{"title":"Area-Based Policies and Entrepreneurship: European Initiatives","authors":"L. Berg, P. Pol, W. V. Winden","doi":"10.1787/9789264017320-10-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264017320-10-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly, promoting entrepreneurship is considered to be a useful tool to turn the tide in deprived urban areas. This chapter discusses implicit and explicit area-based policies to promote entrepreneurship in five distressed neighbourhoods in the cities of Antwerp, Dortmund, Manchester, Rotterdam and Strasbourg.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"138 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130894104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Policy Learning through Evaluation: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Ging Wong","doi":"10.1787/9789264017092-3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264017092-3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Imagine a new delegate going to his first meeting of the OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Committee. While eager to share his country’s experiences, he is also excited at the prospect of learning from others on a wide range of economic and social innovations through locally-based initiatives. He is not disappointed, as LEED offers solid analytical...","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114855361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating Global Knowledge Flows for Generative Growth in Scotland","authors":"P. Cooke","doi":"10.1787/9789264107687-5-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264107687-5-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The stimulation of entrepreneurship in knowledge-intensive industries is the focus of this chapter. Intermediary technology transfer agencies are considered critical to identifying and helping fund exploitable research and securing its commercialisation in new firms. Strategies to build the life sciences sector are highlighted as an example of how to meet the challenges of the knowledge economy. Recommended actions including increasing research funding and university training in the sector, raising awareness of existing talent amongst potential inward investors, seeking to commercialise innovation in new firms, encouraging networking and knowledge transfer in the sector and helping to access key knowledge from overseas.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114885301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review of Impact Assessment Methodologies for Microenterprise Development Programmes","authors":"Gary M. Woller","doi":"10.1787/9789264017092-18-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264017092-18-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last several years, OECD governments have invested millions of dollars in microenterprise development programmes in OECD and lesser developed countries (LDCs). Microenterprise development is based on a couple of underlying premises: 1) self-employment is a key component in creating economic opportunities for low-income persons with otherwise....","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115256325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Economy Organisations in the Theory of the Firm","authors":"C. Borzaga, E. Tortia","doi":"10.1787/9789264039889-3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264039889-3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Social economy organisations are growing in number and relevance in advanced, developing and transition economies. Whilst their relevance for balanced social and economic development is now widely recognised, economic theory is not yet able to explain their existence properly, reducing it to the presence of market and state failures. The development of an explanation is attempted here in two steps: first, it is necessary to overcome the traditional paradigm of exclusively self-seeking individuals. Economic actors are motivated by a variety of preferences over and above purely extrinsic and monetary ones: on the one hand, relational and reciprocal preferences exert a major influence inside organisations, mainly in terms of procedural fairness; on the other hand, intrinsic and social preferences are often drivers of entrepreneurial activities. The second step is the consideration of a new conception of the firm, near to the evolutionary tradition, which sees production organisations as governance structures not geared necessarily to the maximisation of the net economic result (profit). Instead, the working of firms requires simpler economic sustainability and needs to take into consideration the motivations and needs, including the social ones, of all the involved actors, which, generally, are locally embedded.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115591799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Frontiers in the Legal Structure and Legislation of Social Enterprises in Europe","authors":"F. Cafaggi, P. Iamiceli","doi":"10.1787/9789264055513-3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264055513-3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at presenting and discussing policy issues regarding the legal structure and legislation of the social enterprise through th e lenses of recent law reforms in Europe. The legislation of seven countries is analy sed: Portugal, France, Poland, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Finland and Italy. Nat ional models are compared distinguishing them according to the legal form and the main rules concerning asset allocation, governance and responsibility. Aware ab out the specificity that the legal, social and economic context may entails in each leg al system, the authors conclude that, in order to promote a distinctive role for social e nterprise in Europe, the law should guarantee: a control mechanism over the social natu re of the finality pursued by the organisation, as defined at least per broad princip les by the law; the enforcement of a positive (although not total) assets lock to ensure the achievement of social goals; the possibility for the enterprise to sustain its own a ctivity through remunerated financing; a certain degree of stakeholders’ interests represent atio inside the governance of the enterprise, with specific but not necessarily exclu sive representation with regards to beneficiaries and employees; the enforcement of a n on-discrimination principle concerning the composition of membership, if any; t he enforcement of a democratic principle inside the governing bodies which allows pluralism, fair dialogue and no emergence of controlling rights, unless in favour o f n n profit organisations which share the social goals and the democratic nature of the s ocial enterprise; an adequate degree of accountability which allows sufficient information disclosure, also in favour of third parties, about the governance and the activity of t he social enterprise.