Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of gaze behavior while using a multi-viewpoint video viewer","authors":"Takatsugu Hirayama, Takafumi Marutani, S. Fels, K. Mase","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578186","url":null,"abstract":"Humans see things from various viewpoints but nobody attempts to see anything from every viewpoint owing to physical limitations and the great effort required. Intelligent interfaces for viewing multi-viewpoint videos may effectively remove these limitations and open up a new visual world to mankind. We have developed a multi-viewpoint video viewer that incorporates target-centered viewpoint switching. The viewer stabilizes an object at the center of the display field, which helps to focus the user's gaze on the target. We conducted a user study to analyze user behavior, especially eye movement, while watching a multi-viewpoint video on the viewer. Statistical analyses of the results indicated that the target-centered viewpoint switching encouraged the users to gaze at the center of the display where the target was located during the viewing. We believe that these are useful findings that pave the way for the design of even more intelligent viewers.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130372164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EyeSee3D: a low-cost approach for analyzing mobile 3D eye tracking data using computer vision and augmented reality technology","authors":"Thies Pfeiffer, Patrick Renner","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578183","url":null,"abstract":"For validly analyzing human visual attention, it is often necessary to proceed from computer-based desktop set-ups to more natural real-world settings. However, the resulting loss of control has to be counterbalanced by increasing participant and/or item count. Together with the effort required to manually annotate the gaze-cursor videos recorded with mobile eye trackers, this renders many studies unfeasible. We tackle this issue by minimizing the need for manual annotation of mobile gaze data. Our approach combines geometric modelling with inexpensive 3D marker tracking to align virtual proxies with the real-world objects. This allows us to classify fixations on objects of interest automatically while supporting a completely free moving participant. The paper presents the EyeSee3D method as well as a comparison of an expensive outside-in (external cameras) and a low-cost inside-out (scene camera) tracking of the eye-tracker's position. The EyeSee3D approach is evaluated comparing the results from automatic and manual classification of fixation targets, which raises old problems of annotation validity in a modern context.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116231545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaze-contingent depth of field in realistic scenes: the user experience","authors":"Margarita Vinnikov, R. Allison","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578170","url":null,"abstract":"Computer-generated objects presented on a display typically have the same focal distance regardless of the monocular and binocular depth cues used to portray a 3D scene. This is because they are presented on a flat screen display that has a fixed physical location. In a stereoscopic 3D display, accommodation (focus) of the eyes should always be at the distance of the screen for clear vision regardless of the depth portrayed; this fixed accommodation conflicts with vergence eye movements that the user must make to fuse stimuli located off the screen. This is known as accommodation-vergence conflict and is detrimental for user experience of stereoscopic virtual environments (VE), as it can cause visual discomfort and diplopia during use of a stereoscopic display. It is believed that, by artificially simulating focal blur and natural accommodation, it is possible to compensate for the vergence-accommodation conflict and alleviate these symptoms. We hypothesized that it is possible to compensate for conflict with a fixed accommodation cue by adding simulated focal blur according to instantaneous fixation. We examined gaze-contingent depth of field (DOF) when used in stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic 3D displays. We asked our participants to compare different conditions in terms of depth perception, image quality and viewing comfort. As expected, we found that monocular DOF gave a stronger impression of depth than no depth of field, stereoscopic cues were stronger than any kind of monocular cues, but adding depth of field to stereo displays did not enhance depth impressions. The opposite was true for image comfort. People thought that DOF impaired image quality in monocular viewing. We also observed that comfort was affected by DOF and display mode in similar fashion as image quality. However, the magnitude of the effects of DOF simulation on image quality depended on whether people associated image quality with depth or not. These results suggest that studies evaluating DOF effectiveness need to consider the type of task, type of image and questions asked.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"16 7-8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123622530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Easy post-hoc spatial recalibration of eye tracking data","authors":"Yunfeng Zhang, A. Hornof","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578166","url":null,"abstract":"The gaze locations reported by eye trackers often contain error resulting from a variety of sources. Such error is of increasing concern to eye tracking researchers, and several techniques have been introduced to clean up the error. These methods, however, either compensate only for error caused by a particular source (such as pupil dilation) or require the error to be somewhat constant across space and time. This paper introduces a method that is applicable to error generated from a variety of sources and that is resilient to the change in error across the display. A study shows that, at least in some cases, although the change in error across the display appears to be random it in fact follows a consistent pattern which can be modeled using quadratic equations. The parameters of these equations can be estimated using linear regression on the error vectors between recorded fixations and possible target locations. The resulting equations can then be used to clean up the error. This regression-based approach is much easier to apply than some of the previously published methods. The method is applied to the data of a visual search experiment, and the results show that the regression-based error correction works very well.