International Journal of Phytoremediation最新文献

{"title":"Responses of glyoxalase system, ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and antioxidant enzymes in <i>Pontederia cordata</i> to lead stress and its capacity to remove lead.","authors":"Jianpan Xin, Sisi Ma, Runan Tian","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2421362","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2421362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the variations in membrane permeabilities, chlorophyll contents, antioxidase activities, the ascorbic acid (AsA)-glutathione (GSH) cycle, and the glyoxalase system in the leaves of <i>Pontederia cordata</i> with 0 ∼ 15.0 mg L^-1 lead ion (Pb²⁺) exposure. The concentrations of Pb²⁺ accumulated in the plant roots, stems, and leaves were also evaluated. After 7 days of exposure, the plants maintained normal growth, and there was a significant increase in ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. With 5.0 mg L^-1 Pb²⁺ exposure for 28 days, nearly 66.36% of Pb²⁺ accumulated in the roots, while excess Pb²⁺ immobilized in the leaves was not observed. Exposure to 10.0 and 15.0 mg L^-1 Pb²⁺ for 28 days significantly increased Pb²⁺ contents in the leaves. This led to decrease in chlorophyll <i>a, b</i>, and carotenoid contents, and to increase in the methylglyoxal content in the leaves. With 10 and 15 mg L^-1 Pb²⁺ exposure, NPT and PCs contents in leaves increased. however, the glyoxalase system did not function well in the plant tolerant to Pb²⁺ at higher concentrations. The AsA-GSH cycle did not cooperate with the glyoxalase system in the plant defense against Pb²⁺ exposure in the present investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"390-399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coconut shell carbon via phosphoric acid activation for rhodamine B, malachite green, and methylene blue adsorption - equilibrium and kinetics.","authors":"Fadina Amran, Tivya Sarawanan, Yau Kang Qi, Arifah Azmi, Agus Arsad, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2399062","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2399062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was aimed at evaluating the removal of different cationic dyes onto phosphoric acid-activated coconut shell carbon. The activated carbon was characterized for surface functional groups, thermal decomposition profiles, surface morphology, and textural properties. The specific area was recorded as 1,221 m²/g with 100% mesoporosity. On molecular basis, the activated carbon adsorbs malachite green, methylene blue, and rhodamine B at maximum capacities of 1.52 mmol/g, 0.80 mmol/g, and 0.58 mmol/g, respectively. It indirectly implies the selectivity of activated carbon toward malachite green, and behaves differently due to steric hindrance of dye molecules. All equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir model, while the kinetic data are closely fitted to pseudo-second order model as concentration increases. To conclude, coconut shell activated carbon is more effective to remove malachite green compared to methylene blue and rhodamine B.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"36-45"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced pollution removal from canal water by coupling aeration to floating treatment wetlands.","authors":"Pham-Yen-Nhi Tran, Thi-Viet-Huong Dao, Thi-Kim-Quyen Vo, Tran-Anh-Chi Nguyen, Thi-Mai-Xuan Nguyen, Cong-Sac Tran, Thi-Yen-Phuong Nguyen, Linh-Thy Le, Van-Tung Tra, Nhu-Nguyet Phan, Piet N L Lens, Xuan-Thanh Bui","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2401957","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2401957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are natural solutions for purifying polluted water, providing a green surface area and improving city landscape. This study investigated if the efficiency of FTWs can be improved by aeration for treating contaminated canal water. The three used plant species were <i>Canna generalis</i>, <i>Phragmites australis</i>, and <i>Cyperus alternifolius</i>. The experiment was carried out in three FTWs with aeration and three without aeration to compare the removal for COD, NH₄⁺-N, <i>E. coli</i>, PO₄^3--P, and Fe. In the aerated FTWs, air blowers were installed to run at two different air flow rates of 2.5 L min^-1 (Batch 1) and 1.0 L min^-1 (Batch 2). Aeration increased the dissolved oxygen concentrations in each tank, which came over 6.5 mg L^-1 in both batches. This study sheds light on the positive impact of aeration has on COD and NH₄⁺-N removal: these are nearly three-fold higher compared to non-aeration conditions and reached approximately 99% (1.7-log reduction) for <i>E. coli</i> removal. Additionally, the plant growth rate in the aerated FTWs was higher than in the non-aerated ones. The average shoot growth rate of <i>Phragmites australis</i> was 0.76 cm d^-1 for the aerated FTW which was two-fold higher compared to the non-aerated one.