Hannes Höller, Anna Ivanova, Farhad Schabaz, Ariane von Krosigk, Carmen Wiese, Eva Wolf, Celia Jonsson-Oldenbüttel, Sebastian Noe
{"title":"Persistence on dolutegravir-containing two- and three-drug-regimens in clinical practice.","authors":"Hannes Höller, Anna Ivanova, Farhad Schabaz, Ariane von Krosigk, Carmen Wiese, Eva Wolf, Celia Jonsson-Oldenbüttel, Sebastian Noe","doi":"10.1177/09564624251384518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09564624251384518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundDrug-sparing antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens are gaining interest in the treatment of HIV-1. Dolutegravir (DTG), a second-generation integrase inhibitor, has been pivotal in this development, allowing treatment with fewer drugs while maintaining virologic control. This study aimed to analyze and compare treatment persistence in people with HIV (PWH) on DTG-based two-drug regimens (2DRs) and three-drug regimens (3DRs) at an HIV center in Munich, Germany.MethodsRetrospective, observational, longitudinal analysis using electronic patient records at MVZ München am Goetheplatz. All people with HIV-1 receiving DTG-containing ART regimens-combined with rilpivirine (RPV) or lamivudine (3TC) for 2DRs, or with tenofovir (TAF or TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC), or abacavir (ABC) and FTC for 3DRs-were included. Exclusion criteria included HIV-2 infection or concomitant use of other antiretroviral drugs. The primary endpoint was the comparison of time-to-discontinuation between 2DRs and 3DRs. Secondary endpoints included an analysis of reasons for discontinuation. Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank tests, and accelerated failure time (AFT) models were used for statistical analysis.ResultsOverall, 854 individuals were included in the study, with 462 (54.1%) on a 2DR. For the primary endpoint, 141 events occurred. In the unadjusted analysis, treatment persistence was significantly longer in the 2DR group compared to the 3DR group (p = .005, log-rank test). Median persistence was not reached in either group. In AFT models, being on a 2DR was associated with a 74.9% (23.0%-126.8%), 85.7% (30.5%-140.8%), and 98.0% (36.7%-159.0%) longer time-to-discontinuation in the unadjusted, partially adjusted (sex, age, route of transmission), and fully adjusted models (additionally adjusted for CD4 nadir and baseline resistance) after multiple imputation, respectively. For the secondary endpoint, 196 events occurred. Persistence on 2DRs and 3DRs was found to be comparable (<i>p</i> = .190). Reasons for discontinuation included cardiovascular risk, unspecified side effects, gastrointestinal side effects, impaired kidney function, weight gain, convenience (switch to a single-tablet regimen), and other factors. Weight gain (<i>p</i> = .018), impaired renal function (<i>p</i> = .008), cardiovascular risk (<i>p</i> = .004), unspecified side effects (<i>p</i> = .003), gastrointestinal side effects (<i>p</i> = .003), and switching to a single-tablet regimen (<i>p</i> < .001) remained significant after adjusting for multiple testing.ConclusionsThis study found significant associations between the type of antiretroviral treatment regimen (2DR or 3DR) and time-to-discontinuation. DTG-based 2DRs were associated with significantly longer treatment persistence compared to 3DRs, as confirmed in parametric and non-parametric time-to-event analyses and after adjusting for baseline differences. Virologic efficacy was comparable between the two regimens, aligning with previo","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"9564624251384518"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martyna Kiolbasa, Agnieszka Kotlarz, Konrad Kaminiów, Maciej Pastuszczak
{"title":"Elevated IL-10 serum levels are associated with slower serological response following syphilis treatment during pregnancy.","authors":"Martyna Kiolbasa, Agnieszka Kotlarz, Konrad Kaminiów, Maciej Pastuszczak","doi":"10.1177/09564624241303816","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624241303816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundApproximately 50% of pregnant individuals treated for syphilis do not achieve a decline in non-treponemal titers by delivery. The serological response in pregnant persons is significantly slower compared to non-pregnant individuals, with unclear pathogenesis and clinical significance. This study aimed to determine the association between the host immune response and serological outcome in pregnant individuals with syphilis.MethodsTwenty-four females with early syphilis, including 14 pregnant individuals, were included. Pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β) were measured before treatment and 6 months after penicillin injection.ResultsThe median time to serological cure was 5 months for pregnant individuals and 2 months for non-pregnant females. Pregnant individuals had significantly higher serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-β at baseline and at 6 months post-treatment compared to non-pregnant individuals (<i>p</i> < .05).ConclusionsA robust regulatory immune response to syphilis may be associated with a slower serological response to therapy during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"879-884"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women attending four community-based clinics