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128976162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Broader Agenda for Workforce Development","authors":"S. Giguère","doi":"10.1787/9789264043282-3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264043282-3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"There is currently a debate as to whether labour market policy would serve its economic and social goals better by concentrating on its core business or by widening its perspective. Should the goal of employment and training policy be purely the efficient functioning of the labour market, or should it serve wider economic and social purposes? In a globalised economy, labour market policy has a unique contribution to make in tackling a wide range of issues, from attracting and retaining talent to enhancing the competitiveness of local firms. Labour market institutions can have a significant impact in these areas given their unique capacity as a source of expertise, programmes and services and their presence throughout the national economy and at a number of layers within the administration. However to achieve this, a new broader goal for workforce development has to be set: The comprehensive management of human resources, so as to meet better the demands of a global economy through improving economic competitiveness and social cohesion.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121398950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Community Capacity Building and the Local Economy: Private, Government and Non-profit Approaches","authors":"A. Westwood","doi":"10.1787/9789264073302-4-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264073302-4-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the theories of community capacity building and social capital and their connections and inter-relationships with strategies to develop and sustain local economies. Theories and policies are described, and a series of international examples provided that show how policy makers’ ambitions to boost economic development and community capacity building should be delivered in unison. The chapter explores a series of examples from the private, public and non-profit sectors, including policies that promote inward investment, local entrepreneurship and franchised business development, as well as new and alternative models for social and economic business development such as co-operatives, time banks, reinvestment trusts and local exchange trading schemes. Specific examples of firms and experiences in North America and Europe, focusing on deprived areas in cities such as Chicago, Birmingham, Leeds, Barcelona and Stockholm and on rural economic development in Canada and Italy, are detailed.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"37 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116569799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diverse Approaches and Practices in Europe and Canada","authors":"J. Laville, B. Lévesque, M. Mendell","doi":"10.1787/9789264039889-7-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264039889-7-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Divided into three distinct sections, this chapter provides an overview of the different approaches to the social economy in the European Union and in Canada, which, with its strong European influences, has utilised and engaged with many European approaches to the social economy. Opening with a discussion of the development of the linkages between the economy and ideas of solidarity, the first section goes on to explore the contemporary development of the social economy within the European Union. The development of the social economy in Canada during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in Quebec, is examined in the second section. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the way in which researchers have sought to portray the \"new social economy\" and the links between it and ideas of social entrepreneurship and social innovation.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126329044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Germany: The Local Impact of Labour Market","authors":"H. Mosley, P. Bouché","doi":"10.1787/9789264043282-7-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264043282-7-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The recent reform of the public employment service has greatly expanded the role of the local authorities in providing comprehensive labour market services for unemployed welfare recipients. It does not, however, create a unified local job centre as initially envisioned, but in fact splits the delivery of employment services into two organisational units based on benefit entitlement rather than on their service needs. In addition, the focus of the reform is on the governance or mode of implementation of labour market programmes and not on innovation in programmes with a regional development focus. In this context, special intermediary organisations at regional level play a useful role in enhancing the institutional capacity to assist with the practical implementation of various programmes for promoting employment. The most important tasks these organisations have are to provide the actors of labour market policy with professional consulting services and to work at the state level to co-ordinate programmes and projects co-funded through the ESF.","PeriodicalId":143465,"journal":{"name":"Local Economic and Employment Development","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126758793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}