International journal of food microbiology最新文献

{"title":"The origin of culture starters influences the chemical and sensory quality of coffee","authors":"Silvia Juliana Martinez ,&nbsp;Guilherme de Brito Pereira ,&nbsp;Pâmela Mynsen Machado Martins ,&nbsp;Nádia Nara Batista ,&nbsp;Disney Ribeiro Dias ,&nbsp;Rosane Freitas Schwan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the performance of different yeast strains during coffee fermentation, including two isolated from coffee (CCMA0543 and CCMA0684) and three commercial strains of unknown origin (CY1, CY2, and CY3). The strains were compared based on their population behavior, organic acid production, volatile compound profiles, and sensory attributes. Lactic acid was predominant in all fermentations, followed by succinic acid. Treatments with CCMA0684, CCMA0543, and CY1 showed higher contents of most volatile compound groups, with CCMA0543 presenting the richest attribute profile, including distinctive notes such as berries, cocoa, honey, liqueur, milk chocolate, passion fruit, pineapple, and strawberry. Overall, the sensory scores of CCMA0543 (83.72) and CCMA0684 (84.28) were higher and associated with more complex volatile profiles compared to commercial yeasts. These findings highlight the potential of native coffee yeasts as effective starter cultures to improve beverage quality and differentiate specialty coffees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria using chlorogenic acid and UV-A (365 nm) irradiation","authors":"Min-Ju Kang ,&nbsp;Do-Kyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanism of a combined treatment using chlorogenic acid (CGA) and UV-A (365 nm) irradiation against four major foodborne pathogens—<em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:H7, <em>Salmonella Typhimurium</em>, <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>—in both buffer and acidic beverage matrices. The CGA + UVA treatment showed strong bactericidal effects, particularly in green plum juice, where complete inactivation of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> was achieved (&gt; 8-log reduction). Mechanistic investigations revealed that the CGA + UVA combination induced membrane depolarization, ATP depletion, and lipid peroxidation, ultimately leading to cell death. Importantly, the extent of sublethal injury differed between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with Gram-negative strains more likely to survive in an injured state. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that this pattern was linked to differences in cell envelope architecture—particularly the presence or absence of an outer membrane. The treatment caused minimal changes in juice quality, maintaining color, pH, and antioxidant properties. This study could provide a crucial bridge connecting fundamental discoveries to practical food safety applications, and by validating the efficacy across various pathogenic bacteria and food matrices, demonstrates the feasibility of CGA + UVA combination treatment for commercial implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111394"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating microbial and metabolic dynamics in bovine and goat milk during refrigerated storage for 5 days","authors":"Yujing Wang ,&nbsp;Haoran Han ,&nbsp;Wanting Zhu ,&nbsp;Yanxin Li ,&nbsp;Aiyun Han ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Hongning Jiang ,&nbsp;Qijing Du ,&nbsp;Rongbo Fan ,&nbsp;Rongwei Han ,&nbsp;Yongxin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Raw milk is commonly stored at 4 °C prior to processing, a practice that can facilitate psychrotrophic proliferation, and milk physicochemical alterations and quality deterioration. This study aimed to elucidate the dynamic changes and interrelationships among microbiota, physicochemical parameters, and metabolite profiles in raw bovine and goat milk during refrigerated storage at 4 °C over a 5-day period. The results showed that both bovine and goat milk exhibited significant increases in bacterial counts, titratable acidity, zeta potential, and protein particle size, alongside decreases in pH and lipid particle size, as well as changes in color during refrigerated storage at 4 °C. Significant differences were detected between bovine and goat milk in terms of bacterial counts, protein and fat particle size (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Microbial diversity analyses revealed dominant taxa transitioned from <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em> (33.0 %) and <em>Lactococcus raffinolactis</em> to <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em> (46.0 %) and <em>Flavobacterium frigidarium</em> (23.4 %) in bovine milk. In goat milk, dominant taxa shifted from <em>Psychrobacter aquimaris</em> (45.6 %) and <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em> (20.5 %) to <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em> (54.7 %) and <em>Serratia proteamaculans</em> (21.5 %). These