International Journal of Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Engineering advanced bacterial therapy for tumor and inflammatory diseases","authors":"Yuanyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Qiuju Han","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacteria have emerged as a promising living medicine for diseases in recent years. With rapid advancements in synthetic biology and materials science, engineered bacterial therapy has encountered new opportunities. Leveraging inherent genetic reprogramming capabilities and surface chemistry modification advantages, engineered bacterial therapy enables selective functional recombination and precise spatiotemporal control, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy against diseases. This review summarizes the advantages of engineered bacterial therapy and various engineering strategies employed. Moreover, it outlines representative studies of engineered bacterial therapy in the treatment of tumors and inflammatory diseases, summarizing diverse engineered approaches that enhance the efficacy for these conditions, offering novel avenues for efficient disease management. In addition, current limitations and challenges in utilizing engineered bacterial therapy are discussed, providing insights for further innovation in biomedicine. Specifically, the potential and prospects of oral engineered bacteria in treating gastrointestinal tumors and inflammatory diseases have been explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"676 ","pages":"Article 125585"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theranostics of osteoarthritis: Applications and prospects of precision targeting nanotechnology","authors":"Yujing Chen,&nbsp;Hongyi Jiang,&nbsp;Haoran Zhu,&nbsp;Jinyan He,&nbsp;Liang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteoarthritis (OA), a complex degenerative joint disease driven by cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling, lacks effective disease-modifying therapies. Precision-targeted nanotechnology has emerged as a breakthrough strategy, offering enhanced drug delivery, reduced toxicity, and synergistic diagnostic-therapeutic capabilities. This review summarizes OA pathogenesis, focusing on dysregulated immune networks and self-perpetuating synovial microenvironmental interactions. We discuss advanced nanomedicine approaches, which leverage OA-specific pathological cues for localized treatment. Innovations in cytokine modulation, photothermal therapy, and integrated theranostics (photoacoustic/fluorescence imaging) are highlighted as transformative tools for real-time diagnosis and personalized intervention. Despite progress, challenges such as biocompatibility optimization, clinical translation barriers, OA heterogeneity necessitate further development of multifunctional nanocarriers and rational<!--> <!-->designs. This work underscores the potential of nanotechnology to advance OA therapeutics, bridging preclinical innovation with clinical applicability in pharmaceutical sciences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"676 ","pages":"Article 125548"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The review of nasal drug delivery system: The strategies to enhance the efficiency of intranasal drug delivery by improving drug absorption","authors":"Shuhua Wei ,&nbsp;Zizhao Zhai ,&nbsp;Xi Kong ,&nbsp;Chuanbin Wu ,&nbsp;Bing Zhu ,&nbsp;Ziyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Xuejuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nasal drug administration constitutes an efficient and non-invasive modality of drug delivery, and its distinctive physiological structure offers potentialities for treating a variety of diseases. To elevate the drug absorption and delivery efficiency, it is of paramount importance to delineate the transport routes and their enhancement mechanisms. Nevertheless, drug absorption pathways vary depending on the disease target, these variations present opportunities for targeted delivery and challenges for achieving precision. Hence, this review outlines the anatomical structure of the nasal cavity, and subsequently elaborates on the drug transport pathways within the nasal cavity and their influencing factors. Based on the distinct sites of drug action, diseases suitable for nasal drug administration are categorized into three types: systemic diseases, local nasal diseases, and central nervous system diseases. Grounded on multiple transport routes and their influencing factors, this review proposes strategies like optimizing formulation viscosity, using penetration enhancers, adding mucosal adhesives and improving delivery device, offering insights into future advancements in nasal drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"676 ","pages":"Article 125584"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of Hot-Melt Extrusion, spray drying, and KinetiSol® processing to formulate a poorly water-soluble and thermolabile drug","authors":"Miguel O. Jara ,&nbsp;Beatriz Behrend-Keim ,&nbsp;Giselle Bedogni ,&nbsp;Lina Vargas Michelena ,&nbsp;Daniel A. Davis Jr ,&nbsp;Dave A. Miller ,&nbsp;Claudio Salomon ,&nbsp;Robert O. Williams III","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fenbendazole (FBZ), a benzimidazole-carbamate anthelmintic, shows promising chemotherapeutic properties. However, it is a poorly water-soluble molecule, leading to low and variable oral bioavailability. This study investigated hot-melt extrusion (HME), spray drying, and KinetiSol processing (KSD) using Soluplus (SOL) to enhance FBZ’s solubility. Formulating FBZ as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) by HME at a barrel temperature of 120 °C led to extensive chemical degradation of FBZ, generating the degradation product fenbendazoleamine. On the other hand, spray-drying (SD) generated an ASD, but its usefulness was greatly limited by the low solubility of FBZ in the cosolvent system required in the SD process. Given FBZ’s poor solubility in both water and organic solvents and its thermolabile propensity, KSD was explored. Conventional KSD parameters reduced the impurity levels to 6.4 % at a discharge temperature of 64 °C. To further minimize impurity levels, we investigated alternative KSD parameters that terminate the process before reaching the melt agglomeration phase. These conditions resulted in powder-discharged KSD samples (pKSD) that avoided causing chemical degradation of FBZ. The pKSD samples exhibited trace crystallinity, as confirmed by Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that these samples comprised nano- and micron-sized particle aggregates. These results were confirmed by processing FBZ with other excipients, such as semi-crystalline polymers and cyclodextrins. The pKSD samples demonstrated improved dissolution performance of FBZ compared to the physical mixture and crystalline neat FBZ due to the smaller particle size of FBZ. pKSD FBZ provides a solution for formulating thermolabile molecules like FBZ while only requiring a few seconds of exposure to the pKSD manufacturing process conditions, thus eliminating the disadvantages of SD (e.g., requiring sufficiently high solubility in the organic solvent system) and HME (e.g., exposure to high shear and heat during the process).