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"84-95"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable treatment of combined industrial wastewater: synergistic phytoremediation with <i>Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes,</i> and <i>Arundo donax in</i> biofilm wetlands.","authors":"Bibi Saima Zeb, Qaisar Mahmood, Muhammad Irshad, Habiba Zafar, Ru Wang","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2403037","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2403037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the treatment of combined wastewater from Hattar Industrial Estate using Biofilm Wetlands (BW) planted with monoculture species: <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> (EAC), <i>Pistia stratiotes</i> (WL), and <i>Arundo donax</i> (GR). Each species showed distinct capabilities in organic degradation, metal uptake, and pH stabilization. BW2, planted with EAC, achieved the highest total solids (TS) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies of 66% and 65%, respectively. GR effectively reduced initial COD concentrations from 232 mg/L to 58.67 mg/L, while EAC and WL reached reductions to 72.78 mg/L and 70.67 mg/L, respectively. Overall, the plant efficiency ranking was EAC > GR > WL. These findings underscore the potential of these plant species in synergistic BW systems, highlighting their role as natural solutions for remediating complex industrial effluents. This research contributes to advancing eco-friendly wastewater treatment approaches, suggesting promising applications for sustainable practices in industrial contexts. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSThis research assessed the effectiveness of phytoremediation using <i>Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes,</i> and <i>Arundo donax</i> for removing pollutants i.e. heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Hg) nitrates, phosphates and sulfates from combined industrial wastewater of Hattar Industrial Estate Pakistan.It highlighted the potential of selected plant species' as natural treatment systems, providing crucial insights into their efficiency.Findings contribute to understanding nature-based solutions for complex industrial effluents.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"128-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter retention and removal efficiency in ten tree species of semi-arid environment.","authors":"Fahad Rasheed, Charles Ruffner, Asif Iqbal","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2420326","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2420326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern era has witnessed particulate matter (PM) become one of the biggest threats for the existence of biological species. Therefore, a study was performed in Faisalabad city to evaluate PM retention and removal efficiency of ten local tree species. Branch samples were collected from urban, sub-urban and rural areas in September 2020 (183 days after rain), and in August 2021 (30 days after rain). Results showed that total PM load, PM_>10 and PM₁₀-_2.5 retention was the highest in urban followed by sub-urban and rural area. PM_>10, PM₁₀-_2.5, total PM, and PM deposition rate decreased significantly in the following order, <i>F. benghalensis > T. arjuna > S. cumini > A. scholaris > F. religiosa > E. camaldulensis > D sissoo > C lancifolius > B. ceiba > M. alba</i> during both years 2020, and 2021. During the artificial rainfall experiment, total PM removed by the species also followed the same order however, PM removal efficiency was the highest in <i>B. ceiba</i> and <i>M. alba</i> followed by <i>E. camaldulensis, C. lancifolius, D. sissoo, T. arjuna, S. cumini, A. scholaris, F. religiosa</i> and <i>F. benghalensis.</i> Therefore, it can be concluded that species selection must be done skillfully for congested urban environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"362-371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142500478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cesium accumulation and plant growth promotion characteristics of <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i> A10 isolated from <i>Brassica juncea</i> L. rhizosphere soil.","authors":"Shan Yuan, Xi Chen, Na Han, Ming Sun, Chao-Hui Yang, Ming-Xuan Wang, Qun Li, Wen-Ping Du, Guo Wu","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2399771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2399771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The