microbial successions were concomitant with significant metabolite fluctuations. Specifically, metabolites such as cystargolides A, and <em>N</em>-acetylneuraminic acid abundances increased, whereas <span>d</span>-glucose 6-phosphate and adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate decreased in bovine milk. In goat milk, gaburedin F and 1-methyl-pseudouridine levels increased, while diprotin B and Met-Pro declined. Notably, cystargolides A (log₂|FC| = 6.04) and <em>N</em>-acetylneuraminic acid (log₂|FC| = 1.80) in bovine milk, along with gaburedin F (log₂|FC| = 1.99) in goat milk suggest their potential as biomarkers for detection milk spoilage. The observed microbial shifts and corresponding metabolite changes highlight the intricate interplay between microbial communities and milk composition, providing valuable insights for optimizing strategies to manage milk quality and safety during storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111430"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model food mimicking plant-based meat analogues for determination of matrix effects on growth of Listeria monocytogenes","authors":"Paulo de Boer ,&nbsp;Cristina Serra-Castelló ,&nbsp;Luciënne Berendsen ,&nbsp;Marcel H. Zwietering ,&nbsp;Masja N. Nierop Groot","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> is a pathogen of concern in plant-based meat analogues (PBMAs). Testing <em>L. monocytogenes</em> growth behavior in real products at various conditions requires screening of a large set of conditions and timepoints which is time-consuming, hence costly. A representative model PBMA has been developed that allows to test <em>L. monocytogenes</em> growth in the presence of different growth inhibitory parameters. To minimise handling and disposable use, <em>L. monocytogenes</em> was enumerated using a miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) method, which showed good correlation to CFU counting. The model PBMA was further demonstrated for a range temperatures (7–15 °C), a_w (down to 0.940, adjusted by NaCl) and lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations (up to 2.5 mM and 6 mM undissociated acid, respectively). The growth of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> strain FBR017 was quantified, and the kinetic growth parameters were determined.</div><div>Besides soy, other plant protein sources including pea, wheat and wheat/soy combinations were tested. All matrices readily supported growth of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> FBR017 and the μ_max determined on the fitted data showed similar rates for all protein types showing that the type of plant protein did not significantly influence the growth rate of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> in PBMAs.</div><div>The presented model PMBA allows to vary the concentration of undissociated organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid) and other parameters (pH, a_w, NaCl). This allows determining effects of individual growth inhibiting parameters in a PBMA matrix at desired levels which would be impractical to test in industrially produced products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111428"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A large sampling study on the occurrence and characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and heterotrophic bacteria in mineral water over seasons and in different containers","authors":"Beatriz S. Silva ,&nbsp;Marianna M. Furtado ,&nbsp;Luísa Freire ,&nbsp;Sarah Lee ,&nbsp;Genesy P. Jorge ,&nbsp;Giovanna Daldosso ,&nbsp;Christian E. Silva ,&nbsp;Lúcio Vieira-Junior ,&nbsp;Wilson J.F. Lemos Junior ,&nbsp;Carlos Augusto F. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Marcelo Brocchi ,&nbsp;Anderson S. Sant'Ana","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the presence of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and heterotrophic bacteria in 1150 samples of bottled mineral water. <em>P. aeruginosa</em> was initially isolated using membrane filtration on selective agar and subsequently confirmed by PCR. Further characterization included pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), detection of virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profiling, Caco-2 cell invasion, and biofilm formation on different packaging materials. <em>P. aeruginosa</em> was detected in 11.5 % of samples, with the highest prevalence in reusable 20 L plastic jugs. PFGE revealed 41 distinct genetic profiles, indicating high diversity. The most frequent virulence genes detected were <em>phzM</em> (89.5 %), <em>ExoS</em> (88.8 %), <em>toxA</em> (86.8 %), and <em>lasB</em> (79.8 %). The more clinically relevant gene <em>ExoU</em> was found in 10.5 % of isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that 14 % of isolates were multidrug-resistant, with resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam (26 %), gentamicin (18 %), and fluoroquinolones (12 %). Caco-2 cell