International journal of ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Guidelines for standard operation of imaging modalities in orbital diseases (2024).","authors":"Yi Shao, Jian-Min Ma, Xiao-Ming Huang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2025.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2025.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orbital disorders include conditions originating from the orbital bones, surrounding tissues, and post-orbital septum. They also include systemic ailments affecting the orbit. Different clinical symptoms make up the complex range of orbital disorders. Because these disorders mostly impact the orbital area instead of the intraocular compartment, there is little diagnostic usefulness for typical ophthalmic visual tests. As such, the vital instruments for diagnosing and evaluating orbital illnesses have become ophthalmic imaging modalities, including ocular ultrasonography (B-scan), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One way to improve the precision and promptness of diagnosing orbital diseases is to standardize the functioning of widely used imaging equipment and define the radiological features of orbital abnormalities. Such programs are crucial for the care of patients with orbital disorders since they considerably reduce the number of misdiagnoses and missed diagnoses in these individuals. The underlying concepts, operational techniques, and normal and pathological imaging findings associated with common diagnostic tools for orbital illnesses are all thoroughly reviewed in this guideline. The objective is to improve primary healthcare settings' diagnostic competence in the field of orbital pathology and to standardize procedures for diagnosing orbital disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"18 1","pages":"51-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11672101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling monocular form deprivation in rabbits using a simulated-cataract intraocular lens.","authors":"Si-Yi Gu, Li-Ming Xu, Wei-Jie Sun, Li-Li Liang, Lei Lin, Han Zou, Jing-Yuan Xu, Yu Zheng, Yuan-Yuan Li, Yin-Ying Zhao, Ping-Jun Chang, Yun-E Zhao","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.04","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To establish an animal model of form deprivation amblyopia based on a simulated cataract intraocular lens (IOLs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Poly(dimethyl siloxane)-SiO₂ thin films (PSF) with different degrees of opacity as IOL materials were prepared. The light transmission of the PSF-IOL was measured, and its <i>in vitro</i> biosafety was determined by cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay using the HLEC-B3 cell line and ARPE-19 cell line. Subsequently, the <i>in vivo</i> safety was determined by implanting the PSF-IOL with 10% wt SiO₂ into the right eyes of New Zealand white rabbits (PSF-IOL group), and compared with two control groups: contralateral comparison group and normal control (NC) group (Contralateral comparison group: the fellow eye; NC group: a group of binocular normal rabbits without intervention). The flash visual-evoked potentials (F-VEPs) were measured to verify amblyopia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PSFs containing 0, 2%, and 10% wt SiO₂ were successfully constructed. The 0 SiO₂ PSF was transparent, while the 10% wt SiO₂ PSF was completely opaque. It was found that PSF did not induce unwanted cytotoxicity in HLECs and ARPE19 cells <i>in vitro</i>. <i>In vitro</i>, PSF-IOL with 10% wt SiO₂ was also non-toxic, and no significant inflammation or structural changes occurred after four weeks of PSF-IOL implantation. Finally, our IOL-simulated congenital cataract rabbit detected by F-VEPs suggested tentative amblyopia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A PSF-IOL that mimics cataracts is created. A novel form deprivation model is created by the IOL-simulated congenital cataract rabbit. It can be developed fast and stable and holds great potential for future study.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2177-2184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and functional observations of a novel model of retinal ischemia injury induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis in mice.","authors":"Lian Shu, You-Jia Zhang, Xiao-Xiao Chen, Xing-Huai Sun","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.06","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the features of retinal ischemic injuries in a novel mouse model with bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BCAS was induced with microcoil implantation in 6-8-week-old C57BL6 mice. Cerebral blood flow was monitored at 2, 7, and 28d postoperatively. Retinal morphological changes were evaluated by fundus photography and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) was performed to detect retinal vascular changes and circulation. The levels of apoptosis, activation of neurogliosis, and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in the retina were assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, followed by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density detection. Additionally, electrophysiological examinations including photopic