Italian Journal of Food Safety最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of hygienic food handling practices and associated factors among food handlers in the Amhara region, Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Lamenew Fenta, Kebadu Tadesse","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2025.12836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.12836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foodborne illnesses as a result of poor food handling practices pose a significant threat to public health. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to pool the level of hygienic food handling practices among food handlers working in public food establishments in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. An inclusive search of databases was undertaken using PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from the 1st of January 2014 to the 30th of December 2023. Data was collected and entered into Excel and finally exported to Stata V.17 for analysis. Eyeball testing using forest plots, Cochrane Q test statistics and I² had been used to identify and measure heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of hygienic food handling practices was estimated using a random effects model. The pooled prevalence of hygienic food handling practices of food handlers in the Amhara region was 48% [95% confidence interval (CI): (43%, 53%)] with significant heterogeneity (I2=94.39%, p<0.05). Food handlers who have more than 2 years of food preparation experience [odds ratio (OR) = 3.51; 95% CI (2.64, 4.38)] and who got food preparation training [OR=2.14; 95% CI (1.06, 3.22)] were significantly associated with good food handling practice in the Amhara region. The pooled prevalence of hygienic food handling practices was low in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. This review indicated that a high level of experience and training in food preparation were the determinants of good food handling practices in the region. This finding can be used by policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and stakeholders for intervention and regulatory measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"16S rRNA metabarcoding applied to the microbiome of insect products (novel food): a comparative analysis of three reference databases.","authors":"Gabriele Spatola, Alice Giusti, Laura Gasperetti, Roberta Nuvoloni, Alessandra Dalmasso, Francesco Chiesa, Andrea Armani","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2025.13171","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2025.13171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 16S rRNA metabarcoding, based on Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), is used to assess microbial biodiversity in various matrices, including food. The process involves a \"dry-lab\" phase where NGS data are processed through bioinformatic pipelines, which finally rely on taxonomic unit assignment against reference databases to assign them at order, genus, and species levels. Today, several public genomic reference databases are available for the taxonomic assignment of the 16S rRNA sequences. In this study, 42 insect-based food products were chosen as food models to find out how reference database choice could affect the microbiome results in food matrices. At the same time, this study aims to evaluate the most suitable reference database to assess the microbial composition of these still poorly investigated products. The V3-V4 region was sequenced by Illumina technology, and the R package \"DADA2\" was used for the bioinformatic analysis. After a bibliographic search, three public databases (SILVA, RDP, NCBI RefSeq) were compared based on amplicon sequence variant (ASV) assignment percentages at different taxonomic levels and diversity indices. SILVA assigned a significantly higher percentage of ASVs to the family and genus levels compared to RefSeq and RDP. However, no significant differences were noted in microbial composition between the databases according to α and β diversity results. A total of 121 genera were identified, with 56.2% detected by all three databases, though some taxa were identified only by one or two. The study highlights the importance of using updated reference databases for accurate microbiome characterization, contributing to the optimization of metabarcoding data analysis in food microbiota studies, including novel foods.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of <i>Salmonella</i> and presumptive <i>Bacillus cereus</i> in sesame products from Swiss retail stores.","authors":"Karen Barmettler, Sara Boss, Michael Biggel, Roger Stephan","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2025.12691","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2025.12691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sesame products such as tahini (tahin) or halva (halwa or helva), originating from Arabic cuisine, are becoming increasingly popular in Switzerland. Pathogens, such as Salmonella, can contaminate sesame products, as evidenced by various product recalls. In this study, the occurrence of Salmonella and Bacillus cereus group members was investigated in 100 sesame products (25 sesame seeds, 16 halva, 19 different sesame pastes, 7 sesame bars, 25 hummus, and 8 other products containing sesame) collected from Swiss retail stores. None of the products were positive for Salmonella, whereas B. cereus group members could be detected with bacterial counts between 1×102 and 9×102 CFU/g in 11 out of 100 (11%) products. The 11 isolates identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight were whole-genome sequenced with Illumina technology to confirm the identity of the pathogen, determine its toxin gene profile, and perform panC typing. Most of the isolates harbored genes encoding the enterotoxins Nhe, Hbl, and CytK. The isolates were assigned to diverse B. cereus group members, including one identified as B. cytotoxicus. In addition, one of the isolates matched genetically with the Thurigiensis strain used in biopesticide products. In conclusion, none of the investigated sesame products contained significant levels of Salmonella or B. cereus group members. However, as B. cereus with pathogenic potential was detected in multiple samples, proper storage is crucial to prevent its growth and ensure consumer safety, especially for products with high water activity such as hummus.