English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0004
R. Dixon
{"title":"Prepositional verbs","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with prepositional verbs that require a preposition so that verb-plus-preposition make up a single unit, such as allude to, dispose of, rely on, and vouch for. It differentiates prepositional verbs from phrasal verbs, as each phrasal verb includes a simple verb that may occur by itself. The meaning of prepositional verbs when it is used alone is significantly different from the meaning of the phrasal verb. In contrast, the chapter explains that the simple verb within a prepositional verb does not occur alone, and a meaning attaches just to the combination. Accounts of English grammar typically state that allude, dispose, rely, and vouch are intransitive verbs that must take a peripheral noun phrase (pNP).","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123929469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0009
R. Dixon
{"title":"Connection and adjacency","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter refers to ‘connection’ as the full meaning of the preposition on. It considers on as the major member of the pairing on/off, stressing that on is far more common than off and has a wider range of meaning as off may refer to a ‘disconnection’. An off correspondent would require contextualization as are some uses of off for which there is no direct counterpart with on, although there may be an indirect link. The chapter details how on functioned as both preposition and adverb in Old English, with a meaning similar to that which it has today. In Middle English, innan ‘inside’ reduced its form and enlarged its sense to become modern-day in, allowing on /On/ to contract to its original meaning.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128871606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0011
R. Dixon
{"title":"Position","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the prepositions that relate to position, which fall into four sets: vertical position, horizontal position, distance, and passage. It outlines prepositions in the vertical position that includes over, under, above, below, beneath, and underneath, while the horizontal position includes behind, ahead (-of), in-front(-of), back, forth, forward(s), and backward(s). Distance covers beyond, near(-to), close-to, and far-from and passage covers along, alongside, across, through, and throughout. The chapter demonstrates how the pairs of prepositions over/under and above/below that can be substituted one for the other in some circumstances. Both over and under have considerable metaphorical extensions from their basic spatial senses, noting that over features in some prepositional verbs and a couple of score phrasal verbs, whereas under is in a handful of phrasal verbs.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125352305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0005
R. Dixon
{"title":"The mainstays","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the prepositions of /әv = / and for /fәr = /, which have basic meanings that are relational rather than spatial or temporal. It explores the spatial and temporal senses of for but are of a secondary nature (i.e. They sailed for France, He’s been sick for six months). For developed out of a meaning earlier in time or space, noting that in Old English for was used to indicate ‘cause’, ‘reason’, and ‘purpose’, anticipating the modern range of senses. The chapter considers of and for as the pre-eminent markers of grammatical relations. Of is far and away the most common preposition in modern English, while for is the fourth most common.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114669943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0008
R. Dixon
{"title":"Enclosure","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter recounts how the preposition in dropped out of use during Old English (OE) times, its meaning being added to that of on. It discusses the resultant ambiguity of on that was resolved in Middle English when innan ‘inside’ reduced its form to just in /in/ and enlarged its meaning to ‘in’, as on contracted its meaning to just ‘on’. This effectively restored the original OE contrast between in and on and had adverbial function that could be followed by preposition to, the sequence developing into the complex preposition into /‘intə = /. The chapter includes the OE adverbs ūt and ūte that had similar meanings ‘out, outside’, and merged to give modern out /aut/. From the earliest times it could be followed by preposition of and there thus developed the complex preposition out-of /‘autəv = /.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128058393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0015
R. Dixon
{"title":"Do it your way","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers language as a human attribute and in some ways like a human organism that lives, fulfils its obligations, responds to new circumstances, and is ready to deal with every sort of demand made upon it. It reviews the nature and organisation of a language that is determined by the language itself and by its community of users. Each person speaks their language in an entirely natural manner, seldomly thinking of what they’re doing when they are speaking. The chapter mentions people that ruminate on how a language is structured and suggest changing bits of the grammar to make it ‘neater’, ‘more logical’, and ‘more graceful’. Others might survey English to consider which parts of the grammar appeared to be rather unkempt and could be tidied up to improve matters.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114422487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0006
R. Dixon
{"title":"Supporting artists","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter completes the discussion of prepositions whose basic meanings are relational. It highlights the preposition with that is fully relational and other more minor prepositions, such as together-with, except (-for), but (-for), despite, and in spite-of. With and by are the sixth and seventh most frequent prepositions and occur in superficially similar contexts but with quite different effect (i.e Tom was hit with a stone vs Tom was hit by a stone). The chapter talks about a transitive verb hit that can have a human agent in subject slot and a peripheral noun phrase (pNP) marked by preposition with, indicating the instrument used by the agent to inflict the blow. Under a passive derivation, the underlying object argument becomes passive subject, and the underlying subject may be included, marked by preposition by.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128256592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0007
R. Dixon
{"title":"The central spatial prepositions","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the chief spatial prepositions at /әt = /, which describes a position of rest, and the pair dealing with motion, consisting of major member to /tә = / and minor member from /frәm = /. It considers at, to, and from as exclusively prepositions and generally realised as proclitics, emphasizing they are never used as adverbs and the noun phrase (NP) that follows them may not be omitted. To is the second most frequent preposition in the language with at and from being eighth and ninth most frequent. The chapter looks at the basic meanings of at, to, and from that are spatial with considerable extensions into more abstract senses. All three prepositions were present in Old English with meanings similar to those which they display today.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124653242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0001
R. Dixon
{"title":"A story to tell","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the function of a preposition in English, which is to mark a noun phrase (NP) that is neither subject nor object, but ancillary to the core elements of a clause. It examines the role of language to express meanings, and typically for a meaning to be communicated from speaker or writer to addressees. Each preposition carries a meaning, as does each verb, noun, and adjective. The chapter determines which preposition is used in a particular circumstance and which sense of it is appropriate by the meanings of the words it is combined with. Every preposition has a range of senses, and the most common prepositions have the widest ranges.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125169315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English PrepositionsPub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0010
R. Dixon
{"title":"Superiority","authors":"R. Dixon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868682.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes up and down as adverbs with secondary function—just in their spatial and closely related senses—as prepositions. It highlights the contrasting origins of up and down in Old English, wherein there were two adverbs, ūp, upp ‘upward’ that indicate motion, and uppe ‘on high’ that describe location. These merged into modern adverb up /ʌp/ ‘to or at a high place’. The chapter cites the noun dūn ‘hill’ in OE and the OE adverb of-done ‘downwards’ that involved the combination of preposition of with the dative form, dūne, of dūn ‘hill’. This gave rise to adverb adown and thence to modern-day down /daun/ ‘to or at a low place’.","PeriodicalId":143434,"journal":{"name":"English Prepositions","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121910128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：