combined microbial-plant remediation has increasingly been used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil. Some microorganisms could enhance phytoremediation efficiency by solubilizing heavy metal and improve plant growth by producing phytohormones in the heavy metal contaminated soils. In the present study, a strong cesium (Cs)-tolerant fungal strain <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i> was identified from soil microorganisms contaminated with Cs, and the enrichment conditions for Cs were optimized. Furthermore, the effects of the A10 fermentation solution on the growth of Indian mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i> L.) seedlings were investigated. The results indicated that the optimal combination of factors consisted of a culture temperature of 28 °C, pH7.0, initial concentration of Cs at 5.91 g·L^-1. The maximum enrichment of Cs in the A10 was up to 75.36 mg·g^-1 DW. In addition, the enrichment of Cs in Indian mustard was significantly enhanced by the application of the A10 fermentation solution, and the growth of Indian mustard was promoted under Cs stress. The present study has expanded the repertoire of microbial resources available for facilitating the Cs contaminated soil, thereby enhancing its applicability in the phytoremediation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":"27 1","pages":"46-56"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects and mechanisms of aquatic landscape plants on the removal of veterinary antibiotics from hydroponic solutions.","authors":"Xiao-Ming Lu, Yi-Xi Liu","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2402877","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2402877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Four aquatic landscape plants and three veterinary antibiotics were selected to construct a hydroponic test system to analyze the tolerance, removal effect and mechanism of antibiotics. The results indicated that antibiotic concentrations from 0 to 100 μg·L^-1 promoted plant heights and leaf chlorophyll contents, while antibiotics at concentrations > 100 μg·L^-1 had inhibitory effects. The ability of different plants to remove antibiotics was <i>Acorus calamus</i> L. > <i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i> L. > <i>Thalia dealbata</i> Fraser > <i>Nuphar pumila</i> (Timm) DC. The plants with the best removal of norfloxacin, sulfadimethoxine and chlortetracycline were <i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i> L., <i>Acorus calamus</i> L. and <i>Acorus calamus</i> L. after 12 d of hydroponic cultivation using 100 μg·L^-1 antibiotics, with removal rates of 66.6%, 63.0% and 63.2%, respectively. The accumulation of antibiotics in different plant tissues was root > stem > leaf and the accumulation increased with incubation time. The diversity of plant root biofilm microorganisms decreased with increasing treatment concentrations of antibiotics, while the abundance of dominant genera (<i>Aeromonas</i>, <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Lysinibacillus</i>, <i>Providencia</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus</i>) showed an increasing trend. The findings imply that the antibiotic uptake by plants and the dynamics of the rhizosphere microbial community combine to promote antibiotic removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"117-127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquatic plants mitigate pollution by enhancing the degradation of atrazine and diuron present in agricultural runoff.","authors":"Xi Ling, Yunv Dai, Yiping Tai, Congcong Jin, Qiwen Li, Xiaomeng Zhang, Yang Yang","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2442639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2442639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vegetated ditches have been demonstrated to be an effective method for pollutant remediation. This study assesses the removal potential and pathways for herbicide runoff pollution utilizing <i>Canna indica</i>, <i>Thalia dealbata</i>, <i>Typha latifolia</i>, and <i>Juncus effuses</i> ditches. Resultes show these vegetated ditches significantly outperform unvegetated ones in removing atrazine and diuron during runoff events (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The removal rates of atrazine and diuron varied among the four aquatic macrophytes, with <i>C. indica</i> and <i>T. latifolia</i> exhibiting the highest efficiencies, achieving 43.02-72.61% and 56.42-53.11% removal, respectively, under varying runoff pollution. The half-lives of herbicides were significantly reduced from 231.01 to 693.15 h in unvegetated ditches to 99.02-230.05 h in vegetated ones. Furthermore, the release rates of herbicides were