networks can be classified as falling closer to one end of this spectrum or the other. Heterogeneous local associations (such as PTAs and the Red Cross) are believed to have beneficial consequences for building social capital, generating interpersonal trust, and reinforcing community ties. Homogeneous bonding organizations can also serve these positive functions, but the danger is that they can also exacerbate and widen existing social cleavages, especially in pluralist societies splintered by deep-rooted ethno-national, ethno-religious or racial conflict. The dysfunctional types of bonding networks are exemplified by the Ku Klux Klan in Mississipi, La Cosa Nostra in Sicily, or the IRA in Belfast. This distinction raises important questions about how best to promote inclusive networks to foster crosscutting cleavages in divided societies. One problem is that if cities like Belfast, Johannesburg or LA are deeply divided, but local neighborhoods are socially homogeneous, then associations within each area are likely to reflect the background, beliefs, and interests of the predominant group within each community. Fragmented pluralism exacerbates the challenges facing aggregating institutions. Many believe that one important way to overcome these limitations could lie through t","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133378446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American or Journalist","authors":"Alex K. Jones","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700201","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133516683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peace Journalism","authors":"M. Tehranian","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700205","url":null,"abstract":"The terrorist attack on the United States on September 11,2001, demonstrated that we live in an interdependent, vulnerable, and fragile global village. This village, however, does not enjoy the intimacy of face-to-face communication among the villagers. We live in a largely mediated world ruled by government media monopolies or commercial media oligopolies that construct images of “the other.” Promotion of particular commodities and identities are the main preoccupations of the two commercial and government systems. The two systems thus tend to exacerbate international tensions by dichotomizing, dramatizing, and demonizing “them” against “us.” Is there an alternative media system to promote peace journalism for international and intercultural understanding? This article argues that ethically responsible journalism is a sine qua non of peace journalism. The locus of most media ethics has hitherto been the individual journalist. But the individual journalist operates in the context of institutional, national, and international regimes. In a globalized world, media ethics must be negotiated not only professionally but also institutionally, nationally, and internationally. Such ethics must be based on international agreements that have already established the right to communicate as a human right. However, ethics without commensurate institutional frameworks and sanctions often translate into pious wishes. To obtain a pluralism of content to reflect the diversity and complexity of the world, this article calls for a pluralism of media structures at the local, national, and global levels. The article concludes with pro posals to promote peace journalism through greater freedom, balance, and diversity in media representations.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125260283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Patriotism","authors":"Jane Hall","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131584234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watching the Watchers","authors":"Stephen Frantzich","doi":"10.1177/1081180X0200700204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700204","url":null,"abstract":"Since David Broder issued a challenge to journalists after the 1988 presidential campaign to move from being “color commentators” to “referees,” political campaign ad watches have proliferated. This article uses originally coded data to empirically document the growth, increasing diversity, and content of all original print ad watches from the 1992,1996, and 2000 election cycles. Testing a series of standard political communication hypotheses, the analysis indicates that while ad watches have increased in frequency, source, and target, they have been molded more to emphasize the strategic aspect of advertising than to evaluate the veracity of content. Systematic bias emerges in the form of local sources’ being easier on local incumbents, a penchant for carrying out ad watches on negative ads, and treating Democratic ads more favorably than Republican.","PeriodicalId":145232,"journal":{"name":"The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128059724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}