in Thailand, 2019-2021.","authors":"Jutatip Sillabutra, Sarika Pattanasin, Wachiraporn Wanichnopparat, Akarin Hiransuthikul, Sutthi Jareinpituk, Sujittra Suriwong, Nittaya Phanuphak, Pratana Satitvipawee","doi":"10.1177/09564624251352058","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251352058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (CT) infections are prevalent and often asymptomatic. Point-of-Care (PoC) tests offer a diagnostic option. We described the incidence and predictors of CT infection using secondary data collected from men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) attending Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) clinics in Thailand.MethodsMSM and TGW aged ≥18 and had HIV risks were enrolled and followed for 12 months with visits every 3 months. Behavioral risks and Sexually Transmitted Infection testing were assessed at every visits. Specimens were collected via pharyngeal swab, urine sample, rectal swab, and neovaginal swab for TGW. These specimens were tested for CT using PoC test. The incidence was calculated using survival analysis, and the Cox regression model for multiple failures.ResultsFrom 2019-2021, 1886 participants were enrolled. Of these, 89.7% were MSM; 10.3% were TGW: 20.7% were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining participants, 18.2% had CT at baseline, with 36.4% experiencing repeat infections. The incidence rate of CT was 42.9 infections per 100 person-years. Predictors of CT infections included enrollment year, age 18-24 years, HIV status, pre-exposure prophylaxis and condom use.ConclusionRepeat CT infections were common. CBOs should incorporate POC STI testing into services, and the provision of STI prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"863-870"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa, Caíque Jordan Nunes Ribeiro, Guilherme Reis de Santana Santos, Matheus Vinícius Cardoso Santos, José Flávio Cerqueira Dos Santos Júnior, Emerson Lucas Silva Camargo, Ana Paula Morais Fernandes, Talita Morais Fernandes, Liliane Moretti Carneiro, Isabel Amélia Costa Mendes
{"title":"HIV prevalence and prevention behaviors among immigrant men who have sex with men in Brazil and Portugal.","authors":"Alvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa, Caíque Jordan Nunes Ribeiro, Guilherme Reis de Santana Santos, Matheus Vinícius Cardoso Santos, José Flávio Cerqueira Dos Santos Júnior, Emerson Lucas Silva Camargo, Ana Paula Morais Fernandes, Talita Morais Fernandes, Liliane Moretti Carneiro, Isabel Amélia Costa Mendes","doi":"10.1177/09564624251347491","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251347491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundThis study aimed to assess HIV prevalence and associated sexual behaviors among immigrant men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil and Portugal, recognizing the elevated vulnerability of this population due to sociocultural and structural barriers.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted between January 2020 and May 2021 with 2033 immigrant MSM. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling through dating applications. Data were self-reported and analyzed to identify associations between sexual behaviors and HIV status.ResultsThe overall HIV prevalence was 11.7%. Higher-risk sexual practices were frequent, including receptive anal intercourse and having multiple sexual partners. Conversely, low adoption of preventive behaviors such as sexual abstinence and non-penetrative sex was observed. Condomless sex was commonly justified by trust in partners or recent negative HIV test results. Factors independently associated with unprotected sex included being versatile or receptive in anal sex and not disclosing HIV status on dating apps. Gaps in HIV prevention knowledge and engagement were also identified.ConclusionsImmigrant MSM in Brazil and Portugal experience a high burden of HIV and engage in behaviors that increase their risk of infection. Cultural and structural barriers-such as language difficulties, limited healthcare access, and stigma-contribute to inadequate prevention practices. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted, culturally competent public health interventions to expand access to HIV prevention strategies and reduce transmission risk in this underserved population.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"849-856"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helen Fifer, Muhammad Azam Ismail, Suneeta Soni, Uzochi Nwaosu, S Tariq Sadiq, Alice Milligan, John Saunders, Nicholas Medland
