Italian Journal of Food Safety最新文献

{"title":"Presence of aflatoxins B and G and ochratoxin A in artisanal dried fruit ice cream produced in the province of Messina, Italy.","authors":"Federica Spinola, Salvatore Forgia, Sara Mandarino, Stefania Marotta, Luca Nalbone, Filippo Giarratana, Alessandro Giuffrida","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.13545","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.13545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate and identify the presence of aflatoxins B and G, as well as ochratoxin A, in pistachio and hazelnut ice cream samples produced at the artisanal level in the province of Messina, Italy. This research is motivated by concerns regarding the sourcing of raw materials and ingredients, such as pure nut paste, used in artisanal ice cream production. It is hypothesized that these ingredients may contain higher levels of contaminants compared to those used at the industrial production level, where the control over raw materials is generally more stringent. Considering that approximately 10% pure paste is used in the preparation of artisanal ice cream, the concentrations of pure pistachio and hazelnut pastes were calculated by adjusting the results obtained from the analysis of the ice cream for a dilution factor of 1:10. According to Regulation (EU) No. 2023/915, 36% of both pistachio and hazelnut pure pastes were found potentially to be non-compliant with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. The results substantiate the hypothesis regarding the critical importance of sourcing pure nuts at the artisanal level. They underscore the necessity of supplier validation within this production segment, indicating that ice cream can also pose a risk of consumer exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146010486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning and food inspection: use of Bayesian Network modeling to support official controls in the food industries.","authors":"Luca Nalbone, Salvatore Forgia, Filippo Giarratana, Graziella Ziino, Salvatore Monaco, Santino La Macchia, Alessandro Giuffrida","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.13491","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.13491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to develop a machine learning model capable of predicting the type of non-compliance (NC) most likely to be detected by competent authorities during official control of food establishments based on their structural, product, and management characteristics. A Bayesian Network (BN) model was developed using data from 145 NCs detected by the Local Health Authority of Messina during 588 official controls performed on 101 approved food establishments between 2018 and 2021. The NCs were classified into 10 distinct categories based on the requirement not met: i) structural and equipment conditions; ii) water supply; iii) fight against pests; iv) hygiene of staff and processing; v) cleaning and sanitizing conditions; vi) raw materials, semi-finished and finished products; vii) labeling; viii) traceability; ix) hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP); and x) microbiological criteria according to Regulation (EC) 2005/2073. The model was constructed by associating the number and type of NC with the criteria and corresponding evaluations established by the Veterinary Services for each food establishment risk categorization according to Annex 2 of the Intesa Stato-Regioni CSR 212/2016. In detail, 8 different criteria were considered: i) date of construction or renovation; ii) general maintenance conditions; iii) marketing area; iv) food category; v) product intended use; vi) professionalism of management; vii) hygienic-sanitary training of employees; and viii) HACCP self-control plan. The BN model was implemented using the Hugin Lite software, considering the NC type as the parent node and the 8 different criteria as the child nodes. The implemented model allowed the prediction of the most probable type of NCs by inputting the evaluations of each risk categorization criterion for a given food establishment into the child nodes. A total of 25 NCs detected in 10 food establishments during 2024 were used to validate the model. The validation cases were not included in the learning dataset. The model correctly predicted the occurrence of 19 NCs (76%), while 6 NCs (24%) were not predicted, and 3 NCs (12%) were rightly predicted as the most probable ones. Although further efforts are needed to implement the model with a greater amount of data, this study highlights the potential of a BN-based approach as a valuable tool for competent authorities in organizing and performing official controls from a new technological and sustainable perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in pig liver and muscle: implications for food safety.","authors":"Giacomo Depau, Luca Sardi, Simona Belperio, Teresa Gazzotti, Giulia Rampazzo, Elisa Zironi, Giampiero Pagliuca","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14736","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants with high mobility and potential health risks. Despite growing regulatory attention, data on tissue-specific distribution in pigs remain scarce. This study aimed to assess PFAS occurrence in pig liver and muscle (longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus) to support risk-based monitoring strategies. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for 13 PFAS, following European Union Reference Laboratory for Persistent Organic Pollutants and Regulation (EU) 2022/1428 guidelines. Liver and muscle samples from pigs reared under controlled dietary conditions were analyzed. The method showed excellent linearity, precision, and trueness; the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.04 μg/kg for all matrices. The perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were consistently detected in liver samples, whereas PFAS concentrations in the two muscle cuts remained mostly below the LOQ, with only occasional PFOA quantification in a subset of samples. None of the samples exceeded current EU maximum levels [Regulation (EU) 2023/915]. Our findings confirm a marked hepatic accumulation of PFAS and negligible contamination in muscle, showing the liver as a priority matrix for biomonitoring. Consumer exposure through pork muscle appears minimal, while offal consumption requires attention. These preliminary data contribute to defining risk-based control strategies in the pork production chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A validated multi-residue ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method for emerging mycotoxins in pork, liver and pig feed.","authors":"Patrizio Lorusso, Alessio Manfredi, Luca Maria Chiesa, Sara Panseri, Maria Nobile, Sergio Ghidini, Angela Di Pinto, Elisabetta Bonerba","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.14740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging mycotoxins produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species, such as enniatins (ENN), beauvericin (BEA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), are increasingly detected along the feed-food chain and raise growing concerns for animal health and food safety. Despite their widespread occurrence, regulatory limits are currently lacking, mainly due to insufficient occurrence and exposure data, highlighting the need for robust analytical methods applicable to both feed and edible animal tissues. In this study, a multi-residue ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seven emerging mycotoxins (AOH, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) in pork, liver, and pig feed. Sample preparation was based on solvent extraction followed by a defatting step, while chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed-phase column coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry operating in full-scan and product ion scan modes. Method validation was performed according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2782, evaluating selectivity, linearity, precision, recovery, and sensitivity. Excellent linearity was obtained for all analytes in all matrices, with coefficients of determination >0.99. Recoveries ranged from 70 to 91% in liver, from 72 to 95% in muscle and from 73 to 120% in feed, while intra- and inter-day precision values were consistently below 15%. The limit of quantification was established at 1 ng g⁻¹ for all compounds. Overall, the validated UHPLC-HRMS method proved to be sensitive, selective, and reproducible, providing a reliable analytical tool for monitoring emerging mycotoxins in swine production and associated feedstuffs and supporting future occurrence studies, exposure assessments, and risk evaluation activities along the agri-food chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of foodborne disease burden associated with protein foods: a 13-year evaluation of incidence and outbreaks in high-income countries.","authors":"Ana Sofia Faria, Vasco Cadavez, Miguel Angel Prieto, Ursula Gonzales-Barron","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.14867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This investigation focused on the compilation and analysis of the incidence of foodborne diseases and foodborne outbreaks related to protein-based foods, published in official surveillance reports from the European Union (EU), United States of America (USA), Canada, and New Zealand (NZ), in the period of 2010-2023, for foodborne pathogens norovirus, Campylobacter spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica (non-typhoidal, typhoid, and paratyphoid) and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Most outbreaks reported during this period were caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella, norovirus, and Campylobacter spp., predominantly in European Member States (MS), followed by the USA. This compilation analysis evidenced the heterogeneity between regions/countries in the contribution of protein foods to total strong evidence outbreaks that occurred in the studied period. For instance, whereas in the USA, \"cheese\" was the most frequent source of listeriosis (52.6%), in EU-MS, \"meat\" was the topmost contributor (43.1%). In EU-MS, norovirus outbreaks were mainly associated with \"crustaceans and mollusks\" (80.9%); \"eggs\" accounted for most salmonellosis (52.1%) outbreaks, followed by \"meat\" (27.1%), the latter of which was also the largest contributor to campylobacteriosis (66.9%) and STEC outbreaks (52.7%). Strong-evidence cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in EU-MS were attributed to \"cheese,\" while in NZ and the USA, they were all linked to \"milk.