Ella P Davies, Motoyuki Tsuboi, Jayne Evans, Jane Rowley, Eline L Korenromp, Tim Clayton, R Matthew Chico
{"title":"A global meta-analysis of gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalence among men who have sex with men from 2000 to 2022.","authors":"Ella P Davies, Motoyuki Tsuboi, Jayne Evans, Jane Rowley, Eline L Korenromp, Tim Clayton, R Matthew Chico","doi":"10.1177/09564624251333489","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251333489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionWe conducted a global systematic review and meta-analysis of gonorrhoea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men (MSM) from 2000 to 2022.MethodsWe searched four databases to identify studies conducted between 1 January 2000 and 19 April 2022 that reported prevalence from aetiological assays. We extracted data, calculated point estimates, corrected and then pooled them using random-effects models. We stratified results by United Nations regions and conducted subgroup analyses established <i>apriori.</i>Results172 studies met our inclusion criteria, providing 387 prevalence data points from 57 countries. The overall pooled prevalence for gonorrhoea was 7.2% [95% CI: 6.0 to 8.5; 188 data points; <i>n</i> = 347,253] and for chlamydia was 9.9% (95% CI: 8.8 to 11.0; 190 data points; <i>n</i> = 342,799). For gonorrhoea, pooled prevalence between 2000 and 2010 was 5.0% (95% CI: 3.7 to 6.5; 89 data points; <i>n</i> = 78,557) compared to 9.3% (7.7-11.1; 99 data points; <i>n</i> = 268,696) between 2011 and 2022, <i>p</i> < 0.001. For chlamydia, pooled prevalence between 2000 to 2010 was 6.6% (95% CI: 5.4 to 7.9; 95 data points; <i>n</i> = 91,015) compared to 13.6% (12.0-15.2; 95 data points; <i>n</i> = 251,784) between 2011 and 2022, <i>p</i> < 0.001.ConclusionA holistic approach is needed to reduce the curable STIs burden among MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"611-621"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bictegravir-emtrictabine-tenofovir alafenamide in combination with oxcarbazepine in a person living with HIV and viral load suppression.","authors":"Patricia Pecora Fulco, Megan Gray","doi":"10.1177/09564624251335146","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251335146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We describe a case of a person living with HIV (PWH) with concurrent use of bictegravir and oxcarbazepine. Concomitant use of these pharmacotherapy regimens is considered contraindicated. A review of the literature, therapeutic bictegravir drug concentration monitoring and viral load evaluations allowed the continued current pharmacotherapy prescription of these medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"664-666"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philiph Tonui, Yan Tong, Omenge Orang'o, Kapten Muthoka, Peter Itsura, John Groopman, Sean Burke, Beverly Musick, Constantin Yiannoutsos, Aaron Ermel, Patrick J Loehrer, Darron R Brown
{"title":"Lack of HIV suppression is associated with plasma aflatoxin B1 in Kenyan women living with HIV and receiving anti-retroviral therapy.","authors":"Philiph Tonui, Yan Tong, Omenge Orang'o, Kapten Muthoka, Peter Itsura, John Groopman, Sean Burke, Beverly Musick, Constantin Yiannoutsos, Aaron Ermel, Patrick J Loehrer, Darron R Brown","doi":"10.1177/09564624251338598","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251338598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundAflatoxins are carcinogenic and immunosuppressive compounds found in Aspergillus-contaminated corn. Kenyan women living with HIV (WLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were studied to examine associations of aflatoxin exposure and HIV immune control.MethodsSixty WLWH were enrolled; 56 completed the Month-12 visit. Blood samples were collected for aflatoxin, CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load. Logistic regression and linear regression models were fitted to examine factors associated with (1) detectable HIV viral load, and (2) HIV viral load in copies/mL.ResultsAll WLWH were receiving ART (mean 9.9 years). Eight women (14.3%) had a detectable HIV viral load (mean 12,439 copies/mL). Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 23 of 56 WLWH (41.7%); 17 of 48 (35.4%) with an undetectable HIV viral load, and 6 of 8 (75.0%) with a detectable HIV viral load (<i>p</i> = 0.053). The mean plasma aflatoxin B1 concentration for all WLWH was 0.0403 pg/μL; 0.0341 pg/μL and 0.0771 pg/μL for WLWH with undetectable or detectable HIV viral loads, respectively (<i>p</i> = 0.039).ConclusionsAflatoxin B1 detection is associated with lack of HIV viral load suppression, defined as a detectable HIV viral load, among a cohort of Kenyan WLWH, all receiving ART. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"633-641"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A case of chancroid in a Spanish man returning from an endemic area.","authors":"Jorge N García-Pérez, Maider Arando","doi":"10.1177/09564624251343480","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251343480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 64 year old cisgender man attended to our genito-urinary clinic with a 1 week history of a painful genital ulcer after travelling to Madagascar. On physical examination, we observed two small ulcers, each with a fibrinous base and erythematous borders, without associated lymphadenopathy. The initial diagnosis was a genital herpes outbreak. Thus, a seven-day course of Valaciclovir 500 mg twice daily orally was prescribed. An ulcer sample was collected for NAATs including <i>C.</i> <i>trachomatis L1-L3</i>, Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, Varicella-zoster virus, <i>Treponema pallidum</i> and <i>Haemophilus ducreyi</i>. The ulcer NAATs was positive for <i>H.</i> <i>ducreyi</i>. Considering the result and the epidemiological background, diagnosis confirmed chancroid. Ceftriaxone 1 g STAT intramuscular was administered with subsequent improvement. Chancroid, caused by <i>H.</i> <i>ducreyi</i> is very rare in Europe. Its prevalence in STI clinics has varied from 0% to 0.5%. It must be suspected, especially in travellers to endemic countries in the first days of their return due to its short incubation period.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"676-677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144109807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Loss of control of herpes suppression following bariatric surgery.","authors":"Shyam Samraj, Kimberley Olasoji, Raj Patel","doi":"10.1177/09564624241264584","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624241264584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report a 42-year-old female with confirmed recurrent genital herpes (HSV-2), which was well controlled on suppressive antiviral therapy with aciclovir 400 mg twice daily. The patient required bariatric surgery in order to manage what was deemed a dangerously high BMI. A Roux-en-Y procedure was performed which effectively reduced her weight; however, herpes suppression become ineffective post operatively, with serious herpes related complications, despite increasing the total dose of aciclovir and the frequency from twice daily to three times a day. Complete herpes control was restored by changing therapy to valaciclovir 500 mg twice daily. The Roux-en-Y procedure is the most common form of bariatric surgery. Consequences on the efficacy of different herpes antivirals can be predicted from what is known of their properties and sites of absorption. Similar problems with herpes virus suppression may be avoided by an anticipated change in therapy preoperatively.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"678-679"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdurrahman Abdulhamid, Bryan E Shepherd, Usman J Wudil, Chelsea Van Wyk, Faisal S Dankishiya, Nafiu Hussaini, C William Wester, Muktar H Aliyu
{"title":"Sickle cell trait, APOL1 risk allele status and chronic kidney disease among ART-experienced adults living with HIV in northern Nigeria.","authors":"Abdurrahman Abdulhamid, Bryan E Shepherd, Usman J Wudil, Chelsea Van Wyk, Faisal S Dankishiya, Nafiu Hussaini, C William Wester, Muktar H Aliyu","doi":"10.1177/09564624241262397","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624241262397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundWe sought to determine the prevalence of sickle cell trait (SCT) and apolipoprotein-1 (<i>APOL1)</i> risk variants in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Nigeria, and to establish if SCT and <i>APOL1</i> high-risk status correlate with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsBaseline demographic and clinical data were obtained during three cross-sectional visits. CKD was defined as having an eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. We collected urine specimens to determine urine albumin-creatine ratio and blood samples for sickle cell genotyping, <i>APOL1</i> testing, and for creatinine/cystatin C assessment. The associations between SCT, <i>APOL1</i> genotype, and eGFR/CKD stages/CKD were investigated using linear/ordinal logistic/logistic regression models, respectively.ResultsOf 2443 participants, 599 (24.5%) had SCT, and 2291 (93.8%) had a low-risk <i>APOL1</i> genotype (0 or 1 risk variant), while 152 (6.2%) had high-risk genotype (2 allele copies). In total, 108 participants (4.4%) were diagnosed with CKD. In adjusted analyses, SCT was associated with lower eGFR (adjusted mean difference [aMD]= -2.33, 95% CI -4.25, -0.42), but not with worse CKD stages, or increased odds of developing CKD. Participants with the <i>APOL1</i> high risk genotype were more likely to have lower eGFR (aMD= -5.45, 95% CI -8.87, -2.03), to develop CKD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.75), and to be in worse CKD stages (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.29) than those with the low-risk genotype. There was no evidence of interaction between SCT and <i>APOL1</i> genotype on eGFR or risk of CKD.ConclusionOur findings highlight the multifaceted interplay of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of CKD in PLWH.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"655-663"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rab Nawaz Samo, Muhammad Shahid Jamil, Umar Riaz, Kanwal Mustafa, Syed Faisal Mahmood