{"title":"British Association of Sexual Health and HIV UK National Guideline for the Management of infection with <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>, 2025.","authors":"Helen Fifer, Muhammad Azam Ismail, Suneeta Soni, Uzochi Nwaosu, S Tariq Sadiq, Alice Milligan, John Saunders, Nicholas Medland","doi":"10.1177/09564624251345195","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251345195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This guideline offers recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and health promotion principles needed for the effective management of gonorrhoea. It is an update of the 2018 guideline.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"826-840"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Complementary and alternative medicines among people living with HIV: results from the CAMPER study.","authors":"Lolita Sasset, Maria Mazzitelli, Mattia Trunfio, Angela Londero, Vincenzo Scaglione, Silvia Cavinato, Roberto Luzzati, Marina Malena, Vinicio Manfrin, Annamaria Cattelan","doi":"10.1177/09564624251359060","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251359060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundWe analyzed the prevalence of complementary/alternative medicines (CAM) in people living with HIV (PLWH) and effects on immunovirological response, treatment adherence, and quality of life (QoL).MethodsA multicentre cross-sectional observational study involving PLWH who were stably on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) between 2018 and 2019. Participants completed a modified International Questionnaire to Measure Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (I-CAM-Q). CAM use was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models were implemented to study factors associated.ResultsCAM use (predominantly vitamins and dietary supplements: 64.2%) was reported by 38.5% of the 548 participants. Higher CAM use was noted in men who have sex with men, Caucasians, people with hepatitis C virus, and those with higher level of education. 76.3% used CAM for a better well-being, energy restoration, and aesthetic purposes. Multivariable analysis identified ethnicity, HIV acquisition route, HCV status, level of education, plasma undetectability and cardiovascular diseases as significant factors influencing CAM use. Immunovirological response, treatment adherence, and QoL were not significantly different between CAM users and non-users.ConclusionsThe study highlighted a high prevalence of CAM use in PLWH, revealing no adverse effects on treatment efficacy or clinical outcomes. Demographic factors influence CAM use, underscoring the need for healthcare providers to explore CAM use, promoting information and safe care.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"892-901"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circinate balanitis in HLA B27 spondyloarthrithis: A report of two cases.","authors":"Ammu Shanmughan, Betsy Ambooken, Jijith Krishnan, Vayapurath Gangadharan Binesh","doi":"10.1177/09564624251352051","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251352051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circinate balanitis is a characteristic mucocutaneous lesion commonly associated with reactive arthritis (ReA), previously described as Reiter's disease. It typically presents alongside other ReA symptoms, including urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis, but can occasionally occur as an isolated finding. We report two cases of circinate balanitis occurring in patients with HLA B27-positive spondyloarthritis, without the classical triad of reactive arthritis. A 32-year-old male presented with recurrent erosions on the glans penis for 2 years, with a history of HLA B27-positive spondyloarthritis. He was on treatment with tofacitinib, deflazacort, and sulfasalazine. A skin biopsy from the scrotum confirmed the diagnosis of psoriasis. MRI spine and sacrum showed anterior syndesmophyte formation and right-sided sacroillitis. The final diagnosis was circinate balanitis in association with HLA B27-positive psoriatic spondyloarthritis. A 41-year-old male presented with recurrent erosions on the glans penis for 4 years with history of HLA B27 positivity, and ankylosing spondyloarthritis. The biopsy from the glans penis showed squamous hyperplasia. MRI spine and pelvis was suggestive of inflammatory spondyloarthropathy of the cervical, dorsal and lumbar spine with bilateral sacroilitis. The final diagnosis was circinate balanitis with primary ankylosing spondylitis. Both cases highlight the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing between different forms of spondyloarthritis in the presence ofcircinate balanitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"909-911"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shahid Bukhari, Ruth Byrne, Yemi Daramola, Christina Antoniadi, Marta Boffito
{"title":"Necrotic skin reaction following the administration of intramuscular injections of long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine and alternatively-sourced testosterone.","authors":"Shahid Bukhari, Ruth Byrne, Yemi Daramola, Christina Antoniadi, Marta Boffito","doi":"10.1177/09564624251352050","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251352050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this case, we describe a 52-year-old man who was switched to long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine (CAB/RPV LA) injectable antiretroviral therapy (ART) on a background of well-controlled HIV. He subsequently developed a painful and swollen area on his right ventrogluteal region 10 days after his first CAB/RPV LA injections when he injected alternatively sourced testosterone in the same region. Examination findings showed a firm and defined lump with ecchymosis noted on the skin overlying. His initial blood results did not show any gross abnormalities and an ultrasound of the area was equivocal. After being reviewed in ambulatory care, the emergency department and an outpatient plastic surgery clinic settings over the course of 3 weeks, the swelling and skin changes gradually resolved. He was then switched back to oral ART on subsequent review.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"907-908"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abhishek R Mogili, Omi Singh, Parth Dhruve, Anna Martens, Rachel Kasdin, Sarah Weihl, Bashar Zaidat, Matthew Erdos, Beverly Forsyth
