International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Highly Stable Antitumor Silver-Lipid Nanoparticles Optimized for Targeted Therapy.","authors":"Ammar Darwish, Nikolett Sándor, Imre Szenti, Tamás Marosvölgyi, Kata Juhász, Andrea Rónavári, Edi Kachal, Bence Kutus, Zoltán Kónya, Zsolt Balogi","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S498208","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S498208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a broad spectrum of biocidal effects, allowing also their antitumor application. To enhance bioavailability, minimize adverse effects and enable targeted drug delivery AgNPs may be encapsulated in liposomes. In this study we aimed to create highly stable and effective antitumor AgNP lipid formulations (LAgs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Uncapped and citrate-stabilized AgNPs were encapsulated by the lipid film hydration method using several phospholipid mixtures, followed by the essential removal of unencapsulated AgNPs by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Purified LAgs were characterized by UV-VIS, DLS, XRD, ICP-MS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and glycerol-based density gradient centrifugation (DGC). Liposomal stability was assessed by carboxyfluorescein (CF) leakage, while antitumor effects of purified LAgs were tested in MTT, clonogenic and 3D spheroid invasion experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The presence of AgNPs inside SEC-purified liposomes was confirmed by TEM, XRD and ICP-MS. Encapsulation efficiency was estimated to be between 18.7 and 25.5%. Purified LAgs had higher density as compared to free AgNPs revealed by DGC, indicating that a considerable fraction of liposomes contained AgNPs. LAgs with PC/PG, PC/PG/SM/Chol, and in particular PC/PG/SM displayed the highest stability assessed by CF leakage, whereas high content of neutral or negatively charged phospholipids was destabilizing. As shown by MTT and colony formation assays, viability and survival of A375 and RPMI-7951 melanoma cells were severely impaired by LAgs at a higher or comparable level as caused by free AgNPs. Used as a non-tumor control, HEK293 cells were less vulnerable to LAgs as compared to free AgNPs. Finally, applying the most stable lipid composition, PC/PG/SM-LAg-c, and in part PC/PG/SM-LAg-u effectively inhibited a tissue-like invasion of melanoma spheroids.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Altogether, highly stable purified LAg formulations were created, which effectively block survival, clonogenic potential and invasion of melanoma cells, therefore could be promising NP platforms for targeted tumor therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1351-1366"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11796454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles Modulating the Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Li-Juan Guo, Jinsheng Wu, Weifeng Lu, Jing Li, Yeling Wang, Hui Yang, Tian-Zhu Wang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S492713","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S492713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer remains a significant therapeutic challenge, with the immune microenvironment playing a crucial role in its progression and treatment response. This review investigates the potential of nanoparticles to modulate the immune microenvironment in breast cancer therapy. Initially, we discuss the composition and influence of the immune microenvironment on breast cancer, followed by current strategies targeting these components. We then provide strategies of nanoparticles for targeting immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and T-cells. The role of nanoparticles in enhancing immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and their application in cancer vaccines is also examined. Additionally, we explore the synergistic effects of combining nanoparticles with conventional therapies. The review addresses the challenges in clinical translation, focusing on safety, biocompatibility, and toxicity. Finally, we outline future research directions and the potential advancements in nanoparticle-based immunotherapy, emphasizing their transformative impact on breast cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1367-1382"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11799854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Nanocomposite for Inducing Demineralized Dentin Remineralization.","authors":"Guifei Ban, Jindong Long, Kaiqi Yan, Qiurong Li, Xiaoman Huang, Xiaolang Wei, Fangfang Xie","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S500283","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S500283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate a method for promoting the remineralization of demineralized dentin collagen fibers, with the objective of enhancing the bonding strength and durability of dentin resin while reducing the incidence of secondary caries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mineralized solution, PAMAM-COOH/ACMP-MDP ethanol solution, was prepared, consisting of the dendritic organic macromolecule PAMAM-COOH, magnesium ions, and methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). We examined its storage stability. The solution underwent comprehensive characterization using various techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), STEM-EDX mapping, and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED). Additionally, remineralization of demineralized dentin was induced by both control groups and the PAMAM-COOH/ACMP-MDP group. The effects were observed using a laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscope (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and TEM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PAMAM-COOH/ACMP-MDP ethanol solution we prepared maintained stable physicochemical properties after two months of storage. It exhibited good dispersibility, retained an amorphous phase, and maintained a nanometer size with excellent stability. The