{"title":"Using smart devices for system-level management and control in the smart grid: A reinforcement learning framework","authors":"E. Kara, M. Berges, B. Krogh, S. Kar","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485964","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a stochastic modeling framework to employ adaptive control strategies in order to provide short term ancillary services to the power grid by using a population of heterogenous thermostatically controlled loads. The problem is cast anew as a classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) to leverage existing tools in the field of reinforcement learning. Initial considerations and possible reductions in the action and state spaces are described. A Q-learning approach is implemented in simulation to demonstrate how the performance of the new MDP representation is comparable to that of a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) one on a reference tracking scenario.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"158 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123502939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Traffic engineering analysis of Smart Grid services in cellular networks","authors":"Christian Hägerling, M. Putzke, C. Wietfeld","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485992","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents analytical and simulative traffic engineering models for Smart Grid communication processes in cellular networks. In order to dimension ICT networks for a decentralized and automated Smart Grid infrastructure, a detailed analysis of the expected data volume and required data rate for Smart Metering Services, Demand and Supply Side Management as well as Monitoring Services is needed. Based upon different wireless infrastructure scenarios applying different technology approaches, a comparison between traffic models using stochastic and deterministic inter-arrival times is presented. In order to validate the usability and capability of the proposed stochastic and deterministic models, analytical and simulative methods are compared. The stochastic method is based on a multidimensional Markovian model, whereas the deterministic system is described by a novel analytical approach based on the Network Calculus. The results show different key performance indicators of wireless technology approaches using GPRS, UMTS and LTE within different traffic scenarios and reflect the expected Smart Grid traffic volume, which needs to be taken into account for future network deployments. The performed analysis determines the impact of the Smart Grid services on common speech and data traffic in cellular networks as well as the expected influence of additional network load caused by Smart Grid applications.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123319563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving home energy efficiency with E2Home: A Web-based application for integrated electricity consumption and contextual information visualization","authors":"G. Ghidini, Sajal K. Das","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6486029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6486029","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, energy efficiency has become a relevant problem due to rising energy costs and concerns about the environment. Major corporations such as Google and Microsoft started projects to present electric energy consumption data to residents via Web applications. Notwithstanding the two corporations' backing, these two efforts have not received the expected level of interest, and are thus being discontinued. We argue that electric energy consumption data become useful only if they are presented along related data (e.g., the residents' locations) which can provide the context in which consumption occurred. This is expected to help the residents change their consumption behavior, and thus have a positive impact on the electricity generation and distribution network as well. In this paper, we present Energy-Efficient Home (E2Home), a Web-based application for the interactive visualization of electricity consumption data and contextual information. Built on top of our FuseViz framework, the E2Home application fuses (i) residents' locations from Android smartphones and (ii) electric energy consumption from the electric utility Web page into a joint data stream using MapReduce. The joint data stream is then visualized on SVG-based interactive time charts and maps on a Web page, so that the user can explore them using well-established techniques such as brush-and-linking and panning and zooming to acquire actionable information to reduce electricity consumption. Based on our experiments in a real home, the improvement on energy efficiency brought about by E2Home is expected to exceed 10%.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123755249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Broadcast communication by system frequency modulation","authors":"P. Douglass, S. You, K. Heussen","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485983","url":null,"abstract":"Load controllers available today can measure AC system frequency and react to frequency deviations. A system operator can communicate to frequency sensitive loads by changing the set-points of the system's dispatchable frequency regulation resources. Explicitly signaling system state by generating off-nominal system frequency values is a novel narrowband broadcast communications channel between system operators and frequency sensitive distributed energy resources (FS-DER). The feasibility of the proposed system is evaluated on an existing island power system in Denmark. This study shows that within standard frequency quality constraints, 4 distinct symbols are feasible on the island. However, the overarching imperative of system stability prevents the symbols from having arbitrary meanings. Higher frequency values must translate into greater consumption from loads, and vice versa. Within these constraints, the proposed system would allow operators to dispatch FS-DER in a robust manner, without using an external digital control channel. By dispatching FS-DER, their well known role as a power balancing resource can be expanded to include energy balancing services.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126117335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shun-Neng Yang, Hsiao-Wei Wang, Chai-Hien Gan, Yi-Bing Lin
{"title":"Mobile Charging Station service in smart grid networks","authors":"Shun-Neng Yang, Hsiao-Wei Wang, Chai-Hien Gan, Yi-Bing Lin","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6486019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6486019","url":null,"abstract":"Today, charging time of an electric vehicle (EV) is much longer than that for a gasoline vehicle. If an EV arrives at an overloaded charging station, it will wait for a long time. This paper investigates the waiting problem for EV charging. We propose a Mobile Charging Station (MCS) service to reduce the waiting times of EVs incurred in fixed charging station. A dispatching algorithm is presented to describe the execution flow of the MCS service. Simulation experiments are conducted to investigate the waiting time performance for the proposed algorithm. Our study indicates that by using the MCS service, the EVs can be effectively charged with short waiting times.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127368590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sanz, P. J. Piñero-Escuer, S. Miguel, J.I. Garcia-Nicolas