{"title":"HIV self-testing knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance in New York City.","authors":"Abhishek R Mogili, Omi Singh, Parth Dhruve, Anna Martens, Rachel Kasdin, Sarah Weihl, Bashar Zaidat, Matthew Erdos, Beverly Forsyth","doi":"10.1177/09564624251355833","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251355833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundHIV testing is a critical strategy for prevention. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many community-based organizations (CBOs) offering free HIV testing were unable to provide in-person services. Innovations like free HIV Self-Testing (HIVST), provided a solution and can be done outside clinical settings, help address barriers such as cost, availability, and stigma. However, HIVST uptake remains low in resource-rich settings like the US, and best practices for integrating it into existing HIV services are still undetermined.MethodsGay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) partnered with the NYC Health Department (NYCDOHMH) to distribute free HIVST kits. From April to February 2023, survey data was collected to assess client barriers and HIVST's role in a differentiated service model.ResultsThe survey had 201 participants, 151 in the in-person testing group and 50 in the at-home group. The study revealed that 34.7% of in-person respondents were unaware that HIVST was an option. In-person testers were less likely to trust an HIVST test result compared with an in-person test result, and all testers were more likely to choose the same method they previously used. Nevertheless, there was interest in HIVST: 24% of in-person testers indicated interest in HIVST for their next test.ConclusionsHIVST can supplement in-person testing in settings with fragmented healthcare systems and limited continuity of care. Respondents demonstrated low awareness but notable interest in HIVST, suggesting its potential to improve access, particularly for populations more likely to use it than in-person options. Further research is needed to optimize HIVST implementation within existing service models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"871-878"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sophie Ettinger, John C Castle, Julian Robinson, Nicolas Pinto-Sander, Daniel Richardson
{"title":"The characteristics of men who have sex with men with <i>Blastocystis</i>: A systematic review.","authors":"Sophie Ettinger, John C Castle, Julian Robinson, Nicolas Pinto-Sander, Daniel Richardson","doi":"10.1177/09564624251349910","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251349910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective<i>Blastocystis</i> is an enteric parasite which can cause gastrointestinal symptoms and may be sexually transmissible in men who have sex with men (MSM). This review aimed to explore the characteristics of MSM with <i>Blastocystis</i>.MethodFive bibliographical databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, EMCARE, Cochrane-central) were searched for manuscripts which explored the characteristics of MSM with <i>Blastocystis</i> written in English, French or Spanish in October 2024. Following the initial search, duplicates were removed, and two authors independently conducted a full text review and risk of bias assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute toolkits. Narrative data were synthesised to generate themes. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO(ID:CRD42024582946).ResultsFourteen manuscripts were included in this review; from Australia (<i>n</i> = 2), Spain (<i>n</i> = 2), Denmark (<i>n</i> = 2), USA (<i>n</i> = 2), UK(<i>n</i> = 1), Italy (<i>n</i> = 1), France (<i>n</i> = 1), Germany (<i>n</i> = 1), Canada (<i>n</i> = 1) & China (<i>n</i> = 1) published between 1988 and 2022. The manuscripts were case-reports (<i>n</i> = 2), case-series (<i>n</i> = 1) and cross-sectional studies (<i>n</i> = 11) and included 693 MSM who tested positive for <i>Blastocystis.</i> The majority of MSM in this review were living with HIV which either represents a biological, a behavioural (surrogate) characteristic or a confounding association. This review also highlighted demographic (being asymptomatic), behavioural (multiple sexual partners, recent (tropical) travel, oral-anal sex) and infection (co-infection with STI [<i>N</i>. <i>gonorrhoeae, C</i>. <i>trachomatis</i>], co-infection with other sexually transmissible enteric pathogens [<i>Salmonella spp., Campylobacter</i> spp.<i>, E.coli, E</i>. <i>histolytica, G</i>. <i>duodenalis, Cryptosporidium</i> spp.], co-infection with intestinal spirochaetosis<i>,</i> co-infection with a non-pathogenic enteric parasite) characteristics of MSM who tested positive for <i>Blastocystis.</i>ConclusionThis review serves as a resource for future public health control strategies, clinical guidelines and research to understand the sexual transmissibility of <i>Blastocystis</i> in MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"841-848"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}