\" In the USA and NZ, salmonellosis was frequently associated with \"meat\" (44.3-46.9%); campylobacteriosis, with \"milk\" (44.9-45.2%); and norovirus outbreaks were attributed to \"crustaceans and mollusks\" (21.2-29%), \"dough-based derivatives\" (9.7-26.7%), and composite meals, i.e., \"meat-based meals\" (16.3-32.3%) and \"seafood-based meals\" (12.9-14.1%). STEC was often linked to \"milk\" in NZ (62.5%) and to \"meat\" in the USA (54.1%).</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectroscopic control of fish products: simultaneous recognition of species and thawed status in large-scale distribution.","authors":"Martina Marcolin Roncato, Sarah Currò, Tatiana Breda, Aurora Franceschi, Mirko Bernardini, Sara Strazzacappa, Jacopo Ferlito, Matteo Gazziero, Enrico Novelli, Federico Fontana, Laura Da Dalt, Luca Fasolato, Stefania Balzan","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.14840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the context of globalized food production, traceability is a key requirement in the fisheries sector, particularly for prepared and packaged fish products, where processing may hinder visual inspection and increase the risk of mislabeling. Reliable analytical tools are essential, therefore, to discriminate product status (fresh or frozen-thawed) and to ensure accurate species identification, which is essential for food safety and consumer protection. This study investigates near-infrared spectroscopy as a rapid, non-destructive approach to support the traceability of packaged fish products in large-scale retail chains. An innovative in-field methodology was developed, enabling the acquisition of spectroscopic fingerprints directly at the point of sale using a handheld instrument operating in contact with the transparent plastic film. A total of 218 samples were analyzed across 40 different retail points. Spectral data were acquired both with and without packaging to generate two datasets. Chemometric and machine learning approaches were applied to process spectral data and develop classification models. The best models achieved satisfactory classification accuracies ranging from 0.92 to 0.69 and showed strong agreement between predictions obtained from spectra acquired with and without plastic film (Cohen's κ=0.83 for fresh vs. frozen-thawed classification and κ=0.77 for species identification). These results demonstrate the ability of portable near infrared spectroscopy to identify both fish species and physical status, supporting self-monitoring and official controls by reducing response times and product handling, with potential integration into blockchain-based traceability systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of chemical, heavy metal, and microbiological contamination of Indonesian seaweed-based food products.","authors":"Dian Anggraini Suroto, Restu Nurkholifah, Aiman Arkan, Muhammad Wildan Ashidiqie, Rachma Wikandari","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.13812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.13812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indonesia ranks as the second-largest global producer of seaweed. To maximize the use of these resources, innovative seaweed-based food products are being developed. This study evaluates the prevalence of chemical and microbiological contamination in Indonesian seaweed-based food products. Microbiological parameters assessed included total viable count, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio species, Salmonella species, and yeast and mold. Chemical contamination was evaluated by measuring aflatoxin B1 and conducting a comprehensive assessment of heavy metals. Results indicated that 20% of samples contained aflatoxin B1 at concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 2.12 µg/kg. Heavy metal analysis showed contamination with lead in 50% of samples, arsenic in 35%, cadmium in 25%, and mercury in 5%. Only 25% of heavy-metal-contaminated samples exceeded the Indonesian National Standard limits. Microbial counts ranged from fewer than 10 to 105 CFU/g, coliforms from fewer than 3 to 830 MPN/g, and yeast and molds from fewer than 10 to 102 CFU/g. All samples had E. coli and S. aureus counts below 10 CFU/g and tested negative for Salmonella and Vibrio species. Most products were assessed as safe for consumption. The findings underscore the need for improved food-processing practices to enhance product quality, ensure higher safety standards, and increase overall market value.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of two thawing methods on the shelf life of cephalopod mollusks.","authors":"Loriana Casalino, Marika Di Paolo, Marica Egidio, Giusi Fiore, Sophia Alesio, Sara Balestra, Giacomo Peres, Raffaele Marrone","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.14757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thawing is a critical step in cephalopod processing, as it affects physicochemical parameters, microbial stability, and overall product quality. Current European and national guidelines recommend consuming or processing thawed cephalopods within 24 hours, a restriction that often results in substantial food waste. This study evaluated the impact of two thawing methods-rapid water-immersion thawing and slow refrigerated thawing-on the quality of Octopus