International Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"EEG signal analysis for the classification of Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia: a novel approach using artificial neural networks and cross-entropy techniques.","authors":"Fatma Latifoğlu, Fırat Orhanbulucu, Murugappan Murugappan, Sümeyye Nur Gürbüz, Burçin Çayır, Fatma Zehra Avcı","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529301","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dementia, a neurological disorder, can cause cognitive decline due to damage to the brain. Our study aims to contribute to the development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems to aid in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) by examining Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. EEG signals of 36 AD, 23 FTD and 29 healthy control (HC) participants were analyzed and entropy measurement approaches were used to analyze the connectivity between EEG channel pairs. The cross-permutation entropy (CPE) method and the cross conditional entropy (CCE) method were analyzed separately and the fused cross entropy (FCE) method was also tested by combining these techniques to determine the most appropriate method for feature extraction from EEG signals. The features obtained from these techniques were then evaluated in the classification phase using two separate machine learning algorithms. According to the performance evaluation criteria, the FCE and artificial neural network (ANN) model showed the most successful performance in the classification of all groups. In terms of area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy rates, 99.85% AUC and 98.46% accuracy were obtained in AD&HC groups, 99.71% AUC and 98.10% accuracy in FTD&HC groups and 99.39% AUC, 96.61% accuracy in AD&FTD groups. With the same model, an AUC rate of 97.14% and accuracy rate of 73.86% was obtained for the classification of the triple group (AD&FTD&HC). It has been observed that the results of this study show successful performance compared to the results of similar studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144575425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral adduction palsy with a paramedian midbrain lesion is most likely wall-eyed bilateral oculomotor subnuclear ophthalmoplegia: a case report of a brainstem infarction.","authors":"Tsutomu Yasuda, Sho Fujiwara, Akihiko Shimomura, Ayaka Chikada, Noritoshi Arai","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2534403","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2534403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 73-year-old female was hospitalized in our Department of Neurology for diplopia due to multiple infarctions in the midbrain and pons. A neurological examination revealed bilateral adduction palsy during horizontal gaze with nystagmus of the contralateral abducting eye. Exotropia and impaired convergence were also noticed. The distinctive symptoms indicated wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (WEBINO). We speculate that the cause of WEBINO in our case was bilateral medial rectus palsy <i>via</i> bilateral damage to the medial rectus subnuclei (MRSN) due to the paramedian midbrain infarction. We propose that bilateral adduction palsy with impaired convergence due to bilateral MRSN impairment, such as in our case, should be given a more appropriate name because we speculate that it is not 'internuclear ophthalmoplegia'. 'WEBOSO' (wall-eyed bilateral oculomotor subnuclear ophthalmoplegia) may be a more appropriate name.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144618057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a multi-omics study.","authors":"Yi Li, Jinhe Dai, Mengshu Wang, Chuming Yan, Meihong Xiu, Miao Qu","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529238","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Microecological and metabolic disorders of the gut may be involved in the pathogenesis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but clinical multi-omics evidence of this is lacking. Our study aimed to investigate characteristic alterations in the gut microbiota and plasma metabolome of patients with GAD and evaluate their clinical diagnostic value.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Ninety subjects (60 patients with GAD and 30 healthy volunteers) were included. We employed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the gut microbiota and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze plasma metabolomic profiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GAD was associated with increased abundances of <i>Actinobacteria</i>, <i>Bacteroidetes</i>, and <i>Escherichia-Shigella</i> and decreased abundances of <i>Firmicutes</i>, <i>Roseburia</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, and <i>Prevotellaceae_Prevotella</i>. Metabolomic analysis revealed 19 differential metabolites (upregulated in GAD: e.g. glutamic acid, cortisol; downregulated in GAD: e.g. γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin). Enriched metabolic pathways included phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Notably, microbiome-metabolome combined analysis revealed a significant correlation between intestinal flora disorders and changes in the plasma metabolic profile. The diagnostic model constructed based on the combined omics data exhibited excellent discriminatory efficacy, with areas under curve of 0.710, 0.986, and 0.997 for the microbiome, metabolome, and combined model, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed the characteristic gut microbiome-plasma metabolome covariation pattern of GAD and identified biomarker combinations with potential diagnostic value. The identified biomarker group provides new insights into the gut-brain axis mechanism of GAD, providing important theoretical support for clarifying the pathogenesis of GAD and developing precise diagnosis strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and oxytocin on food craving and weight control in obese individuals with food addiction: a double-blind clinical trial.","authors":"Ali Mehranpour, Zakaria Eskandari, Jalal Hejazi, Taraneh Gazori, Ehsan Saboory","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2523323","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2523323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Obesity has become a major public health burden worldwide due to the significant social and economic impacts of its associated comorbidities. Despite substantial advancements in obesity research, its prevalence continues to rise, and weight loss remains a persistent challenge despite numerous weight management programs. Food addiction has emerged as a novel factor contributing to obesity, garnering considerable attention. Some individuals consume specific foods in quantities exceeding their physiological needs, indicating a lack of control over their eating behavior. This study aimed to examine the possible synergistic effects of novel interventions (tDCS and oxytocin) on weight loss and food craving symptoms in obese individuals with food addiction.