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"676 ","pages":"Article 125582"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of Polydopamine-Coated selenium nanoparticles in Osteoarthritis treatment","authors":"Kyung-Chae Park ,&nbsp;Junwon Choi ,&nbsp;Sujin Choi ,&nbsp;Gyurim Lee ,&nbsp;Hyun‑Ju An ,&nbsp;Hyerin Yun ,&nbsp;Soonchul Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteoarthritis (OA) affects millions globally, with its prevalence expected to rise due to an aging population. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have shown therapeutic potential, and polydopamine (PDA) coatings on nanoparticles offered additional benefits, including enhanced biocompatibility, antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, while SeNPs and PDA have demonstrated efficacy in several disease models, their role in OA remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of PDA-coated SeNPs in the treatment of OA. We developed PDA-coated SeNPs (PDA-SeNP) to improve Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) control and evaluated their anti-inflammatory and cartilage-regenerative effects in both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> models of OA. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the sizes of PDA-SeNPs was 203 ± 11 nm, with PDA coatings of approximately 12 ± 2 nm on the SeNPs. <em>In vitro,</em> treatment with PDA-SeNPs significantly enhanced the expression of cartilage-regeneration markers while reducing inflammatory marker levels in chondrocytes. For the <em>in vivo</em> analysis, OA was induced by injecting monoiodoacetate into the knee joints of rats. Four weeks after treatment with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, n = 6), SeNPs (n = 6), or PDA-SeNPs (n = 6), the incapacitance test demonstrated improved weight-bearing capacity in the SeNP and PDA-SeNP groups compared to the PBS control. Gross morphological assessment and histological analysis revealed that PDA-SeNPs mitigated cartilage damage more effectively than SeNPs alone. These findings suggest that PDA-SeNPs promote cartilage repair, enhance extracellular matrix synthesis, and reduce knee pain in OA, establishing them as promising candidates for future OA treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"675 ","pages":"Article 125568"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting EGFR-TKI resistance in lung cancer: Role of miR-5193/miR-149-5p loaded NK-EVs and Carboplatin combination","authors":"Aakash Nathani ,&nbsp;Li Sun ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Jassy Lazarte ,&nbsp;Mounika Aare ,&nbsp;Mandip Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and there is an urgent need for innovative therapies. MicroRNA (miRNA)-based gene therapy has shown promise, but efficient delivery systems are required for its success. This study investigates the use of extracellular vehicles (EVs) secreted by natural killer (NK) cells as delivery systems for miRNAs targeting PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint and FOXM1, in combination with Carboplatin, to enhance anticancer efficacy in lung cancer models. NK-EVs were isolated from NK92-MI cells and characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), proteomics and Western blotting, confirming their exosomal characteristics. Gene ontology profiling and RNA-seq identified highly expressed miRNAs such as miR-5193 and miR-149-5p, which were loaded into NK-EVs via electroporation. Agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed their entrapment and Quickdrop spectrophotometer was used to estimate the quantity. In vitro, miRNA-loaded NK-EVs demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against Osimertinib-resistant PDX (TM0019, Jackson Labs) and H1975R (with L858R mutations) lung cancer cells, with approximately 1.2 to 1.6-fold (p &lt; 0.01) decrease in cell viability compared to NK-EVs alone. In vivo, the combination of miRNA-loaded NK-EVs and Carboplatin significantly reduced tumor volumes (3.5 to 4-fold, p &lt; 0.001) in PDX and H1975R xenograft models, with the most pronounced effect observed in combination therapies. Western blot analysis showed downregulation of tumor-associated markers: PD-1/PD-L1, FOXM1, Survivin, NF-κB and others vs untreated group, p &lt; 0.001) suggesting immune checkpoint inhibition, apoptosis and anti-inflammatory activity. These findings highlight the potential of NK-EVs as effective carriers for miRNAs in combination with chemotherapy, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for NSCLC with EGFR mutations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"675 ","pages":"Article 125573"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-made trained immunity-based vaccines: Beyond one approach","authors":"Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante ,&nbsp;Miriam Angulo ,&nbsp;Abel Ramos-Vega ,&nbsp;Edgar Trujillo ,&nbsp;Carlos Angulo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant-made vaccines and trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV or TRAIMbV) represent two strategies for enhancing immunity against diseases. Plants provide an effective and cost-efficient vaccine production platform, while TIbV induces innate immune memory that can protect against both homologous and heterologous diseases. Both strategies are generally compatible; however, they have not been explored in a transdisciplinary manner. Despite their strengths in vaccinology, each faces limitations that hinder widespread adoption and health benefits. This review