International Journal of Modern Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Review on the genetic history of Algerians within North African populations from the HLA point of view","authors":"A. Moussouni","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i13.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i13.6","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to take stock of knowledge on the history of the human settlement of North Africa and the genetic history of Algerians within North African populations by gathering the most important published results related to HLA allele analysis. These results revealed a strong genetic relationship between studied North African populations (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia). Such evident genetic affinity between North African populations, also proved by the use of other powerful autosomal markers, agrees with historic data considering North African populations as having similar origins. HLA allele analysis also indicated a genetic link between North African populations (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco) and the populations of the South-Western Europe particularly the Basques and Spaniards. This would reflect a Neolithic relationship between Iberians and the natives of North Africa (the Berbers). However, other results showed a genetic distinction between samples from North African populations and Middle Eastern populations (Arab-Palestinians, Lebanese’s and Jordanians). Beside these results related to Mediterranean populations, the HLA allele variation was analyzed at the world scale showing low genetic differentiations among the three broad continental areas, with no special divergence of Africa.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45624363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Report: The Rock of the Dead: new “Latin” or “Iberian-Guanche” Inscriptions found in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, Adrián López-Nares, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, I. Juárez, A. Bello, Alvaro Callado, J. C. González, Alejandro H-Sevilla, G. S. Romero","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i12.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.10","url":null,"abstract":"A new panel of “Latin” or Iberian-Guanche rock inscriptions has been found in Tenerife, a transcription and translation hypotheses have been put forward based on a methodology involving semantics and phonology of Basque and ancient Iberian language (used during the 1st millennium BC in Iberia and France). Both Iberian-Guanche (at Canary Is) and Iberian (at France and Iberia) rock scripts are sometimes found together with naviform lines. These incise lineal rock scripts have been found in all Canary Islands and it supports the existence of a prehistoric Guanche common culture before Punic/Roman influence could arrive to the Archipelago and postulated Guanche incapacity to navigate is doubtful. This common writing in Canary Islands together with the finding of big rock carved (“Quesera”/Cheeseboard, Lanzarote) and other ancient calendars (Telde, Gran Canaria), cart-ruts and possible pyramids could put Canarian prehistory back much earlier. Origin of these incise linear rock scripts could be found comparing them with European Runes, Iberian, Etruscan and other Old Italian writings (Raetian, Venetian, Lepontic) and also with Sitovo and Gradeshnitsa inscriptions (Bulgaria, dated at least 5,000 years BP). Similar African scripts have also been found in Tunisia. Whether Canarian Iberian-Guanche incise lineal script is origin of any or some of the above mentioned similar scripts or vice versa is open. Finally, population genetics is not a tool to draw absolute conclusions to define origin or population relatedness (i.e.: Canarians) , if it is not used in conjunction with other Anthropology branches , like Archaeology, Language, writing systems, paleoAnatomy and other Culture traits. Keywords : Rock Scripts, Inscriptions, Canary Islands, Iberian, Guanche, Lybic, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Quesera, Cheeseboard, Pyramids, Berber, Africa, Punic, Roman, Western Sahara, Tunissia, Sitovo, Gradeshnitsa, Runes, Iberian, Etruscan, Venetian, Lepontic, Raetic, Lybic, The Rock of the Dead, Calendar. Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, El Hierro, La Gomera, letreros, Roca del Muerto , Basque-Iberian, Vascoiberismo.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45748910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Latín” rock scripts in Canary Islands are ancient Iberian inscriptions (Iberian-Guanche) A story of forgotten genetics, scripts, pyramids and other prehistoric artifacts","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, Adrián López-Nares, I. Juárez, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, Alvaro Callado, Alejandro H-Sevilla, E. Gomez-Casado","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i12.