Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Fibrillin-1 and Fibrillin-2 Gene Expression Level in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumor Tissue and Tumor Margin Tissue.","authors":"Mahsa Mahdizadeh, Marie Saghaeian Jazi, Seyyed Mostafa Mir, Seyyed Mehdi Jafari","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105014.3857","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105014.3857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Esophageal cancer is one of the most devastating cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. We will compare the expression levels of fibrillin-1 (<i>FBN1</i>) and fibrillin-2 (<i>FBN2</i>), a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, in esophageal cancer with normal adjacent tumor tissue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 22 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumor samples and their matched adjacent normal tissues were collected from hospitals in Gorgan City (Golestan, Iran) between 2020 and 2022. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, we measured the semi-quantitative gene expression level using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data from this study were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18), and results were considered statistically significant when the P was <0.05. The primary statistical analyses used in this study were the Paired Samples <i>t</i> test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of the <i>FBN1</i> gene decreased in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue (the <i>FBN1</i> gene fold change=0.5472±0.149, P=0.007), and the <i>FBN2</i> gene expression increased in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue (the <i>FBN2</i> gene fold change=7.341±1.299, P<0.0001). We found no significant association between <i>FBN1</i> and <i>FBN2</i> gene expression and the clinicopathological features.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The change in <i>FBN1</i> and <i>FBN2</i> expression levels in the tumor tissue compared to normal tissue in ESCC suggests that <i>FBN1</i> and <i>FBN2</i> genes can be considered therapeutic targets for ESCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 11","pages":"754-761"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Challenge of Hepatitis D Virus Coinfection in Iran: Age, Access, and Unanswered Public Health Questions.","authors":"Haewon Byeon","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106975.4126","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106975.4126","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 11","pages":"802-805"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iranian Women's Experiences of Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion: A Meta-Synthesis Study.","authors":"Leila Eskandari, Afsaneh Keramat, Golnar Shojaei Baghini, Mozhgan Fardid, Marzieh Rohani-Rasaf","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105480.3929","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105480.3929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite substantial advancements in reproductive health, unintended pregnancy remains a significant public health challenge in Iran. Qualitative studies revealed profound cultural and social complexities surrounding this issue. This study aimed to synthesize the experiences of Iranian women regarding unintended pregnancy and abortion by examining the interplay of cultural, social, economic, and individual factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies published between 2004 and 2024 in Persian and English was conducted. A comprehensive search of Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed Central, Cochrane CENTRAL, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Iranian databases (SID, Iranmedex, Magiran) was performed using keywords related to unintended pregnancy, induced abortion, and qualitative studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The initial search identified 7,839articles. After screening for relevance, 22 qualitative studies were selected for analysis, encompassing data from 626 individual interviews and 36 focus group discussions. The analysis yielded two main themes and seven sub-themes: 1) Facing an unintended pregnancy (emotional fluctuations, societal norms, and access to health services), and 2) The decision-making process surrounding unintended pregnancies (avoidance reactions, socio-economic factors, psychosocial conflicts in decision-making, and beliefs about maternal roles and fetal life preservation).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Unintended pregnancy poses a serious public health challenge, imposing significant economic, social, and psychological burdens. Synthesizing qualitative evidence on women's decision-making processes is crucial for developing tailored interventions. Policymakers should implement strategies to reduce social stigma through public education and awareness campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 11","pages":"726-742"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Expression Analysis May Support Serine/Threonine Kinases as Common Hub Genes in Breast Cancer.","authors":"Mohammad Soleiman Ekhtiyari, Mostafa Ghaderi-Zefrehei, Zahra Mogharari, Maryam Yousefi, Ali Bigdeli, Effat Nasre Esfahani, Hamed Shahriarpour, Bluma J Leschm","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.104386.3798","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.104386.3798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide. There is a strong need to identify molecular pathways that might represent effective therapeutic targets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a large-scale transcriptomic analysis using publicly available datasets from the NCBI GEO and TCGA databases. Microarray datasets (GSE161533, GSE162228, GSE70947, and GSE139038) and RNA-Seq data were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using cut-off criteria of adjusted P<0.05 and |log2FC|>1. Gene co-expression networks were constructed using Weighted Gene co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) in R (version 1.68), followed by hub gene identification with STRING and MCODE tools. Functional enrichment was further explored through Gene Ontology analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two regulatory modules enriched in cancer datasets were identified from both microarray and RNA-Seq analyses, corresponding to a network of 85 genes, compared to a distinct network of 474 genes enriched in control tissue samples. Further analyses to identify densely connected gene clusters within these networks revealed a cluster ``containing 29 cancer-related genes that included five hub gene candidates encoding serine/threonine kinase family proteins NimA-Related Protein: Kinase 2 (<i>NEK2</i>), Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase (<i>MELK</i>), Polo Like Kinase 1 (<i>PLK1</i>), Aurora Kinase B (<i>AURKB</i>), and Checkpoint Kinase 1 (<i>CHEK1</i>). Members of this family counter the expression of the tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator Tumor Protein P53 (<i>TP53</i>), which is more highly expressed in healthy people. Moreover, all hub genes with higher transcript levels were associated with considerably poorer overall survival rates in BC patients. These results imply that these hub genes are relevant in terms of pathophysiology for the treatment of BC and deserve further attention. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that increased expression of all five genes was significantly associated with decreased survival (P<0.001). Hazard ratios (HRs) ranged from 1.41 to 1.77, indicating a substantial negative impact on patient survival for each gene.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Survival analysis showed that tumors with higher expression levels of hub genes were associated with significantly shorter overall survival times among breast cancer patients. This finding suggests that these hub genes are highly relevant to BC pathophysiology and could be considered targets for monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 10","pages":"681-697"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12557343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145389852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet, Disability, and Disparities: A Public Health Perspective on Fatigue and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis: Letter to the Editor.","authors":"Haewon Byeon","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106380.4053","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106380.4053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 10","pages":"722-724"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12557346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145389784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging the htsFLT01/MiRGD Complex to Enhance Apoptosis and Suppress Angiogenesis in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells.","authors":"Mohadeseh Khoshandam, Zahra-Soheila Soheili, Saman Hosseinkhani, Shahram Samiee, Hamid Latifi-Navid, Naser Kalhor, Hossein Soltaninejad","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105176.3884","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105176.3884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gene therapy introduces therapeutic genes into cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth or induce apoptosis. The <i>htsFLT01</i> gene, a novel anti-angiogenic construct, encodes the sFLT01 protein that functions as a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) decoy receptor, impeding pathological angiogenesis. When combined with the MiRGD nanocarrier-a versatile peptide-based delivery system optimized for specificity, biocompatibility, and low toxicity-the htsFLT01/MiRGD complex offers a potent strategy against breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The <i>htsFLT01</i> gene was designed and constructed in previous studies. The MiRGD peptide was expressed and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography in the <i>E. coli</i> C41 (DE3) expression strain. The potency of this peptide, along with the cell viability and toxicity of the nanoparticles, was previously evaluated in MCF7 cell culture. After transfection with the htsFLT01/MiRGD nanocomplex at a nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N/P) ratio of 14, cell lysates were collected, and expression analysis of the key genes, including Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein (<i>FADD</i>), Caspase-8 (<i>CASP8</i>), and Tumor Protein P53 (<i>TP53</i>), was conducted based on findings from prior research. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 (IBM, USA) and REST 2009 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>htsFLT01</i> gene was previously designed and constructed, and the MiRGD nanocarrier was successfully produced and purified. This nanocarrier exhibited the best performance at an N/P ratio of 14. This study evaluated the effect of this complex on apoptosis induction in MCF7 cells via the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, revealing increased expression of <i>FADD</i>, <i>CASP8</i>, and <i>p53</i> genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight a synergistic relationship between anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic mechanisms, offering promising avenues for future breast cancer therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 10","pages":"707-712"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12557347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145389892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Following Ultrasound-Guided Microwave Ablation for Selective Fetal Reduction in Complicated Monochorionic Pregnancies: A Case Series.","authors":"Homeira Vafaei, Shohreh Roozmeh, Alireza Shamshirsaz, Nasrin Asadi, Naeimehossadat Asmarian, Maryam Kasraeian, Shohra Qaderi, Khadije Bazrafshan, Mozhde Ghiasi, Azam Faraji","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.103408.3667","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.103408.3667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microwave ablation (MWA) is a newly introduced technique for selective fetal reduction in complicated monochorionic (MC) pregnancies. This study aimed to describe maternal and neonatal outcomes after implementing MWA for selective fetal reduction in complicated MC pregnancies and analyze the procedure's success rate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a case series of 21 complicated MC pregnancies that underwent MWA in the Fetal-Maternal Center affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran) to occlude fetal blood circulation from May 2021 to May 2022. The participants were followed until delivery. Gestational age at the time of the procedure, duration of the procedure, survival rate, procedure-to-delivery time, gestational age at delivery, as well as maternal and neonatal outcomes were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MWA was successfully performed in all 21 cases. The median (Q1-Q3) gestational age at the time of the procedure was 18 weeks. The fetus's blood circulation was completely stopped in all cases. The median (Q1-Q3) total ablation time was 4 (3-6) min, and the total ablation voltage was 100 (100-200) W. Fetal loss occurred in 19% (4/21) of cases after MWA. The duration of the surgery showed a significant negative correlation with the surgical outcome (P=0.012). The overall procedure-to-delivery time was 16 (14.5-19.5) weeks, with a survival rate of 81%. The median gestational age at delivery was 34 (30.5-37.5) weeks. Among the babies, 70.6% required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit; however, all survived the neonatal period. No maternal complications were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MWA represents a potentially effective alternative modality for selective fetal reduction in complicated MC twin pregnancies. As a newly introduced technique, it is still in its early stages of implementation, and there is a need for reporting and discussing the specific details of its application. The abstract of this article was presented at the International Fetal Medicine Foundation Congress in the Emirates (28-29 September 2024).