{"title":"Understanding barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation among men who have sex with men in Sindh, Pakistan.","authors":"Rab Nawaz Samo, Muhammad Shahid Jamil, Umar Riaz, Kanwal Mustafa, Syed Faisal Mahmood","doi":"10.1177/09564624251344419","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251344419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective intervention to prevent HIV acquisition. Oral PrEP was introduced for men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sindh province of Pakistan in June 2022, yet the uptake remains suboptimal. Here we present an assessment of barriers to PrEP uptake among MSM accessing HIV prevention services in Sindh.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey among MSM clients attending HIV prevention services from community-based organizations in Sindh province. Those who consented to participate were administered a paper-based questionnaire by providers to collect barriers to uptake of PrEP.ResultsWe enrolled 742 MSM between November 2023 and May 2024. Among enrolled clients, 149 (20.1%) agreed to initiate PrEP, while 593 (79.9%) refused to initiate PrEP. Among those who refused PrEP, fear of stigma and discrimination at facilities (430, 72.5%) and fear of side effects (416, 70.2%) were the leading reported barriers to PrEP initiation, followed by lack of time to attend the facilities (325, 54.8%), low risk perception (\"I have no risk of HIV\" [273, 46.0%] and \"I am healthy\" [265, 44.7%]), difficulty in taking medicine daily (263, 44.4%), transportation issue (229, 38.6%), out of pocket expenses (166, 28.0%), and using condoms during sex (97, 16.4%) as major barriers to PrEP initiation.ConclusionThe results highlight a need for addressing stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings, raising awareness about HIV risk factors, removing structural barriers to access and offering differentiated client-centered services to remove structural barriers to PrEP uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"649-654"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144109812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irith De Baetselier, Corinne Herrijgers, Fien Vanroye, Birgit Baudry, Tim Lebacq, Jacob Verschueren, Vicky Cuylaerts, Chris Kenyon, Maartje van Frankenhuijsen, Thibaut Vanbaelen, Kristien Wouters, Dorien Van den Bossche, Tom Platteau
{"title":"Acceptability, usability, and user experiences of an online postal self-sampling approach for HIV and STI testing in Belgium: Test2Know.","authors":"Irith De Baetselier, Corinne Herrijgers, Fien Vanroye, Birgit Baudry, Tim Lebacq, Jacob Verschueren, Vicky Cuylaerts, Chris Kenyon, Maartje van Frankenhuijsen, Thibaut Vanbaelen, Kristien Wouters, Dorien Van den Bossche, Tom Platteau","doi":"10.1177/09564624251342616","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251342616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundOnline postal self-sampling (OPSS) for HIV/STI improves testing access and coverage. We assessed the acceptability, usability, and user experiences of the \"Test2Know\" (T2K) OPSS platform in Flanders, Belgium, to inform further implementation.MethodsEligible users completed a risk-assessment to determine infections (HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, hepatitis C) and anatomical sites for testing. Self-collected samples were mailed to the laboratory, and results were communicated via the platform. Users completed surveys on acceptability, usability and overall user experience.ResultsOf 131 individuals who received a kit; 98 (74.8%) returned samples. 62.2% were male, 27.6% were men who had exclusively sex with men, and the median age was 29 years. Nearly 43% had never been tested for HIV or did not recall previous testing. 9 (9.2%) tested positive for an STI, all men; 7/9 reported sex exclusively with men, and 2/9 had never tested for HIV. No HIV or HCV infections were detected. Usability and acceptability were 89.2% and 83.3% respectively, nearly 90% would reuse and recommend the platform. However, 45.4% preferred a mixed testing approach due to blood collection challenges.ConclusionsOPSS is highly acceptable and reaches individuals at risk for STI. Further research should explore sustainable integration into Belgian healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"642-648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M Elizabeth Snow, Mary H Berger, Alexander Ct Tam, Adam Easterbrook, Chidubem Ekpereamaka Okechukwu, Tima Mohammadi, Peter Hutchinson, Sean B Rourke, Aslam H Anis, Wei Zhang
