{"title":"Hetero-Magnetic Coupled Inductor (HMCI) for High Frequency Interleaved Multiphase DC/DC Converters","authors":"Shengchang Lu, C. Ding, Y. Mei, K. Ngo, G. Lu","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8721767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8721767","url":null,"abstract":"A coupled inductor made of different magnetic materials was designed and fabricated for high frequency interleaved multiphase DC/DC converters. The coupled inductor, herein termed hetero-magnetic coupled inductor or HMCI, has a sandwich structure with two ferrite plates and metal windings in between. The gap region between the ferrite plates is filled with a low temperature curable magnetic paste to increase inductance density and reduce fringing effect. The winding structure combined with a custom-formulated magnetic paste provides flexible negative coupling between the different phases. Compared to the a commercial two-phase coupled inductor, FEA simulation of our HMCI shows reductions in footprint by 50% and AC resistance by 36% while having a similar transient inductance. Experimental results on the fabricated inductor were in agreement with the simulated results.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121391329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefan Ehrlich, Christopher Joffe, Hannes Thielke, Matthias Leinfelder, M. März
{"title":"Comprehensive SPICE Model for Power Inductor Losses","authors":"Stefan Ehrlich, Christopher Joffe, Hannes Thielke, Matthias Leinfelder, M. März","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722180","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive SPICE model of a power inductor including winding losses, eddy current losses within a soft magnetic ferrite material and hysteresis losses as well as the self-resonance. With an adaption of the well-known Steinmetz’s equation for hysteresis losses, non-sinusoidal waveforms of hard-switching topologies such as DC/DC converters or PFC stages are taken into account. The small-signal impedance of the power inductor is modeled on basis of small-signal measurements that are adapted to an equivalent circuit by an algorithm. Outstanding advantages of the model are the simple generation out of data sheet parameters and a single impedance measurement as well as a good accuracy.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126239458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maximiliano F. Ferrari, Michael Orendorff, T. Smith, M. Buckner
{"title":"OPEN-CODE, REAL-TIME EMULATION TESTBED OF GRID-CONNECTED TYPE-3 WIND TURBINE SYSTEM WITH HARDWARE VALIDATION","authors":"Maximiliano F. Ferrari, Michael Orendorff, T. Smith, M. Buckner","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722049","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and development of an open-code Type-3 wind turbine virtual-testbed for real-time simulations. The proposed testbed includes the bare code for all the models required to emulate a Type-3 wind turbine system: the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) dynamic model, single-mass drive train, wind turbine system, and average model of the back to back power. This testbed can be executed in PC-layer for offline simulations or can be executed in real-time on the National Instruments (NI)-CompactRIO (cRIO) platform. The discrete-time models are implemented on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), using LabVIEW, and validated against a physical hardware setup. The emulated stator and rotor currents and DC-link voltage are compared against physical measurements creating a validated platform independent from third-party models and suitable for applications in real-time. The proposed testbed is intended to be available to researchers, wind turbine manufacturers, and utility companies to perform tests using a validated platform to verify proposed control designs of DFIG wind turbines.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"8 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131702429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Single-Stage LLC Charger with PFC Functionality and Wide Input Voltage Range","authors":"M. Wattenberg, U. Schwalbe, M. Pfost","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8721966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8721966","url":null,"abstract":"We present a compact battery charger topology for weight and cost sensitive applications with an average output current of 9 A targeted for 36 V batteries commonly found in electric bicycles. Instead of using a conventional boost converter with large DC-link capacitors, we accomplish PFC-functionality by shaping the charging current into a sin2-shape. In addition, a novel control scheme without input-current sensing is introduced. A-priori knowledge is used to implement a feed-forward control in combination with a closed-loop output current control to maintain the target current. The use of a full-bridge/half-bridge LLC converter enables operation in a wide input-voltage range.A fully featured prototype has been built with a peak output power of 1050 W. An average output power of 400 W was measured, resulting in a power density of 1.8 kW/dm3. At 9 A charging current, a power factor of 0.96 was measured and the efficiency exceeds 93% on average with passive rectification.The impact of pulse charging has been evaluated on a 400 Wh battery which was charged with the proposed converter as well as CC-CV-charging for reference. Both charging schemes show similar battery surface temperatures.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133696089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Sewergin, Alexander Stippich, Arne Hendrik Wienhausen Rik W. De Doncker
{"title":"Comparison of High Performance Cooling Concepts for SiC Power Modules","authors":"Alexander Sewergin, Alexander Stippich, Arne Hendrik Wienhausen Rik W. De Doncker","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722147","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a comparison of different cooling concepts for a commercially available off-the-shelf silicon carbide (SiC) module is investigated. A systematical approach regarding not only thermal resistance and volume flow but also pressure drop and pump power is performed. This work differs from other publications in that particular focus is laid upon impinging jet cooling of a SiC semiconductor-modules bare ceramic direct-bond-copper (DBC) substrat.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131432876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haibo Li, Y. Qian, S. Asgarpoor, Justin M. Bradley