Vulgaris and Illex Argentinus over 48 hours of refrigerated storage. A total of 12 animals (6 per species) were thawed using either method (3 rapidly thawed and 3 slowly thawed per species), and sensory quality (organoleptic examination and electronic nose), pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, color, and microbiological indices (mesophilic counts, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliforms) were analyzed at T0 (day of thawing), T1 (24 hours post-thawing), and T2 (48 hours post-thawing). The results indicate that rapid thawing more effectively preserved the chemical and sensory characteristics of Illex Argentinus compared to Octopus Vulgaris up to 48 hours post-thawing, whereas slow thawing better preserved the microbiological quality of both species over the same period. Rapid thawing also maintained microbiological parameters within acceptable limits, suggesting that the trends observed beyond the currently recommended 24 hours after thawing may offer useful information for future studies aimed at better defining post-thaw shelf-life evolution in cephalopods thawed with different methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147698599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological quality and regulatory compliance of ground game meat produced in central Italy under Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005.","authors":"Andrea Cantarini, Filomena Limone, Raffaella Branciari, Rossana Roila, Federico Fiorucci, Chiara Baldinelli, David Ranucci","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14663","DOIUrl":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The establishment of structured supply chains for hunted game meat has fostered the development of a wide range of products intended for the food service sector. Among these, minced meat has gained particular prominence due to its practicality. Nonetheless, the grinding process can enhance microbial proliferation, posing potential challenges to product quality and safety. The hygienic profile of deep-frozen minced wild boar (Sus scrofa) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) meat remains insufficiently characterized. A total of 70 minced meat samples (corresponding to 10 batches from wild boar and 4 from roe deer) were collected over a 1-year period from a dedicated processing facility. The samples were processed and subjected to aerobic colony counts (ACC), β-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli counts, and the detection of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. The mean ACC was 4.64±0.75 Log CFU/g, with no significant differences between wild boar (4.65 Log CFU/g) and roe deer (4.61 Log CFU/g) samples. Differences were observed for E. coli counts, with mean values of 2.60±1.02 Log CFU/g for wild boar and 1.90±0.81 Log CFU/g for roe deer. Neither Salmonella spp. nor L. monocytogenes was detected in any of the samples. When compared against the process hygiene criteria established by European legislation, 95.71% of the samples were classified as satisfactory and 4.29% as acceptable for ACC. However, with respect to E. coli, 35.71% of the samples exceeded 500 CFU/g, a level regarded as unsatisfactory for minced meat set in Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147698639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global assessment of aflatoxin M₁in raw milk and some milk products' research from 2010 to 2024: a bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Oyebade Olusegun Ikusika, Conference Thando Mpendulo, Oluwakamisi Festus Akinmoladun","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2026.14087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.14087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a toxic compound produced by fungi, frequently contaminates milk and milk products. Therefore, consuming food tainted with AFM1 poses severe, even life-threatening, health risks. This bibliometric study analyzed publications related to AFM1 retrieved from the Web of Science database, covering the period from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2024. We examined articles based on various criteria, including publication year, citation counts, authors, research areas, countries, institutional affiliations, journals, and keywords to pinpoint emerging and trending topics. Biblioshiny (R-packages) was used to visualize global collaboration networks and research hotspots. We identified 844 relevant documents. Food Control emerged as the leading journal in AFM1 research, with 122 publications. China was both the most productive country and demonstrated the highest level of institutional affiliation. Our study provides both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the top 25 journals, most-cited articles, leading authors, and frequently occurring title words in AFM1-related literature. Notably, AFM1 research has experienced significant global growth over the past fifteen years. Therefore, this bibliometric assessment offers valuable insight into the historical development and current trends in AFM1 research. Our findings can guide future investigations and contribute to improved decision-making in healthcare, public policy, and dairy industry practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147698634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}