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on obese individuals with food addiction.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Sixty individuals of both genders with obesity (BMI ≥ 30).</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four groups (19 participants each).</p><p><strong>Intervention(s): </strong>Oxytocin nasal spray, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), combined oxytocin & tDCS, and sham groups treated for 15 days.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Body weight and food craving symptoms before and after treatment.</p><p><strong>Comments: </strong>All three experimental interventions significantly improved weight control and food craving symptoms. No significant difference was observed between the mean scores of the tDCS and oxytocin groups. However, the combined tDCS and oxytocin group demonstrated significant differences compared to the other three groups. It can be concluded that the simultaneous application of two therapeutic approaches has a synergistic effect and can be effectively utilized in treating individuals with food addiction.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144368857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A neuroeconomic theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","authors":"Anıl Şafak Kaçar, Ahmed A Moustafa, Mubashir Hassan, Mustafa Zeki, Fuat Balcı","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529226","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While there are many studies on the neural bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there is a dire need for a neurocomputational framework to explain its symptoms. To this end, we use the Expected Value of Control (EVC) theory to conceptualize the information processing deficits underlying OCD. Specifically, we argue that when experiencing obsessions, weak cognitive control is favored due to the affective cost of disregarding anxiety-provoking obsessions (akin to ignoring a fire alarm). This affective cost leads to the overvaluation of the cost of cognitive control (deeming it expensive), favoring automatic responses in the form of compulsions. We also exercise other ways by which OCD symptoms can be explained within the same theoretical framework. We ground our EVC-based neuroeconomic account in different neural systems implicated in OCD, including the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia, which refer to different EVC constituents. Finally, we argue that input from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to dACC introduces the key affective cost information to the estimation of EVC.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal associations between neuroinflammation-related genes and intracerebral hemorrhage: an integrated study of Mendelian Randomization and gene functional analysis.","authors":"Quanming Zhou, Shejuan Wu, Yuanbao Kang","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529232","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening stroke subtype where neuroinflammation plays a crucial role. However, the genetic basis for neuroinflammation in ICH remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used Mendelian Randomization (MR) to investigate the causal impact of neuroinflammation-related genes on ICH risk. A two-sample MR analysis was conducted using genetic variants from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The primary analytical methods included the inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach, supplemented by MR-Egger regression and the weighted median method. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were employed to explore the biological mechanisms underlying these associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elevated expression of the CHUK gene was significantly associated with increased ICH risk (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.35, <i>p</i> = 0.0245 in the Ebi-ICH dataset; OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.03-1.52, <i>p</i> = 0.0252 in the Finn-ICH dataset). Similarly, the CTLA4 gene showed a strong association with ICH (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.52, <i>p</i> < 0.01 in the Ebi-ICH dataset; OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.47, <i>p</i> = 0.0264 in the Finn-ICH dataset). These results suggest that these genes contribute to ICH through mechanisms involving the NF-κB signaling pathway and immune regulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings reveal a significant genetic influence of CHUK and CTLA4 on ICH risk, provide potential targets for future therapeutic interventions, which could lead to the development of more effective treatment strategies for ICH.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early imaging biomarker of MRI within 1-cm margin surrounding surgical cavity predicting the progression of lower grade gliomas: dual-centers experience.","authors":"Wenfei Li, Xuedong Bai, Mengyu Cheng, Yanguo Li","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529233","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2025.2529233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>More than 80% of postoperative tumor recurrences were within 1 cm of the postoperative tumor margin; therefore, characterizing the cavity microenvironment with a 1 cm margin was valuable for early warning of the progress after Lower grade gliomas (LGGs) surgery.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the clinical utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values within 1 cm of the postoperative tumor margin for predicting the postoperative progression of LGGs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The clinical and imaging data of patients with glioma from the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao and Affiliated Hospital of ChengDe Medical College were collected as the training group and external validation group, respectively. The mean ADC value within 1 cm of the margins surrounding the surgical cavity was measured by two senior radiologists. Patients were divided into high- and low-risk subgroups based on the optimal ADC threshold determined using the X-tile software. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed to capture the differences in progression-free survival (PFS) between the groups. The independent risk factors for PFS were determined using Cox proportional hazards models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The inter-observer agreement was significant for the max ADC (ICC = 0.902) and min ADC (ICC = 0.884). X-tile determined the optimal threshold of the training group to be 1345 × 10^-3 mm/s, dividing patients into low-risk and high-risk groups. The high-risk group exhibited a significantly shorter PFS than that of the low-risk group. In the external validation group, poor prognosis in the low-risk group was significantly correlated with mADC. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the mADC was an independent risk factor for LGGs recurrence (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ADC values within 1-cm of the margin surrounding the residual cavity are risk factors for the first postoperative progression of LGGs, which should be added in routine postoperative surveillance protocols to predict the PFS of patients with LGG.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy observation, complications and nursing of enteral nutrition suspension in patients with acute ischemic stroke.","authors":"Jie Li, Huiying Huang, Ying Yan, Yanli Fu, Manfang Li, Wenhui Ju, Yang Cai, Qian Liu, Hongbo Chen","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2024.2334368","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2024.2334368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study focuses on exploring the efficacy observation, complications and nursing aspects of using enteral nutrition suspension in patients with acute ischemic stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 188 patients with acute ischemic stroke treated in the Neurology Department of our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023. Patients who received intermittent enteral nutrition and nursing interventions were included in the control group (n=96), while patients who received continuous enteral nutrition and nursing interventions were included in the treatment group (n=92). Relevant indicators data changes before and after treatment were recorded for each patient, along with the occurrence of complications in both groups, and statistical analysis was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The treatment group had fewer days in the ICU and total hospitalization days compared to the control group, with <i>p</i> < .05. Patients in the treatment group had higher levels of serum albumin and serum prealbumin than those in the control group, with <i>p</i> < .05. The occurrence of abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating and acid reflux in the treatment group was lower than in the control group, with <i>p</i> < .05. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of adverse outcomes at discharge, death at discharge, cerebral hemorrhage, lung infection and gastrointestinal bleeding between the two groups (<i>p</i> > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The application of enteral nutrition suspension in patients with acute ischemic stroke effectively provides the necessary nutrients, maintains nutritional balance, promotes tissue repair and recovery and reduces the length of hospital stay.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"836-843"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140174631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sodium valproate versus levetiracetam in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Xiaolei Huang, Wenjia Lin, Jiayin Wang, Chubin Liu, Guan Wei, Jiawei Wang, Chaoyang Wang","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2024.2332959","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2024.2332959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To observe the efficacy and safety of sodium valproate (VPA) compared to levetiracetam (LEV) in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this blind, prospective study, eighty-four sTBI patients who had craniotomy from August 2021 to August 2023 were randomly split into two groups through random number table method: LEV and VPA, each with 42 patients. Both received comprehensive treatment post-craniotomy. LEV group: LEV injection on surgery day, transitioning to LEV tablets from day two. VPA group: VPA injection on surgery day, switching to VPA extended-release tablets from day two. The study compared hospital stay, neurological function, clinical outcomes, seizures, and drug reactions between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The length of hospital stay showed no significant difference between the LEV and VPA groups. Both groups demonstrated improved neurological function post-treatment (NIHSS and BI scores), with no significant between-group differences. Clinical outcomes at 3 months post-treatment were similar in both groups. Seizure occurrence within 3 months after treatment showed no significant difference between the LEV (19.05%) and VPA (23.81%) groups. However, the VPA group experienced a significantly higher rate of drug-related adverse reactions (40.48%) compared to the LEV group (21.43%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both VPA and LEV are effective in treating sTBI, showing no significant difference in improving neurological function, daily life abilities, treatment outcomes, and seizure occurrence. However, VPA treatment exhibited a significantly higher incidence of drug-related adverse reactions compared to LEV, indicating that LEV might be a safer option for sTBI treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"787-796"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140143377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review of risk factors and predictors for poor outcome and prolonged recovery after a mild traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Ioannis Mavroudis, Ioana-Miruna Balmus, Alin Ciobica, Mihai Hogas","doi":"10.1080/00207454.2024.2328710","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00207454.2024.2328710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are often caused by a blow to the head or a sudden jolt resulting in a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional temporary symptoms. Mild TBI diagnosis can be challenging and most commonly followed by post-concussion syndrome (PCS). When the symptoms are present for more than 3 months, prolonged post-concussive syndrome (PPCS) can be suspected. This review aims to identify and summarize the current status of the knowledge regarding the risk factors and predictors of the recovery from PCS and PPCS. A comprehensive search of the main scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library) was performed using keywords, such as: 'prolonged post-concussion syndrome', combined with 'risk factors', 'predictors', and 'outcomes'. Multiple studies reported more than one risk factor for PPCS development following mTBIs that were generally the results of sports-related concussions and car accidents. The most prevalent risk factor associated with PPCS was the female sex. Social factors/personality traits, anxiety, mental health disorders, or other health conditions from their past medical history, the occurrence of headache/migraines during TBI recovery, somatization, physical activity, and litigation were also reported to contribute to PPCS risk. An exhaustive approach is required to mitigate the risk of PPCS and to ensure optimal recovery after concussive events. However, larger prospective cohort studies evaluating patients that were examined and treated with standardized protocols could be needed to further validate these associations and mandate the highest risk factors for delayed recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14161,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"761-770"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140093901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}