{"title":"PMSM Current Management with Overcurrent Regulation","authors":"Haibo Li, Y. Qian, S. Asgarpoor, Justin M. Bradley","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722290","url":null,"abstract":"In many vehicle systems, the permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are critical components which provide system propulsion. This work proposes a PMSM current management method with overcurrent regulation. The proposed current management method aims at achieving online machine current trajectory tracking and overcurrent regulation. The current trajectory tracking is to explore optimal current commands which ensure maximum system efficiency or maximum torque under machine voltage capability, and the overcurrent regulation is to limit machine current and thereby enhance the system reliability by reducing overcurrent risk of machine and inverter. The proposed method is easy to implement, capable of achieving online overcurrent regulation while maintaining maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) and maximum torque per voltage (MTPV) control without requiring offline calibration, and flexible to tune under changing machine current constraint and system parameter variations.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115351104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive and Fast State of Health Estimation Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Using Online Complex Impedance and Artificial Neural Network","authors":"Zhiyong Xia, J. A. Abu Qahouq","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8721906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8721906","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an adaptive state-of-health (SOH) estimation method that utilizes artificial neural network (ANN) and online AC complex impedance. The zero crossing frequency of battery impedance phase can reflect the aging status of battery based on the observation from the aging data. However, the relationship between the zero crossing frequency and SOH is nonlinear. In order to model this nonlinear relationship for SOH prediction, ANN as a powerful nonlinear fitting tool or method is explored in this paper in order to characterize this relationship. The designed ANN can update its parameters based on the feedback data from the operation of the system. This feature makes the proposed method be able to adapt to the changes in the operation conditions and aging conditions of the battery, which enables better SOH prediction accuracy compared with the static SOH model methods when the operation conditions or battery conditions are different from the ones that the static SOH models are derived from. The proposed SOH estimation method also allows for fast prediction compared with the conventional capacity fading methods. This is mainly because the parameter used for SOH prediction, i.e. battery impedance phase, can be obtained within a short time during the online operation of the system. A preliminary experimental prototype is built in the laboratory to verify the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114588531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A SiC Bidirectional LLC On-Board Charger*","authors":"Haoran Li, Shengdong Wang, Zhiliang Zhang, Jiacheng Tang, X. Ren, Qianhong Chen","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722324","url":null,"abstract":"The LLC converters are widely used in the unidirectional chargers. However, the reverse LLC voltage gain is lower than unity. The DC-link voltage is then lower than the peak grid voltage so that the buck type DC-AC converters cannot be grid-tied directly, which causes the LLC reverse operation difficult in bidirectional charging applications. This paper proposed a SiC bidirectional LLC on-board charger architecture to achieve high efficiency and high power density. The first stage is an interleaved bridgeless totem pole PFC to achieve unity power factor. The second stage is a 300-kHz LLC taking advantage of wide ZVS range and magnetic integration. Thanks to extra control freedom of high DC-link voltage, the DC-DC voltage gain regulation burden is shared by the DC/AC stage taking advantage of high voltage SiC MOSFETs. An LLC reverse voltage gain compensation control by regulating DC-link voltage is proposed to enable the LLC bidirectional operation. A digital adaptive synchronous rectification driving scheme is proposed based on the LLC primary driver signals. The adaptive SR on-time is modified in every switching control cycle guaranteeing fast transient response and suitable for high frequency applications. A prototype of 6.6 kW SiC bidirectional LLC charger was built and the battery voltage from 240 V to 420 V. The power density is 44 W/in3 with 3 kW /kg and increases 22.2% over the Wolfspeed design. The charging peak efficiency is 95.3% through, and 1.3% higher than the state-of-the-art products. The peak discharging efficiency under 6.6 kW is 95.6%, and 0.6% higher than the state-of-the-art efficiency.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116990481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ze Ni, Yanchao Li, Jalen Johnson, Mengxuan Wei, Chengkun Liu, X. Lyu, Dong Cao
{"title":"A GaN Switched Tank Converter with Partial Power Voltage Regulation for Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"Ze Ni, Yanchao Li, Jalen Johnson, Mengxuan Wei, Chengkun Liu, X. Lyu, Dong Cao","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722301","url":null,"abstract":"A new Switched Tank Converter (STC) with Partial Power Voltage Regulation (PPVR) is introduced for electric vehicle applications. It offers a flexibly adjustable conversion ratio for a wide-range battery voltage. The unregulated stage is modularized with resonant switched capacitor converters. All device voltage stresses are equal to the input voltage. The efficient unregulated stage processes the bulk of system power and the less efficient regulated stage processes a small amount of power. Thus, high overall efficiency can be achieved. A new index called Semiconductor Loss Index (SLI) is defined as a function of semiconductor die area to evaluate different power topologies. It is helpful to analyze the impact of each switch die area, different operated output power, switching frequency, and conversion ratio on the total device power loss. With the same total semiconductor die area, the proposed converter can achieve less than 1/3 device total power loss compared with boost converter. A 4-kW 1200V output converter prototype with 200V~400V input voltage range is developed, which combines a 6 times conversion ratio STC with a PPVR buck converter. The overall full-load efficiency of designed 4-kW converter can reach to 97.71%. Simulation, prototype and experiment results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed converter.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122178077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Improved Modulation Strategy for the Active Voltage Clamping HERIC Inverter","authors":"Hui Wang, Zhenxi Wu, Zhongting Tang, Hua Han, Yongheng Yang, F. Blaabjerg","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722251","url":null,"abstract":"The active voltage clamping HERIC (AVC-HERIC) inverter can be employed in PV applications due to its high-performance in terms of low leakage currents, high efficiency, and high power density. However, maintaining a high efficiency and good power quality under reactive power injection requires retrofitting the modulation strategies. This paper thus proposes an improved modulation method for the AVC-HERIC topology. The proposed modulation scheme mainly adopts two operation modes to enable the reactive power injection. Moreover, the two operation modes can be switched according to the polarity of the reference voltage. This maintains the efficiency as when the unipolar pulse width-modulation (PWM) strategy is adopted. Additionally, in the region of the minimum pulse width limitation (MPWL), an effective compensation strategy is also proposed in this paper to improve the power quality. Simulations and experiments are performed on a 4-kW AVC-HERIC system, and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed modulation.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124093675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}