</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 10","pages":"713-721"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12557342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145389872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Patients with Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Cohort Study on Efficacy, Safety, Anxiety, and Quality of Life Outcomes.","authors":"Mohammad Taghi Hedayati Goudarzi, Mahsa Akbarian, Iman Bhia, Mehrdad Saravi, Hossein Soltaninejad","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.104211.3774","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.104211.3774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Over the past two decades, radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has emerged as a leading treatment for cardiac arrhythmias due to its high efficacy, despite potential complications. This study evaluated success rates, complications, and the procedure's impact on quality of life (QoL) and anxiety in patients with supraventricular arrhythmia (SVT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study involved patients diagnosed with SVT who were treated in Babol, Iran, between 2018 to 2019. The primary outcomes that were assessed included the immediate procedural success rate, success at 3 months post-ablation, associated complications, and their relationship with demographic and clinical factors. Additionally, changes in patients' QoL and anxiety levels before and after the procedure were analyzed. Procedures included recording His bundle electrograms using quadripolar catheters, performing programmed stimulations, autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol, and delivering radiofrequency energy at target sites for at least 10 min. Complications and recurrence rates were monitored over a follow-up period of 3 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Immediate success was achieved in 98% of cases, with two failures due to complications. Recurrence occurred in 13% of patients within 3 months, significantly associated with higher BMI and diabetes (P=0.024; P=0.026), respectively. Post-procedure, anxiety levels decreased significantly (P<0.001), and all QoL dimensions improved substantially (P<0.001), highlighting the holistic benefits of the procedure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, RFCA is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for SVT, demonstrating high success rates and significant improvements in patient outcomes, including reduced anxiety and enhanced QoL.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 10","pages":"672-680"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12557349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145389883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic Intravenous Furosemide for Reducing Hyponatremia Risk in Monopolar Transurethral Prostate Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Farshad Gholipour, Hossein Bahrami Samani, Alireza Assadi, Amir Behnamfar, Mohammadjavad Nazarpour, Narjes Saberi","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105024.3860","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105024.3860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Despite its widespread use, monopolar TURP carries a risk of significant complications, particularly transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome leading to hyponatremia and fluid overload. The study evaluates whether prophylactic furosemide prevents hyponatremia and TUR syndrome in monopolar TURP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a triple-blind randomized clinical trial conducted in Al-Zahra and Khorshid educational hospitals of Isfahan, Iran, in 2022-2023. Patients undergoing monopolar TURP, were divided into two groups: those receiving preoperative furosemide and a control group. The primary outcomes were changes in serum sodium levels and the incidence of hyponatremia. Secondary outcomes included fluid balance, complication rates, and recovery times. Continuous data were analyzed using <i>t</i> test/Mann-Whitney U, categorical data with Fisher's exact test, and time-based changes with repeated measures ANOVA. Normality was checked via Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and power analysis determined sample size.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The furosemide group demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of hyponatremia than the control group (P=0.008). Additionally, serum sodium levels were significantly higher in the furosemide group after surgery (P=0.011), while potassium levels were lower (P=0.003). Mild hypokalemia was observed as a manageable side effect, primarily in patients with baseline potassium levels below 4.1 mmol/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preoperative administration of furosemide effectively reduces the risk of TUR syndrome during monopolar TURP. Furosemide effectively reduces hyponatremia but may increase hypokalemia in some cases, limiting its clinical utility during monopolar TURP. Patient-specific assessment and further research are needed to ensure its safe and effective use.<b>Trial Registration Number:</b> IRCT20211208053328N2.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 10","pages":"698-706"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12557341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145389864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Intracranial Cavernous Malformation Surgery: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Mei Shao, Qi-Yang Huai, Jian-Wei Song, Fu-Qiang Wang, Yan-Na Li, Xia Li, Feng-Ling Wang","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.104582.3820","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.104582.3820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cavernous malformations, also known as cavernous hemangiomas or cavernomas, are abnormal vascular lesions that can occur in various parts of the body, including intracranially. Surgical resection is often the preferred treatment for symptomatic or high-risk lesions located in eloquent or critical brain or spinal cord regions. However, cerebral cavernous malformation surgery presents unique challenges due to the risk of neurological deficits and the proximity of these lesions to vital neural structures. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) plays a crucial role in enhancing surgical safety, minimizing complications, and optimizing patient outcomes. This review aimed to provide an overview of the various IONM techniques employed during cerebral cavernous malformations resection, particularly the relationship between intraoperative stimulation intensity and distance to fiber tracts or specific brain nuclei as monitored by IONM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"50 10","pages":"661-671"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12557344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145389906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}