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126336269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infusing perceptual expertise and domain knowledge into a human-centered image retrieval system: a prototype application","authors":"Xuan Guo, Rui Li, Cecilia Ovesdotter Alm, Qi Yu, J. Pelz, P. Shi, Anne R. Haake","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578196","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional content-based image retrieval techniques, which primarily rely on image content at the pixel level, are not effective in accessing images at the semantic level. Defining approaches to incorporate experts' perceptual and conceptual capabilities of image understanding in their domain of expertise into the retrieval processes promises to help bridge this semantic gap. Towards accomplishing this, we design and implement a novel multimodal interactive system for image retrieval. To incorporate human expertise, the system stores expert-derived information extracted from two human sensor modalities that intuitively relate to image search, eye movements and verbal descriptions, both generated by medical experts. Experimental evaluation of the system shows that by transferring experts' perceptual expertise and domain knowledge into image-based computational procedures, our system can take advantage of the different human-centered modalities' respective strengths and improve the retrieval performance over just using image-based features.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128858305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust glint detection through homography normalization","authors":"D. Hansen, Lars Roholm, Iván García Ferreiros","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578165","url":null,"abstract":"A novel normalization principle for robust glint detection is presented. The method is based on geometric properties of corneal reflections and allows for simple and effective detection of glints even in the presence of several spurious and identically appearing reflections. The method is tested on both simulated and data obtained from web cameras. The proposed method is a possible direction towards making eye trackers more robust to challenging scenarios.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126814451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head mounted device for point-of-gaze estimation in three dimensions","authors":"Morten Lidegaard, D. Hansen, N. Krüger","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578163","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a fully calibrated extended geometric approach for gaze estimation in three dimensions (3D). The methodology is based on a geometric approach utilising a fully calibrated binocular setup constructed as a head-mounted system. The approach is based on utilisation of two ordinary web-cameras for each eye and 6D magnetic sensors allowing free head movements in 3D. Evaluation of initial experiments indicate comparable results to current state-of-the-art on estimating gaze in 3D. Initial results show an RMS error of 39-50 mm in the depth dimension and even smaller in the horizontal and vertical dimensions regarding fixations. However, even though the workspace is limited, the fact that the system is designed as a head-mounted device, the workspace volume is relatively positioned to the pose of the device. Hence gaze can be estimated in 3D with relatively free head-movements with external reference to a world coordinate system and is therefore offering flexibility and movability within certain constraints.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130605349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time hidden gaze point correction","authors":"O. Špakov, Y. Gizatdinova","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578200","url":null,"abstract":"The accuracy of gaze point estimation is one of the main limiting factors in developing applications that utilize gaze input. The existing gaze point correction methods either do not support real-time interaction or imply restrictions on gaze-controlled tasks and object screen locations. We hypothesize that when gaze points can be reliably correlated with object screen locations, it is possible to gather and leverage this information for improving the accuracy of gaze pointing. We propose an algorithm that uses a growing pool of such collected correlations between gaze points and objects for real-time hidden gaze point correction. We tested this algorithm assuming that any point inside of a rectangular object has equal probability to be hit by gaze. We collected real data in a user study to simulate pointing at targets of small (<30px), medium (~50px) and large (>80px) size. The results showed that our algorithm can significantly improve the hit rate especially in pointing at middle-sized targets. The proposed method is real-time, person- and task-independent and is applicable for arbitrary located objects.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134496480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experts vs. novices: applying eye-tracking methodologies in colonoscopy video screening for polyp search","authors":"Jorge Bernal, F. Sánchez, F. Vilariño, Mirko Arnold, Anarta Ghosh, G. Lacey","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2628811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2628811","url":null,"abstract":"We present in this paper a novel study aiming at identifying the differences in visual search patterns between physicians of diverse levels of expertise during the screening of colonoscopy videos. Physicians were clustered into two groups -experts and novices- according to the number of procedures performed, and fixations were captured by an eye-tracker device during the task of polyp search in different video sequences. These fixations were integrated into heat maps, one for each cluster. The obtained maps were validated over a ground truth consisting of a mask of the polyp, and the comparison between experts and novices was performed by using metrics such as reaction time, dwelling time and energy concentration ratio. Experimental results show a statistically significant difference between experts and novices, and the obtained maps show to be a useful tool for the characterisation of the behaviour of each group.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116700771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognition of translator expertise using sequences of fixations and keystrokes","authors":"Pascual Martínez-Gómez, A. Minocha, Jin Huang, M. Carl, S. Bangalore, Akiko Aizawa","doi":"10.1145/2578153.2578201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578201","url":null,"abstract":"Professional human translation is necessary to meet high quality standards in industry and governmental agencies. Translators engage in multiple activities during their task, and there is a need to model their behavior, with the objective to understand and optimize the translation process. In recent years, user interfaces enabled us to record user events such as eye-movements or keystrokes. Although there have been insightful descriptive analysis of the translation process, there are multiple advantages in enabling quantitative inference. We present methods to classify sequences of fixations and keystrokes into activities and model translation sessions with the objective to recognize translator expertise. We show significant error reductions in the task of recognizing certified translators and their years of experience, and analyze the characterizing patterns.","PeriodicalId":142459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126719356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}