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.9","url":null,"abstract":"“Latin” rock scripts were discovered 30 years ago in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Islands (Canary Islands). However, they are an incised linear writing which lacks Q, H, P and T frequent Latin letters and translation into Latin has not been possible. A transcription and a translation hypothesis was proposed long ago because scripts were almost identical to those of the Iberian semi-syllabary which was used in Iberia and France during first millennium BC; “Latin” scripts were named “IberianGuanche” and were mostly religious and funerary. This type of lineal incise writing is present in all seven Canary Islands and they may have been unnoticed because all other islands except Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are humid and covered by vegetation. This type of linear writings are, like Iberian, similar to Runes (Atlantic and Central Europe),Old Italian scripts (Raetian, Venetic, Lepontic, Etruscan) and Sitovo and Gradeshnistsa scripts (Bulgaria, 5th millennium BC). Language behind Iberian-Guanche scripts might be related to both Berber and Old Basque languages. People who wrote “Iberian-Guanche” inscriptions seem to be Canary Island inhabitants and not visitors. Genes (people) of present and past Canary Islanders are difficult only to assign to North Africa because gene flow between North Africa and Iberia existed in prehistoric times and it is difficult to distinguish Iberian and North African with Canarian gene profiles. Genetics by itself is not sufficient for relating people or specific for geography, this is firmly demonstrated for mitochondrial genes. Linguistics, Culture, and Archaeology are necessary to interpret population genetics data. Extant pyramids in North Africa, Western Sahara and possibly Tenerife, existence of prehistoric artifacts and rock calendars (“Quesera”/Cheeseborad lunisolar calendar at Lanzarote and others at Gran Canaria Island) and presence of Cart-Ruts on Lanzarote volcano tops, may indicate an older date for Canarian prehistory than that of Punic/Roman presence. Finally Canarian prehistoric findings have been long neglected and forgotten but a common IberianGuanche rock writing culture existed in Canary Islands. Keywords : Latin, Scripts, Canary Islands, Iberian, Guanche, Lybic, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Quesera, Cheeseboard, Pyramids, Berber, Africa, Punic, Roman, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Algeria, Canarian, Semi-Sillabary, Calendar, Raetian, Lepontic, Venetian, Etruscan, Basque, Cart-ruts, Sitovo, Gradeshnitsa, UskoMediterranean.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49606952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compatibility of endogenous conflict resolution practices with African democracies","authors":"O. Dodo, Mitchel Chakeredza","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i12.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.7","url":null,"abstract":"Endogenous Conflict resolution system as a practice within African societies is fast losing relevance and popularity despite the important roles that it has served since time immemorial. This approach to conflict resolution was largely nurtured by cultural and religious systems so much so that whatever conflict it addressed, the outcome would be culturally sustainable to parties involved. With the advent of modernity and contemporary governance systems, the olden practice is gradually being pushed to the periphery and losing relevance. The discussion is guided by the conceptual framework of perenialism, essentialism and experientalism, which all focus on sustainability of the practice according to a particular paradigm. The study was partly extracted from a longitudinal research on endogenous conflict resolution practices and complimented by a review of archival material. The study notes that while endogenous conflict resolution practices were handy, cultural and sustainable, the coming of new and modern approaches has rendered them irrelevant. Some of the endogenous principles are in modern democracies undermined as archaic, despotic and repressive. However, it has been realised that there continues to be systematic mergers of the old and new resolution approaches taking on board present day relevant and acceptable practices. Keywords: Endogenous, conflict resolution, democracy, governance, conflict","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48950918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA (CA)n dinucleotide repeats in Muslims from South India","authors":"Somayyeh Samehsalari, K. Reddy","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i12.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.6","url":null,"abstract":"We have studied the variability of the CA repeats in HVIII region of mitochondrial DNA among 60 unrelated Muslims of Srirangapatna town, Karnataka state in South India. MtDNA HVIII region was amplified and sequenced by Sanger sequencing method. A total of four alleles [(CA) 4 to (CA) 7 ] were detected and (CA) 5 rCRS repeat was the most frequently defined repeat followed by (CA) 4 28%, (CA) 6 16%, (CA) 7 15%. A statistical estimate indicated a high genetic diversity of 0.7218 and a low random mach probability of 0.2903, and the discrimination power calculated was 0.7097. Compared with those obtained in other explored world populations our data support the significance application of HVIII CA repeat polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in the genetic differentiation of human populations and forensic investigation casework. Keywords: Mitochondrial, HVIII, (CA) n repeats, Muslim, South India","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49480271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization and food security in Buea: an appraisal of household food security situation and resilience in Bolifamba-Buea Cameroon","authors":"R. Akoko, Eyole N. Monono, Lenka Pčolinská","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i12.