assays showed that 73 % of strains exhibited high invasion potential (37.9–62.3 %), comparable to clinical isolates. Biofilm assays demonstrated strong adherence to materials commonly used in bottled water packaging, with the highest biofilm density observed on polypropylene. These findings suggest that reusable containers may be more prone to persistent contamination. Although the overall occurrence of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> was low, the presence of multidrug-resistant and virulent strains raises concerns, especially for immunocompromised individuals. These results emphasize the need for strict hygienic practices, particularly in reusable packaging systems, and routine microbial monitoring to ensure the microbiological safety of bottled mineral water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111427"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to “In vitro and in situ antimicrobial action and mechanism of glycinin and its basic subunit” [Int. J. Food Microbiol. 154 (2012) 19–29].","authors":"Mahmoud Z. Sitohy ,&nbsp;Samir A. Mahgoub ,&nbsp;Ali O. Osman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111411","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145006179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the phylodynamic antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong through a One Health Lens","authors":"Pei Yee Woh ,&nbsp;Yehao Chen ,&nbsp;Dennis Nurjadi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drug-resistant <em>Salmonella</em> significantly contributes to the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. Understanding its transmission dynamics across human, animal, environmental, and food systems is crucial for effective disease control and strategic planning. This study presents an integrated One Health analysis utilizing whole-genome sequencing of 3076 <em>Salmonella</em> isolates from Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. We assessed genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance profiles, and phylodynamics across human (<em>n</em> = 915), animal (<em>n</em> = 282), environmental (<em>n</em> = 250), and food sectors (<em>n</em> = 1629). The predominant serovar identified was <em>S.</em> Weltevreden, followed by <em>S. enteritidis</em>, <em>S. typhi</em>, <em>S. typhimurium</em>, and <em>S</em>. Rissen, each exhibiting sequence type (ST)-specific strains. Certain serovars displayed host specificity which being exclusive to particular sectors. Notably, over 50 % of isolates originated from food and animal feed sources. Presence of resistance-associated genes was diverse and leading to multidrug-resistant (MDR) mechanisms evolved over five decades. Specific STs, including <em>S. typhi</em> ST1, <em>S. typhimurium</em> ST34, and <em>S.</em> Rissen ST469, exhibited MDR profiles in certain regions that characterized by ASSuT- and ACSSuT- resistance-associated genes. The inferred migration dynamics of <em>S.</em> Weltevreden indicated significant ancestral lineage movement and cross-border transmission underscoring the flow of AMR genes and pathogens within the One Health framework. Our findings highlight the dynamic transmission of AMR <em>Salmonella</em> across interconnected sectors. This underscores the importance of One Health strategies in mitigating the global escalation of AMR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111431"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodynamic inactivation using water dispersible curcumin as a photosensitizer to inactivate Salmonella on poultry carcasses and Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel food contact surfaces","authors":"Jingwen Gao,&nbsp;Aishwarya Vengatesan,&nbsp;Karl R. Matthews","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alternatives to the use of chemical antimicrobials to treat meat and poultry carcasses during processing and food processing environments are of interest to consumers globally. The influence of bacterial cell concentration, membrane permeabilizing agents, and effect on macromolecules of the photosensitizer curcumin (PSC) on <em>Salmonella</em> inactivation in a medium model and on chicken skin and the inactivation of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> biofilms on stainless steel were determined. The addition of 30 mg/mL CaCl₂ or higher significantly reduced the level of <em>Salmonella</em> compared to PSC treatment alone in a liquid media system. Combining CaCl₂ with PSC had no effect in enhancing the inactivation of <em>Salmonella</em> on chicken skin. <em>Salmonella</em> cell density had no effect on PSC treatment alone, but PSC in combination with CaCl₂ was more effective when the <em>Salmonella</em> population was 5 to 7 log CFU/mL compared to &gt;7 log CFU/mL. The increased photoinactivation activity associated with the addition of CaCl₂ was due to an increase in membrane permeability and cellular uptake of PSC. PSC-mediated photoinactivation resulted in bacterial