{"title":"Attributes that influence testing decisions for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections: A qualitative study among diverse people in Canada.","authors":"M Elizabeth Snow, Mary H Berger, Alexander Ct Tam, Adam Easterbrook, Chidubem Ekpereamaka Okechukwu, Tima Mohammadi, Peter Hutchinson, Sean B Rourke, Aslam H Anis, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1177/09564624251337595","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251337595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundSexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) disproportionately affect key populations in Canada. For example, recent estimates suggested that the proportion of people living with hepatitis C is the highest among people who use injection drugs and that gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men represent a high proportion of new cases of infectious syphilis. Understanding what STBBIs test users and potential testers perceive as important aspects of testing will help inform testing initiatives. We aimed to determine aspects of STBBI testing that are important to a diverse range of key populations in Canada.MethodsWe conducted qualitative interviews and focus groups with people from key populations (gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men; African, Caribbean, or Black individuals; Indigenous individuals; sex workers; people who use substances and injection drugs) and people who do not identify as a key population member. We conducted a thematic analysis.ResultsTwo major themes emerged: stigma and inequality, and journey into and through the healthcare system. Within the first theme, participants had diverse perspectives on how aspects of their identity interacted with willingness to seek testing. Within the second theme, participants discussed aspects of testing. Test costs, wait times, and testing accuracy were all viewed as important, but differing perspectives emerged about privacy of testing and receiving results, testing location, and who administers the test.ConclusionsParticipants' perspectives on STBBI testing and willingness to test were informed by their experiences and aspects of their identity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"622-632"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of fixed-dose dolutegravir-lamivudine in people with HIV: A retrospective study from India.","authors":"Vinay Kulkarni, Ritu Parchure, Shridevi Gundu, Trupti Darak, Kailas Kurkute, Ketan Kulkarni","doi":"10.1177/09564624251352064","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09564624251352064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundHIV continues to be a significant health concern across the world. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) comprising of three-drug regimens has improved clinical outcome but involves long-term toxicity concerns. Hence, to reduce drug exposure, interest in two-drug regimens has increased. This study evaluates the real-world efficacy and safety of a two-drug regimen that is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of Dolutegravir 50 mg and Lamivudine 300 mg tablets in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in India.MethodsThe retrospective data included PLHIV aged ≥18 years, virally suppressed at baseline, and switched to DTG/3TC between November 2021 and April 2022. Patients were followed for 96 weeks, with routine clinical and laboratory assessments. Virological failure was defined as viral loads >1000 copies/mL, while safety assessments tracked adverse events (AEs), weight gain, and metabolic parameters.ResultsAmong 218 patients (mean age 48.08 ± 10.58 yrs), 97.8% achieved virological suppression at 96 weeks with sustained virological suppression at key time points (24, 48, 72, and 96 weeks). CD4 counts improved significantly (<i>p</i> = .002), specifically in females. Body weight increased moderately, with 16.28% experiencing ≥10% weight gain by 96 weeks. Minor statistically significant variations in cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine levels were observed. Nine patients discontinued DTG/3TC due to AEs, primarily weight gain and gastrointestinal issues.ConclusionThe study demonstrates that the DTG/3TC FDC is an effective, safe, and well-tolerated regimen for maintaining virological suppression in real-world settings, supporting its viable use as a switching strategy in reducing drug exposure and managing long-term toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14408,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of STD & AIDS","volume":" ","pages":"9564624251352064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}