negative response (PhNR) was also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mice demonstrated an initial rapid decrease in cerebral blood flow, followed by a 4-week recovery period after BCAS. The ratio of retinal artery and vein was decreased under fundus photography and FFA. Compared with the sham mice, BCAS mice showed thinner retinal thickness on day 28. Additionally, apoptosis was increased and RGC density was decreased mainly in peripheral retinal region. Neurogliosis was mainly located in the inner retinal layers, with a stable increase in HIF-1α expression. The dark-adapted electroretinogram showed a notable reduction in the a-, b-, and oscillatory potential (OP) wave amplitudes between days 2 and 7; this gradually recovered over the following 4wk. However, the b- and OP-wave amplitudes were still significantly decreased on PhNR examination on day 28.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BCAS can result in relatively mild retinal ischemia injuries in mice, mainly in the inner layer and peripheral region. Our study provides a novel animal model for investigating retinal ischemic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2192-2202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistant corneal ulcers in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in Egypt: 10 years epidemiological study.","authors":"Mohammad M Khater, Mohammad Hosny Nassef, Mohamed Sameh Elshorbagy","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.17","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the magnitude of problem caused by resistant corneal ulcers and its epidemiological characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with corneal lesions were selected and carefully examined and cases with resistant corneal ulcers were further investigated and data were recorded using a specific data sheet designed in hospital. Then, collected data from patients were statistically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally 1939 cases were included in the study, including 816 fungal cases (42.1%) and 1123 (57.9%) non-fungal cases. Age of the participants ranged from 18 to 73y. Fungal cases were more common in middle age (35-55y). Men were more affected (53.5%) of cases included in the study. Keratomycosis affected more unskilled personnel (75.1%), large families with small houses (higher crowding index 73.9%), rural (64.5%) residence. Patients with sanitary water sources (34.8%) and waste disposal (24.4%) were less affected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Keratomycosis is more frequent in unskilled personnel, rural locations, outdoor water sources and insanitary waste disposal systems. Corneal trauma and contact lens are common risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2282-2287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence applications in ophthalmic optical coherence tomography: a 12-year bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Ruo-Yu Wang, Si-Yuan Zhu, Xin-Ya Hu, Li Sun, Shao-Chong Zhang, Wei-Hua Yang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.19","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the current application and research frontiers of global ophthalmic optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging artificial intelligence (AI) research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The citation data were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection database (WoSCC) to evaluate the articles in application of AI in ophthalmic OCT published from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2023. This information was analyzed using CiteSpace 6.2.R2 Advanced software, and high-impact articles were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, 877 articles from 65 countries were studied and analyzed, of which 261 were published by the United States and 252 by China. The centrality of the United States is 0.33, the H index is 38, and the H index of two institutions in England reaches 20. Ophthalmology, computer science, and AI are the main disciplines involved. Hot keywords after 2018 include deep learning (DL), AI, macular degeneration, and automatic segmentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The annual number of articles on AI applications in ophthalmic OCT has grown rapidly. The United States holds a prominent position. Institutions like the University of California System and the University of London are spearheading advancements. Initial researches centered on the automatic recognition and diagnosis of ocular diseases leveraging traditional machine learning (ML) technology and OCT images. Nowadays, the imaging process algorithm selection has shifted its focus towards DL. Concurrently, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) have emerged as key areas of contemporary research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2295-2307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of refractive errors in school-aged and preadolescent children in Colombia.","authors":"Diana Garcia-Lozada, Diana Valeria Rey-Rodríguez, Sara Viviana Angulo-Sánchez, Jenny Maritza Sánchez-Espinosa","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.18","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To describe the distribution of refractive errors by age and sex among schoolchildren in Soacha, Colombia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in five urban public schools in the municipality of Soacha. A total of 1161 school-aged and pre-adolescent children, aged 5-12y were examined during the school year 2021-2022. Examinations included visual acuity and static refraction. Spherical equivalent (SE) was analysed as follows: myopia SE≤-0.50 D and uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 or worse; high myopia SE≤-6.00 D; hyperopia SE≥+1.00 D (≥7y) or SE≥+2.00 D (5-6y); significant hyperopia SE≥+3.00 D. Astigmatism was defined as a cylinder in at least one eye ≥1.00 D (≥7y) or ≥1.75 D (5-6y). If at least one eye was ametropic, children were classified according to the refractive error found.