significantly reduced from 48.95 to 55.79% in unvegetated ditches to 34.10-42.32% in vegetated ones, particularly during high-dose rainfall events (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Mass balance analysis indicated that biodegradation was the primary removal pathway for herbicides (atrazine 36.20%; diuron 45.76%), followed by sorption (atrazine 6.00%; diuron 12.19%) in vegetated ditches. Plants boosted biodegradation, by 0.5 times for diuron and 1 time for atrazine. The study confirms that vegetated ditches effectively reduce herbicide runoff pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal transducer of IAA related gene expression induces transporters of hyperaccumulator <i>Arabis alpina</i> for Pb accumulation.","authors":"Zuran Li, Yumeng Liao, Mei Liu, Xinran Liang, Li Qin, Jixiu Wang, Yanqun Zu","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2443575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2443575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead (Pb) pollution in soil affects growth of plants. Plants' endogenous hormones play an important role in resistance to Pb of plant. In order to explore the hormone-based mechanisms of Pb accumulationin in hyperaccumulator <i>Arabis alpina</i>, a pot experiment was conducted to analyze the contents of endogenous hormones (auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and cytokinin) and related genes expressions, and Pb contents of <i>A. alpina</i>, as well as the transporter (cation exchangers (CAX), heavy metal ATPases (HMA), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC)) concentrations under foliar spraying of indoleacetic acid (IAA). The results showed that the soluble components (vacuoles) Pb contents under 300 mg kg^-1 Pb²⁺ treatment in shoots and roots increased by 238.8% and 896.3%, respectively, compared to 100 mg kg^-1 Pb²⁺ treatment. The content of endogenous hormones in leaves and roots increased under increasing Pb-treatment concentrations. Compared with the control (0 mg kg^-1 Pb²⁺ treatment), the content of auxin in roots and leaves under the 100 mg kg^-1 Pb treatment increased by 176.2% and 585.3%, respectively. The auxin content in xylem saps under the 100 and 300 mg kg^-1 Pb treatments increased by 283.1% and 100.3%, respectively. The gene expression related to auxin transport was up-regulated. The expression of three genes related to the auxin-repressed 12.5 kDa protein and the auxin-responsive GH3 (Gretchen Hagen 3) family were down-regulated. Under foliar spraying of IAA, the Pb content in leaves increased by 29.81%, and the Pb content in the symplast sap was higher than that without IAA spraying treatment. The concentrations of CAX and HMA in the roots of <i>A. alpina</i> increased by 9.6% and 8.8%, respectively, with foliar spraying treatment with IAA, while the ABC concentration decreased by 21.9%. In general, the transport and accumulation of Pb is related to the IAA content and the gene expression of <i>AaGDCST</i>, a signal transducer for inducing increased concentrations of the transporter CAX and HMA in the roots of <i>A. alpina</i>. Pb transport <i>via</i> the symplast pathway under IAA application. Regarding the Pb hyperaccumulation of <i>A. alpina</i>, gene <i>AaGDCST</i> has the potential to be utilized as a candidate gene.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flowing-water remediation simulation experiments of lead-contaminated soil using UCB technology.","authors":"Bing Bai, Jing Chen, Bin Zhang","doi":"10.1080/15226514.2024.2443071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2443071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The flowing-water remediation of contaminated soil was investigated. Urease combined with biochar (UCB) technology was used to handle the Pb²⁺-contaminated sand column. The results showed that with the continuous increase of pore volume, the concentration of Pb²⁺ in the leachate undergoes three stages: slow growth, rapid growth, and steady state. With increasing seepage velocity, the concentration of Pb²⁺ in leachate increased slightly. The residual amount of each section of the sand column gradually decreased with increasing migration distance. The comparative results indicated that the UCB technology had a good solidification effect on Pb²⁺. This was due to urease-induced CaCO₃ precipitation, cementation, and adsorption of Pb²⁺. Biochar provided more nucleation sites for urease, and some Pb²⁺ was adsorbed on its surface or diffused into the pores of biochar, or ions exchanged with functional groups on the surface of biochar, which effectively stabilized the free Pb²⁺.</p>","PeriodicalId":14235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142871781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}