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.8","url":null,"abstract":"Cameroon, just like many other Sub-Saharan African countries, is faced with the challenges of rapid urbanization. In the face of these challenges is ensuring food security for many poor urban households. Using Bolifamba as a case study in the Buea Municipality, the aim of this work was to examine the techniques and methods used by urban dwellers in a rapidly urbanizing Buea in ensuring food security. The research gained a deeper appreciation and understanding of the actions, processes, and relationships that interplay in the urban household food environment and result in various food security outcomes by administering standardized questionnaire to household that have made above ten years in the area and carrying out six in-depth household interviews. The results indicated that food security situation in Bolifamba-Buea is complex and diverse. The majority of surveyed households indicated that they had what to eat but often not the kind of food they wanted and they could hardly maintain a steady supply of adequate food for all household members. Keywords: Urbanization, Food security, Household resilience and Household food security","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ijma.v2i12.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41358449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing material prosperity with spiritual growth for effective Christian citizenship: The case of women of Full Gospel Mission Cameroon","authors":"O. T. Mbuagbo, R. Akoko","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"It has generally been realized by churches in Cameroon that their role in the public sphere could no longer be narrowly defined by spiritual nourishment of their members. This is especially so in a local and national context of growing poverty and social exclusion, especially of women. This essay seeks to understand why and how women of the Full Gospel Mission Cameroon have recently mobilized local resources and resourcefulness to enhance their socioeconomic welfare. The contribution also explores why broader ideals of the gospel of prosperity embraced by Pentecostal churches in Cameroon have been appropriated and domesticated by women of the church through self-help socioeconomic activities. By getting involved in these activities, not only are women struggling to mitigate the effects of poverty, but also signals an implicit embrace of the ideals of liberation theology that recently emerged in Africa. Key words : Cameroon, Material Prosperity, Christian Identity, Spiritual Growth, Full Gospel Mission","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47054913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, beliefs and sources of information of HIV among students of a Tertiary Institution in Nigeria","authors":"Joseph A. Oluyemi, Joseph Adejoke, Olokoba L. Bukola, A. Deborah, Popoola Gbenga","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Two out of three new HIV infections occurring globally each day occurs in sub-Saharan African in which Nigeria belongs. Its prevention however, is based on the knowledge of its transmission in which people are predisposed to. Unfortunately, the school environment has a high risk for the infection because of its vulnerability to high sexual risk behaviours which increases likelihood of HIV transmission. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge, beliefs and sources of information of HIV among students in the study area. The cross-sectional survey was conducted at an off-campus student community in Ilorin, north-central Nigeria. Primary data was collected through administration of structured questionnaire to 292 participants selected through multistage non-probability sampling method. Result revealed that, (84.2%) of the participants have the knowledge that a healthy looking person can have HIV, (88.7%) are knowledgeable of the fact that, HIV virus weakens the immune system of an infected person while, (82.2%) know that HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex. A total of (81.2%) of the participants identified fever as the symptom of HIV while (77.7%) identified safe sex as preventive measure. The highest source of information of HIV in the study is the media, (68.2%) getting informed via health talk, followed closely by television (66.4%).On participants’ beliefs on HIV, (63.7%) strongly disagree that HIV is a myth while (36.6%) strongly agree that HIV can be cured with prayers. Statistical significant relationship (where p value <0.05) was found between the age of participants and knowledge of HIV, between all the sources of information and knowledge of HIV while only school, health talk and television were found to be significantly related with beliefs of participants. The study concluded that participants have high knowledge of HIV although froth with misconceptions that stems from the belief held about the disease. Keywords : HIV, Knowledge, Asymptomatic, Beliefs, Media, Misconception","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48012206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The miraculous dynamism of the Qur’an: An example of a modern reading reveals a DNA designation","authors":"H. Chaabani","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The major miracle of the Qur‟an would reside in its ability to be virtuous, valid and worthwhile for all humans living at all times and everywhere. Here, I propose three major processes which would provide the basis for this dynamism peculiar to the Qur‟an. A detailed example of one of these processes related to the scientific signs is presented. It starts from a verse that can represent a metaphor whereby DNA is designated Salsal (Arabic word refers to the swelling-expanding clay minerals). I have supported this metaphor showing that DNA and swelling-expanding clay minerals have really evident features in common. Moreover I have demonstrated the marvelous analogy that, coupled to this metaphor, permits to test its suitability by specifying that some DNA forms are similar to some potteries. Hence, according to my interpretation, this verse represents a wonderful painting that, elevated to an unusual pinnacle of creation, outlines information at the highest degree of scientific accuracy wearing a dress of superb Arabic rhetorical modes that only the light of knowledge and wisdom can penetrate it. The different research stages on this verse and other related ones show that the dynamic processes in question is not merely a dynamic progressive revelation of scientific signs during successive modern epochs, but also, if deeply analyzed, a dynamic grounding constructive for the scientific research. The present modern reading provides original interpretations based, among other things, on the making and the application of a modern approach that would permit to reach a rigorous academic level in the interpretation of the Qur‟an text in general, and the allegorical verses related to scientific subjects in particular. In conclusion, the present research will advance our understanding on the dynamism of the Qur‟an that should be shaped and implemented by re-reading Qur‟an at all times and everywhere and trying continually to correct previous erroneous interpretations due mainly to a personal and socio-cultural-political influence and/or a limited scientific knowledge of the exegetes at a given epoch. Keywords : Qur‟an and science, Qur‟an exegesis, Qur‟an dynamism, Rereading the Qur‟an, Thematic interpretation, Metaphor, Marriage organizations, DNA, Clay minerals, Montmorillonite, Features in common, Origin of life, RNA World, Potteries.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42371155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cart-ruts in Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) and Malta: first evidence of dating supported by dated ceramics","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, Marcial Medina, Adrián López-Nares, J. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V. Ruíz-del-Valle","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Cart-ruts were first described throughout Malta Archipelago; they were defined as abundant prehistoric Bronze Age Man constructions carved in rock although more recently built cart-ruts may be possible. They consist of deep ruts, rails, tracks, grooves and channels that rarely are strictly parallel. Some of them are convergent or perpendicular to others and also they may abruptly change to curved lines. They are placed either in plains or hill slopes with a variable and high inclination, Cart-ruts purpose is not known, as there were no written images, myth or verbal record about what they were used for. A conjoint multiauthor European Union Project on cart-ruts has found no new conclusion except stressing where they had been found: Malta and Turkey (Bronze Age) and also in Africa (Tunisia, Libya and Egypt) and Spain, Italy, France, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, England and Azerbaijan. Other authors have described them also in Azores Islands and in Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain). In the present paper, we show evidence that cart-ruts are found all over Lanzarote Island, mostly placed on hills (volcanoes) tops or slopes. This fact together with their limited length discards their use for transport vehicles. On the other hand, some Malta and Gozo Islands (Malta) pottery decoration dated on 5th-4th millennium BC has been found that may represent cart-ruts. This is the first objective and independent evidence indicating that cart-ruts may be dated by other prehistoric information. Also, cart-ruts social, ritual and religious importance is discussed, as they could be used for space and time measurements, including astronomical calculations. Keywords : Malta, Gozo, Cart-ruts, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura,  \"Quesera\"/Cheeseboard, Lunisolar calendar, Iberian writing, Guanche writing, Zonzamas, Canary Islands, Guanches, Majos, Archaeoastronomy, Goddess, Achano, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Azores, Azerbaijan, Ceramics.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V12I2.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44785987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}