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 1139 schoolchildren included, 50.6% were male, 58.8% were aged between 5 and 9y, and 12.1% were already using optical correction. The most common refractive error was astigmatism (31.1%), followed by myopia (20.8%) and hyperopia (13.1%). There was no significant relationship between refractive error and sex. There was a significant increase in astigmatism (<i>P</i><0.001) and myopia (<i>P</i><0.0001) with age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Astigmatism is the most common refractive error in children in an urban area of Colombia. Emmetropia decreased and myopia increased with age.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2288-2294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a predictor of the activity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.","authors":"Xing-Hong Sun, Xiao-Wen Zhang, Chen Han, Xin Dou, Xue-Ying He, Meng-Ru Su, Feng Jiang, Song-Tao Yuan","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.16","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the relationship between monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) and the disease activity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 87 patients were classified into two groups based on clinical activity score (CAS) scoring criteria: high CAS group (<i>n</i>=62, the CAS score was ≥3); low CAS group (<i>n</i>=25, the CAS score was <3). In addition, a group of healthy people (<i>n</i>=114) were included to compared the MHR. Proptosis, MHR, average signal intensity ratio (SIR), average lacrimal gland (LG)-SIR, average extraocular muscles (EOM) area from 87 patients with TAO were calculated in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and compared between these two groups. Correlation testing was utilized to evaluate the association of parameters among the clinical variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients in high CAS group had a higher proptosis (<i>P</i>=0.041) and MHR (<i>P</i>=0.048). Compared to the healthy group, the MHR in the TAO group was higher (<i>P</i>=0.001). Correlation testing declared that CAS score was strongly associated with proptosis and average SIR, and MHR was positively associated with CAS score, average SIR, and average LG-SIR. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of MHR was 0.6755.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MHR, a novel inflammatory biomarker, has a significant association with CAS score and MRI imaging (average SIR and LG-SIR) and it can be a new promising predictor during the active phase of TAO.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2276-2281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcapsular scleral fixation of the standard capsular tension ring and in-the-bag intraocular lens implantation for severely subluxated lenses.","authors":"Hong-Zhe Li, Fu-Man Yang, Ze-Hui Zhu, Yin-Ying Zhao, Ping-Jun Chang, Yun-E Zhao","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.22","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To present a technique of transcapsular scleral fixation of the standard capsular tension ring (CTR) through equatorial capsulotomy and in-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in subluxated lenses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective consecutive case series included patients with subluxated lenses by more than 180 degrees who underwent lens extraction, transcapsular scleral fixation of the standard CTR through equatorial capsulotomy, in-the-bag IOL implantation and with at least 6mo follow-up. Preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), complications, and postoperative IOL tilt and decentration were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine eyes of 7 patients with a mean follow-up of 11.0±3.7mo were included in this study. The BCVA was significantly improved from 0.64±0.22 logMAR preoperatively to 0.21±0.19 logMAR postoperatively (<i>P</i><0.001). The IOP was within the normal range postoperatively. The mean tilt of the IOL was 4.30°±2.31° (range, 1.0° to 8.9°) and the mean decentration of the IOL was 0.37±0.12 mm (range, 0.14 to 0.50 mm). No visually threatened intraoperative and postoperative complications were detected during the follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is a safe and effective surgical technique for managing patients with severely subluxated lenses. It has achieved favorable outcomes with fewer surgical manipulations and less need for