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11883752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the potential of bioactive compounds in seaweed to reduce histamine formation in fish and fish products.","authors":"Muhammad Maskur, Asep Awaludin Prihanto, Muhamad Firdaus, Rovina Kobun, Rahmi Nurdiani","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2025.12994","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2025.12994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The formation of histamine in food is influenced by temperature, and histamine growth can be inhibited by maintaining a cold chain. However, simply relying on temperature control is insufficient, as certain bacteria can produce the enzyme histidine decarboxylase even at temperatures below 5°C. To address this issue, various methods, such as modified atmosphere packaging, high hydrostatic pressure, and irradiation, have been developed to control histamine in fishery products. However, these methods often require significant investments. Therefore, there is a need for a cost-effective solution to overcome this problem. This review explores a cost-effective solution through the utilization of bioactive compounds derived from underexplored seaweeds. Seaweed bioactive compounds, either in their pure form or as extracts, offer a promising alternative method to regulate histamine generation in fishery products due to their antibacterial activity, and this review provides comprehensive insights into the potential of different seaweed-derived bioactive compounds as inhibitors of histamine production, detailing their diverse applications in fishery products. It also explores the mechanism by which bioactive compounds prevent histamine formation by bacteria, focusing on the potential of seaweed bioactive compounds to inhibit bacterial histidine decarboxylase. Future trends in the inhibition of histidine decarboxylation are also discussed. The bioactive compounds considered, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolic acids, exhibit their antibacterial effects through various mechanisms, including the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis, disruption of cytoplasmic and cell membranes, and inhibition of enzymes by reacting with sulfhydryl groups on proteins. In conclusion, the integration of underexplored seaweeds in fishery product preservation represents a promising and innovative approach for future food safety and sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of <i>post-mortem</i> inspection outcomes in water buffalo (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>) slaughtered in the province of Caserta (Campania region, southern Italy).","authors":"Maria Francesca Peruzy, Giorgio Smaldone, Nicoletta Gammarano, Fausta Cucciniello, Nicoletta Murru","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.12744","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.12744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To date, data on post-mortem inspection outcomes in water buffaloes are absent. The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence of lesions recorded in buffaloes slaughtered from 2018 to 2022 in the province of Caserta by analyzing the data extracted from the Management Information System for Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health (GISA Campania). Between 2018 and 2022, 185,583 buffaloes were slaughtered, with a growing trend from 2018 (n=29,705) to 2022 (n=47,366). A total of 3985 lesions were recorded. At least one lesion was found in 2846 animals (1.53%). The area most frequently affected by lesions was the reproductive system (n=1046/3985; 26.24%) followed by the udder (n=929/3985; 23.31%), liver (n=511/3985; 12.82%), lungs (n=386/3985; 9.69%) and musculoskeletal system (n=192/3985; 4.82%). Degeneration was the most commonly observed condition in the liver (n=387/511; 75.73%), while pneumonia and pleuritis were frequently reported in the lungs (n=197/386; 51.04%). Additionally, traumatic injuries to the musculoskeletal system were also prevalent (n=152/192; 79.17%), while pericarditis and myocarditis were commonly found in the heart (n=64/102; 62.74%). During the period analyzed, a tuberculous-related lesion was found in 186 animals (15.41%), with a decreasing trend observed over the years. The number of lesions observed in this study is relatively low and has been decreasing over the years. This decline may be related to the adoption of stricter biosecurity measures for controlling infectious diseases and the modernization of livestock practices toward precision farming. This study demonstrates how the slaughterhouse can be an important epidemiological tool. Incorporating increasingly specific data at the slaughterhouse provides epidemiological information that can be used to understand disease trends and causes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11816042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of deep-frying and pan-frying methods on the organoleptic properties, protein, and calcium content of presto milkfish floss (<i>Chanos chanos</i>).","authors":"Evi Kusumawati, Putu Candriasih, Astati Astati","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.13085","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.13085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the impact of deep-frying and pan-frying processing methods on the sensory characteristics, protein content, and calcium levels of presto milkfish floss (Chanos chanos). A pre-experimental study design was employed using a randomized block design, with data analyzed through unpaired t-tests and the Mann-Whitney test at a 95% confidence interval. Significant differences were observed in the acceptability of the floss regarding color, taste, and texture (p<0.05). In contrast, no significant difference was found in aroma (p>0.823) between the deep-fried (A1) and pan-fried (A2) samples. The post-hoc analysis revealed that deep-fried presto milkfish floss (A1) achieved the highest overall acceptability regarding color, taste, aroma, and texture. The deep-fried variant (A1) was preferred by the panelists and met the fish floss quality standards set by SNI 7690-1-2013. This variant was characterized by a yellowish-brown color, enhanced taste due to higher oil content, which determines the number of double bonds that will accelerate the oxidation rate, and a crunchier texture resulting from reduced moisture content, which also slowed microbial growth. The aroma was deemed pleasant and consistent with the ingredients used. Chemical analysis showed that the deep-fried presto milkfish floss (A1) contained 20.6 g of protein and 115.7 mg of calcium per 100 g. This composition contributes approximately 103% of the daily protein requirement and 17.8% of the daily calcium requirement for children aged 2 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal(loid) bioaccumulation in fish and its implications for human health.","authors":"Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Rzgar Farooq Rashid, Khalil Ibrahim Altaif, Sarhang Hayyas Mohammed, Hero Ismael Mohammed, Salah Mahdi Al-Bader","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.12782","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.12782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal(loid)s (HM) pollution in aquatic environments is a serious issue due to the toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of these pollutants. The main sources of HM contamination are industrial activities, mining, agricultural practices, and combustion of fossil fuels. Fish can accumulate HMs through a process called bioaccumulation. As larger predatory fish consume smaller fish, these HMs enter the main food chains and can become increasingly concentrated in their tissues and finally reach humans. Here, we provided a general and concise conclusion from current research findings on the toxicological effects on different body systems. Exposure to HMs can lead to a range of adverse health effects, including neurological damage, developmental disorders, kidney damage, cardiovascular problems, and cancers. Their long-term accumulation can result in chronic toxicity even at low levels of exposure. HMs exert cellular cytotoxicity by disrupting essential cellular processes and structures. They can interfere with enzyme function, disrupt cell membrane integrity, induce oxidative stress, and cause DNA damage, ultimately leading to cell death or dysfunction. Prevention and control of HMs involve implementing measures to reduce their release into the environment through regulations on industrial processes, waste management, and pollution control technologies. Additionally, monitoring and remediation efforts are crucial for identifying contaminated sites and implementing strategies such as soil and water remediation to reduce human exposure and mitigate the impact on ecosystems. To conclude, HM accumulation in fish poses serious risks to public health and the environment, necessitating urgent interdisciplinary efforts to mitigate their harmful effects and promote sustainable practices that reduce HM flow into biological systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11874910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> through the pig meat chain in Sardinia: occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic insight.","authors":"Giuliana Siddi, Francesca Piras, Maria Pina Meloni, Mattia Migoni, Mario Cuccu, Fabrizio Simbula, Eleonora Serra, Luigi Crobu, Myriam Casula, Fabiana Manca, Alessio Sau, Pernille Gymoese, Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa, Enrico Pietro Luigi De Santis, Christian Scarano","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.13199","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.13199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to characterize Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica detected in fattening pigs in Sardinia, examining genetic similarity and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from farms and slaughterhouses and evaluating carcass hygiene. Environmental samples were collected from six pig farms, and the same pigs were also sampled at the slaughterhouses. Palatine tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, colon content, and carcass surface samples were collected and tested for Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica. Antimicrobial resistance testing and whole genome sequencing were performed on all isolates. Carcass surface samples were tested for total aerobic colony count (ACC) and Enterobacteriaceae count (EBC). Y. enterocolitica was found in two farms (33%), while Salmonella was absent in environmental farm samples. At slaughterhouses, 13.1% of pigs were found positive for Salmonella (lymph nodes, colon content, and palatine tonsils samples), but Y. enterocolitica was not detected. Salmonella isolates were typed as monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34 and S. Goldcoast ST358, with few allelic differences among isolates of the same ST. Salmonella ST34 showed resistance towards ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline (blaTEM-1B, aph(3 )-Ib, sul2 and tetB genes, R-type ASSuT). Y. enterocolitica isolates (biotype 2, ST853, and ST859) showed resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (blaA gene). Process hygiene criteria were generally met, with mean (log10 CFU/cm2 ± standard deviation) values for ACC and EBC being 2.23±0.74 and 0.75±0.81. Pigs of Sardinia are confirmed carriers of Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica, but overall hygienic status in farms and slaughterhouses in Sardinia is acceptable. Monophasic S. Typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica isolates showed typical resistance patterns. Monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34 isolates with R-type ASSuT are confirmed as epidemic clones.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11816032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EAVLD 2024 - 7^th Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.","authors":"The Editors","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.13488","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.13488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This abstract book contains the abstracts presented at the 7th Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"13 4","pages":"13488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11740014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibiting potential of selected lactic acid bacteria isolated from Costa Rican agro-industrial waste against <i>Salmonella</i> sp. in yogurt.","authors":"Valeria Piedra, Jessie Usaga, Mauricio Redondo-Solano, Lidieth Uribe-Lorío, Carol Valenzuela-Martínez, Natalia Barboza","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.12494","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2024.12494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Costa Rican agro-industrial waste and explore their bioprotective potential against Salmonella in yogurt. A total of 43 LAB isolates were identified using the 16S rRNA region. In vitro inhibition of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was determined. A total of 15 of the 43 isolates showed a good to strong antimicrobial effect against at least two pathogens. A total of 14 selected isolates were evaluated for antibiotic resistance, gelatinase, and hemolytic activity. The bioprotective effect of the most promising strain, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, was assessed against Salmonella sp. during yogurt fermentation. All the isolates were resistant to vancomycin and showed variable degrees of susceptibility to other antibiotics. All of the isolates were negative for gelatinase, and 5 isolates had no hemolytic activity. A significant inhibitory effect of L. pentosus_58(6)-2I (p<0.05) against Salmonella during fermentation was found, but pathogen reduction was limited to 0.611 log CFU/mL.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11816040/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}