{"title":"Distributed event-driven simulation environment for smart metering protocols evaluation","authors":"A. Sanz, P. J. Piñero-Escuer, S. Miguel, J.I. Garcia-Nicolas","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485975","url":null,"abstract":"The growing of the electricity distribution infrastructure caused by the increasing number of users and power sources has recently bring about some supply problems. Smart grid technology is a recent proposal that uses computerized systems to improve the availability and reliability of this distribution network. Among the different systems that compose the smart grid, the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is one of the most developed nowadays, as hundred of smart metering networks are being deployed in this moment all over the world. These smart meters use different communications protocols so a tool to compare their performance in real networks would be very useful at this moment. To solve this problem, in this paper it is presented a simulation framework that can be used to evaluate the performance of these protocols in real power line networks with only minor changes in the code version that is introduced in real meters. This simulator has been used to compare two of the smart metering protocols available at this moment (i.e. PRIME and ECSS).","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125853990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefan Feuerhahn, Michael Zillgith, C. Wittwer, C. Wietfeld
{"title":"Implementation design and performance analysis of an IEC 61850 MMS server","authors":"Stefan Feuerhahn, Michael Zillgith, C. Wittwer, C. Wietfeld","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485989","url":null,"abstract":"While the communication standard IEC 61850 is already established in the area of substation automation, its use to control and monitor distributed energy resources (DER) is still in the early stages. An open discussion on design and performance issues of IEC 61850 implementations could boost its use for DER. This paper presents the architectural design decisions made in an open implementation of the standard in Java. In addition several performance aspects of IEC 61850 MMS server implementations are analyzed. The overhead caused by the OSI layers in MMS communication is analyzed with respect to PDU size and CPU load. The open implementation is profiled in order to point out where optimization in IEC 61850 implementations are most useful. Finally the performance of this implementation is compared to that of a commercial stack written in the C language.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"18 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128892041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Italo Atzeni, L. G. Ordóñez, G. Scutari, D. Palomar, J. Fonollosa
{"title":"Day-ahead bidding strategies for demand-side expected cost minimization","authors":"Italo Atzeni, L. G. Ordóñez, G. Scutari, D. Palomar, J. Fonollosa","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485965","url":null,"abstract":"Day-ahead DSM techniques in the smart grid allow the supply-side to know in advance an estimation of the amount of energy to be provided to the demand-side during the upcoming day. However, a pure day-ahead optimization process cannot accommodate potential real-time deviations from the expected energy consumption by the demand-side users, neither the randomness of their renewable sources. This paper proposes a day-ahead bidding system based on a pricing model that combines: i) a price per unit of energy depending on the day-ahead bid energy needs of the demand-side users, and ii) a penalty system that limits the real-time fluctuations around the bid energy loads. In this day-ahead bidding process, demand-side users, possibly having energy production and storage capabilities, are interested in minimizing their expected monetary expense. The resulting optimization problem is formulated as a noncooperative game and is solved by means of suitable distributed algorithms. Finally, the proposed procedure is tested in a realistic setup.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117327541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tarek Khalifa, A. Abdrabou, S. Naik, Maazen Alsabaan, A. Nayak, N. Goel
{"title":"Design and analysis of Split- and Aggregated-transport control protocol (SA-TCP) for Smart Metering Infrastructure","authors":"Tarek Khalifa, A. Abdrabou, S. Naik, Maazen Alsabaan, A. Nayak, N. Goel","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485973","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the TCP's congestion control mechanism effectiveness for smart meters. We show that the classic congestion control causes a high loss rate for metered data and disrupts competing traffic flows in a shared network. The paper introduces the performance analysis of our proposed Splitand Aggregated-TCP (SA-TCP). SA-TCP complies with industrial bodies' directions (e.g., by Hydro One Networks Inc., Canada) in terms of the architecture, specifically the deployment of hardware devices called Regional Collectors (RC). We argue that RCs can function as transport layer aggregation devices rather than routing devices. This modification reduces packet loss rate and improves throughput for Smart Metering Infrastructure (SMI) traffic. Furthermore, we analyze the performance of the smart metering communication network running SA-TCP in terms of throughput, loss rate and latency. Our analysis is validated by extensive NS-2 simulation.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129863875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microgrids energy trading in islanding mode","authors":"J. Matamoros, D. Gregoratti, M. Dohler","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485958","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we address the case where two microgrids are isolated from the main power grid but can exchange energy with each other in a peer-to-peer (P2P) manner. The goal is to minimize the total cost resulting from energy generation and transportation, while each microgrid satisfies its local power demand. We first propose a centralized solution. In this approach, a central controller must have access to all the information. For those situations where privacy must be protected, we propose a distributed approach, in which each microgrid solves a local optimization problem in an iterative fashion by exchanging some information with the other one.","PeriodicalId":143915,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122195679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}