results from CLSM indicated that, compared to the control group, the PAMAM-COOH/ACMP-MDP ethanol solution could induce partial remineralization of demineralized dentin in deeper dentin tubules. The SEM results indicated that the PAMAM-COOH/ACMP-MDP group exhibited distinct characteristics of collagen fiber remineralization, both on the surface and within the deep dentin tubules. The collagen fibers in this group were thicker and more mineralized. Furthermore, significant remineralization features of collagen fibers were observed in the peritubular dentin of the PAMAM-COOH/ACMP-MDP group as evidenced by TEM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The PAMAM-COOH/ACMP-MDP ethanol solution exhibits thermodynamic stability, uniform dispersion, and the capability to induce remineralization of demineralized dentin collagen fibers. These findings highlight the potential of dendritic macromolecules for the biomimetic mineralization of dentin collagen and underscore the feasibility of utilizing ethanol-based primers in the development of new adhesives and their clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1335-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11796442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Injectable Hydrogel Bioimplant Loaded with Engineered Exosomes and Triple Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs with Potential for Treating Bone and Joint Tuberculosis.","authors":"Jiayan Huang, Han Li, Yuting Mei, Pengcheng Yi, Yunyao Ren, Yunjuan Wang, Limei Han, Qiusha Tang, Dongfang Liu, Wei Chen, Yanli An, Chunmei Hu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S480288","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S480288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Treatment for bone and joint tuberculosis (BJTB) is challenging due to its refractory and recurrent nature. This study aimed to develop a bioimplantable scaffold with osteoinductive and antituberculosis characteristics to treat BJTB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This scaffold is built on oxidized hyaluronic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel mixed with hydroxyapatite as a bone tissue engineered material. In order to make the scaffold have the biological activity of promoting tissue repair, the engineered exosomes (Exo_eng) were added innovatively. In addition, drug-loaded liposomes equipped with an aldehyde group on the surface are cross-linked with the amine group of the hydrogel skeleton to participate in the Schiff base reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The designed scaffold has characteristics of self-healing and injectability exhibit excellent anti-tuberculosis and promoting bone repair activities. Exo_eng strongly stimulates cellular angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation. The liposomes coated in hydrogel can release three kinds of anti-tuberculosis drugs smoothly and slowly, achieving a long term anti-tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The composite bio-scaffold shows good tissue repair and long-term anti-tuberculosis abilities, which expected to provide a viable treatment plan for bone-related BJTB.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1285-1302"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11794387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron(III)-Quercetin Complex: In Vivo Acute Toxicity and Biodistribution of Novel MRI Agent.","authors":"Phattarawadee Innuan, Sarawut Kongkarnka, Atigan Thongtharb, Jiraporn Kantapan, Nathupakorn Dechsupa","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S496015","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S496015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The iron(III)-quercetin complex, known as \"IronQ\", is an innovative MRI contrast agent composed of one Fe(III) ion and two quercetin molecules. IronQ is efficiently internalized by cells, enabling T1-weighted MRI tracking. It has demonstrated therapeutic benefits in reducing inflammation in an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mouse model and offers a safer alternative to gadolinium-based agents by avoiding cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. These properties make IronQ a promising candidate for safe and effective MRI contrast enhancement.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to further the development of IronQ as an MRI contrast agent by investigating its biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and acute toxicity in a preclinical animal model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The relaxivity of IronQ was measured in water and whole blood phantoms. Acute toxicity was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats administered single intraperitoneal doses of IronQ (75, 150, and 225 µmol Fe/kg BW) over a 14-day period. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed at a dose of 150 µmol Fe/kg BW, with blood iron content analyzed using ICP-OES. For in vivo biodistribution, SD rats were administered an intravenous dose of IronQ (225 µmol Fe/kg BW), followed by MR imaging using a 1.5 T scanner and subsequent tissue-ICP analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The longitudinal relaxivity (r₁) of IronQ was measured to be 2.17 mm⁻¹s⁻¹ in ultrapure water and 3.56 mm⁻¹s⁻¹ in whole blood. Acute toxicity studies showed no mortality, morbidity, or significant biochemical changes, with histopathology confirming no irreversible organ damage. Pharmacokinetics revealed peak blood iron content at 1.1 hours post-administration and clearance within 24 hours. MRI demonstrated enhanced T1 signal intensity, particularly in the liver and kidney.