DNA disruption. Exposure of biofilm on stainless steel to PSC achieved &gt;3.0 log CFU/cm² reduction in <em>L. monocytogenes</em>. This study highlights the importance of evaluating photodynamic inactivation systems <em>in vitro</em>, on food, and food contact surfaces, and the potential use of water dispersible curcumin to control foodborne pathogens on product and in the food processing environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111429"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat resistance of bacterial spores isolated from plant-based matrices: Consequences for food safety and quality","authors":"Soundarya T. Karamcheti ,&nbsp;Karin I. Beekmann-Metselaar ,&nbsp;Robyn T. Eijlander ,&nbsp;Marjon H.J. Wells-Bennik ,&nbsp;Marcel H. Zwietering ,&nbsp;Heidy M.W. den Besten","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant-based drinks are processed using methods like Ultra High Temperature treatment to guarantee their safety and quality by targeting heat resistant endospores of aerobic and anaerobic spore-formers. However, the spore heat resistance of bacterial isolates obtained from relatively new plant-based ingredients is yet to be determined. This study aims to benchmark the heat resistance of spores isolated from these ingredients to available inactivation data. <em>D</em>-values were collected from literature for spores of <em>Bacillus cereus</em>, <em>B. subtilis</em>, <em>B. licheniformis</em>, <em>Geobacillus stearothermophilus</em>, <em>Paenibacillus</em> spp., <em>Clostridium</em> spp., and other spore-forming species encountered in plant-based ingredients. Based on the temperature needed to reach a decimal reduction time (<em>D</em>-value) of 1 min, spores of <em>G. stearothermophilus</em> showed the highest heat resistance, followed by <em>C. sporogenes</em>, <em>B. subtilis</em> (high heat resistant subgroup), <em>C. perfringens</em>, <em>Paenibacillus</em> (high heat resistant subgroup), proteolytic <em>C. botulinum</em>, <em>B. licheniformis</em>, <em>B. subtilis</em> (low heat resistant subgroup), <em>B. cereus</em>, <em>Paenibacillus</em> (low heat resistant subgroup), and non-proteolytic <em>C. botulinum</em>. For a total of 96 strains isolated from plant-based ingredients, spores were heated for 30 min at 100 or 105 °C to screen for their heat resistances. For a selection of these isolates, in-depth heat inactivation experiments were carried out in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) and the outcomes were benchmarked against the retrieved literature data. Experimental log₁₀<em>D</em>-values of analyzed spores from plant-based ingredients fell within the 95 % prediction intervals of meta-analysis data, indicating that the overall spore heat resistance aligns with published data for similar species. This study supports the design of effective thermal processing strategies for plant-based dairy alternatives, which is essential for ensuring safety and stability of this growing and sustainable food category.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111426"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics and metabolomics provide insights into the mechanisms of softening in Agaricus bisporus due to infestation by Trichoderma harzianum","authors":"Wenjun Wang ,&nbsp;Kuo Meng ,&nbsp;Wenqing Gou ,&nbsp;Jialin Chen ,&nbsp;Lili Deng ,&nbsp;Jian Ming ,&nbsp;Kaifang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Postharvest softening of <em>Agaricus bisporus</em> (<em>A. bisporus</em>) is a major factor in its quality deterioration. However, the physiological changes involved in softening of <em>A. bisporus</em> after infestation with <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> (<em>T. harzianum</em>) remain poorly understood. Our study confirmed the effect of <em>T. harzianum</em> F1 in causing softening of <em>A. bisporus</em>. Cell wall disintegration was promoted through the upregulation of key hydrolytic enzymes including chitinase, cellulase, and β-1,3 glucanase, thereby accelerating the softening. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of samples on 2 d after infection showed that pathways involved in energy metabolism and cell wall metabolism were correlated with mushroom softening. Among them, genes <em>AbChiA</em> and <em>AbChiA1</em> encoding for chitinase and <em>Abexg3</em> and <em>AbexgD</em> encoding for β-1,3 glucanase, and the significantly accumulated metabolites, such as 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid were statistically significant correlations. These findings provide an important reference for revealing the molecular biological mechanism of <em>A. bisporus</em> softening and provide theoretical support for improving its postharvest storage and preservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14095,"journal":{"name":"International journal of food microbiology","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 111414"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}