revisits both strategies, discussing their fundamental knowledge alongside practical and experimental examples, ultimately highlighting their limitations and perspectives to pave the way for a unified approach to combat diseases. Future scenarios are envisioned and presented if research on plant-made trained immunity-based vaccines is adopted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"675 ","pages":"Article 125572"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Costunolide nanosuspension loaded in dissolvable microneedle arrays for atopic dermatitis treatment","authors":"Xulong Xue ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Cao ,&nbsp;Ying Liu ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Qingyang Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have garnered increasing attention due to their potential to overcome the limitations of the traditional oral route. This study developed a novel transdermal delivery system integrating costunolide nanosuspension (COS-NS) with dissolvable microneedles (DMN) to address the poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability of COS for atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment. COS-NS was prepared via antisolvent precipitation, stabilized with PVP K30 and SDS, and freeze-dried with mannitol (COS NS-M), yielding nanoparticles (203.42 ± 1.99 nm) with enhanced solubility (388.61 ± 9.35 μg/mL) and cumulative release (93.00 ± 2.92 % over 24 h). COS NS-M was incorporated into hyaluronic acid-based DMN (COS-DMN), demonstrating robust mechanical strength (0.12 N/needle) and efficient epidermal penetration (630 µm depth, 95 % success rate in mice skin). Pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed superior transdermal performance for COS-DMN, achieving a C_max of 26.30 ± 3.49 ng/mL and AUC_0-24h of 210.80 ± 8.15 h·ng/mL, outperforming oral administration. In the 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mice model, COS-DMN (less than 10 % of the oral dose) significantly reduced skin thickness, pruritus scores, and inflammatory cytokines (IgE, TNF-α, IL-13) Histological and molecular analyses confirmed attenuated epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration. These findings highlight COS-DMN as a minimally invasive, high-efficacy platform for transdermal delivery of hydrophobic therapeutics, offering a promising strategy for AD management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"675 ","pages":"Article 125566"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microneedle system carrying Momordin Ic-loaded ROS-responsive hydrogel ameliorates psoriasis via targeted anti-inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging mechanisms","authors":"Chang Wang ,&nbsp;Lingyue Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhouxin Han ,&nbsp;Lingzhi He ,&nbsp;Jiao Yuan ,&nbsp;Jinqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Qin Zhu ,&nbsp;Shiyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with high oxidative stress and immune dysregulation. Current therapies are limited by side effects and inefficacy over long-term use, highlighting the need for targeted treatments. This study investigates a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrogel (HP)-dissolving microneedle system, loaded with Momordin Ic, designed for controlled, site-specific release to alleviate psoriasis. We hypothesized that this system could target psoriatic inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. The Franz diffusion cell assay confirmed that Momordin Ic release was accelerated under elevated ROS conditions, demonstrating the stimuli-responsive nature of the hydrogel microneedles system. An imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the Momordin Ic/HP microneedle system. The HP microneedles exhibited controlled Momordin Ic release under elevated ROS, and <em>in vitro</em> studies showed reduced ROS levels and blocked hyperproliferation in HaCaT keratinocytes. <em>In vivo</em>, the microneedle treatment alleviated psoriasis symptoms, reducing erythema, scaling, and epidermal thickness while downregulating inflammatory markers (IL-17A, TNF-α). These findings suggest that Momordin Ic/HP microneedles provide a promising therapeutic approach to treating inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis by combining anti-inflammatory and ROS-scavenging functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"676 ","pages":"Article 125530"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alginate gels: Chemistry, gelation mechanisms, and therapeutic applications with a focus on GERD treatment","authors":"Devesh U. Kapoor ,&nbsp;Anil Pareek ,&nbsp;Swapnil Sharma ,&nbsp;Bhupendra G. Prajapati ,&nbsp;Kasitpong Thanawuth ,&nbsp;Pornsak Sriamornsak","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alginate, a natural polysaccharide derived primarily from marine algae, has become popular in biomedical research due to its versatile gelation properties and biocompatibility. This review explores the chemistry, gelation mechanisms, and therapeutic applications of alginate gels, with a particular focus on their role in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) management. Alginate’s structure, comprised of guluronic and mannuronic acid blocks, allows for gel formation by ionic cross-linking with divalent cations like calcium ions, generating a stable “egg-box” structure. The effects of pH, temperature, and ion concentration on gelation are explored, as well as other gel forms such as in situ and heat-sensitive gels. Alginate is widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical areas to promote tissue engineering through cell encapsulation and scaffolding, as well as in drug delivery systems for controlled and targeted release. In GERD therapy, alginate produces a gel raft that inhibits acid reflux, providing an effective alternative to proton pump inhibitors. Alginate-based products have demonstrated clinical success, strengthening alginate’s medicinal promise. The review also discusses alginate-related issues, such as source variability and stability, as well as innovative modifications to improve treatment effects. These improvements establish alginate as a potential material for customized medication and tailored delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"675 ","pages":"Article 125570"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}