advanced capsular support devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2321-2326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral meibomian gland morphological alterations in unilateral herpes simplex keratitis based on artificial intelligence analysis.","authors":"Xin-Xin Yu, Xue-Wen Chen, Qi Dai, Shuang-Qing Wu","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.01","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore whether unilateral herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) can cause morphological changes of bilateral meibomian glands (MGs) based on artificial intelligence (AI) analytical system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the retrospective study, 29 patients with unilateral HSK and 29 participants matched in terms of age and sex were included as control group. Meibographic images of the upper eyelid using Keratograph 5M and assessed ocular surface parameters including tear meniscus height and tear break-up time. MG density and vagueness values were automatically analyzed and calculated using an AI analytical system. We compared the differences between the affected and the contralateral unaffected eyes in HSK patients, and the normal control eyes. We employed either the paired <i>t</i>-test or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare significant difference between the affected and unaffected eyes in HSK patients or between the HSK group and control group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MG density was 0.19±0.09 in the HSK-affected eye and 0.18±0.07 in contralateral unaffected eye, which had no significant difference (<i>P</i>=0.616). The MG density between the affected eye with HSK and the normal control group was statistically significant (<i>P</i>=0.028). There was a significant difference in MG density between the contralateral unaffected eye and the normal control group (<i>P</i>=0.012). However, no significant difference in vagueness value was observed between the eye with HSK and the control group or between HSK eye and contralateral eye.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The MG density between the HSK-affected eye and the contralateral unaffected eye don't significantly differ, whereas there is a significant decrease in the HSK group compared to that of the normal participants. Unilateral HSV keratitis may suffer from bilateral changes of MG morphology indicating bilateral dry eye. Therefore, the fellow eye of patients with unilateral HSK should be considered a potential case of MG dysfunction, necessitating early treatment for bilateral dry eye in the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2153-2157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refraction difference value variations in children and adolescents with different refractive errors.","authors":"Da-Wen Wu, Ze-Yi Yang, Yan Nie, He-Ya Ye, Liang Chen, Long-Qian Liu, Guo-Yuan Yang","doi":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.11","DOIUrl":"10.18240/ijo.2024.12.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the refraction difference value (RDV) variations in children and adolescents with different refractive errors and analyze its correlation with refractive development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants aged 4-16y with different refractive statuses (hyperopia, emmetropia, myopia) underwent comprehensive eye examinations, including spherical equivalent (SE) refraction, axial length (AL), total RDV (TRDV), and RDVs at various eccentricities (0°-15°, 15°-30°, 30°-45°) and quadrants (inferior, superior, nasal, temporal). Statistical analysis involved one-way ANOVA for group comparisons and Pearson correlation for examining relationships between SE/AL and RDVs. Paired <i>t</i>-tests compared quadrant-specific RDVs within groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant difference was found in TRDV (<i>P</i><0.001), RDV15°-30° (<i>P</i>=0.033), RDV30°-45° (<i>P</i><0.001), RDV-inferior (RDV-I, <i>P</i><0.001) and RDV-temporal (RDV-T, <i>P</i><0.001) among hyperopia, emmetropia and myopia group. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation of SE with TRDV (<i>P</i>=0.001), RDV30°-45° (<i>P</i>=0.004), RDV-I (<i>P</i>=0.047), and RDV-T (<i>P</i><0.001). The differences between RDV-superior (RDV-S) and RDV-I were statistically significant in all groups (<i>P</i><0.001 for all) and between RDV-T and RDV-nasal (RDV-N) were statistically significant in hyperopia group (<i>P</i><0.001). Within the pre-myopic group, the analysis revealed a negative correlation of SE with RDV-I (<i>P</i>=0.009). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of AL with TRDV (<i>P</i>=0.036), RDV15°-30° (<i>P</i>=0.004), RDV30°-45° (<i>P</i><0.001), RDV-S (<i>P</i>=0.003), RDV-I (<i>P</i><0.001), RDV-T (<i>P</i><0.001), RDV-N (<i>P</i>=0.022), while revealed a negative correlation of AL with RDV0-15° (<i>P</i>=0.018).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study indicates TRDV, RDV30°-45°, RDV-I, RDV-T may relate to refractive development, and a negative correlation between SE and RDV-I in pre-myopic children.</p>","PeriodicalId":14312,"journal":{"name":"International journal of ophthalmology","volume":"17 12","pages":"2236-2242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}