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide valuable insights into the safety, pharmacokinetics, and imaging efficacy of IronQ, highlighting its potential as a robust and biocompatible MRI contrast agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1303-1320"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11792624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Procedural Overview of the Involvement of Small Molecules in the Nervous System in the Regulation of Bone Healing.","authors":"Xuyan Wei, Mucong Li, Jiaqian You, Jiaxin Luo, Jingjie Zhai, Jiameng Zhang, Jian Feng, Hanchi Wang, Yanmin Zhou","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S505677","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S505677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinically, a multitude of factors can contribute to the development of bone defects. In the process of bone healing, the nervous system plays a vital role in bone regeneration. Small molecules from the nervous system, such as neurotrophic factors and neuropeptides, have been found to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation by activating signaling pathways associated with bone calcification and angiogenesis. These small molecules play a crucial regulatory role at various stages of bone healing. The systematic release mechanism of small molecules within the nervous system through diverse bone tissue engineering materials holds significant clinical implications for the controlled regulation of the bone healing process. This review provides an overview of the involvement of various nervous system small molecules at different stages of bone healing and discusses their regulatory mechanisms, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for programmed regulation in bone regeneration and design of replacement materials in bone tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1263-1284"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11792627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Liposomal Nanomedicines: Innovative Formulations, Therapeutic Applications, and Future Directions in Precision Medicine.","authors":"Zahra Izadiyan, Misni Misran, Katayoon Kalantari, Thomas J Webster, Pooneh Kia, Noor Ashyfiyah Basrowi, Elisa Rasouli, Kamyar Shameli","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S488961","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S488961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liposomal nanomedicines have emerged as a pivotal approach for the treatment of various diseases, notably cancer and infectious diseases. This manuscript provides an in-depth review of recent advancements in liposomal formulations, highlighting their composition, targeted delivery strategies, and mechanisms of action. We explore the evolution of liposomal products currently in clinical trials, emphasizing their potential in addressing diverse medical challenges. The integration of immunotherapeutic agents within liposomes marks a paradigm shift, enabling the design of 'immuno-modulatory hubs' capable of orchestrating precise immune responses while facilitating theranostic applications. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated research in liposomal-based vaccines and antiviral therapies, underscoring the need for improved delivery mechanisms to overcome challenges like rapid clearance and organ toxicity. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of \"smart\" liposomes, which can respond to specific disease microenvironments, enhancing treatment efficacy and precision. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing liposomal designs promises to revolutionize personalized medicine, paving the way for innovative strategies in disease detection and therapeutic interventions. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of ongoing research in liposomal technologies, with implications for future clinical applications and enhanced patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1213-1262"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11794392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>N</i>-2-Hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan-Aluminum Nano-Adjuvant Elicit Strong Immune Responses in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Inactivated Vaccine.","authors":"Zheng Jin, Jiali Liu, Sihan Guo, Shangen Xu, Xiaochen Gong, Chunjing Zhang, Kai Zhao","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S496077","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S496077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) inactivated vaccine lacks an effective vaccine adjuvant as an immune activator. The aim of this study was to develop N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant as a high immune-enhancing adjuvant and to make the vaccine suitable for intramuscular and oral administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant was prepared by ion crosslinking method using the N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC). The N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant was characterised, and its safety was determined by analysing the cytotoxicity and hemolysis. PED inactivated vaccine (N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV) was prepared by electrostatic adsorption method, and mice were inoculated by intramural injection and orally to evaluate the immune enhancement effect and application potential of the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The hemolysis rate was 3.89 ± 0.12% and the activity of PK15 cells was 77.40 ± 1.74%, indicating that the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV had good biosafety. The levels of PEDV antibodies induced by the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV were higher than those of commercially available vaccines, both by intramural injection and oral administration. Except for the serum IgG1 levels in the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV injection group, which were similar to those in the commercial PEDV group, the serum IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2c and sIgA levels in the injection, and the oral groups were significantly higher than those in the commercial group. These results indicated and that N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant significantly enhanced cellular immunity and N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant could deliver PEDV antigen across the mucosal layer of the intestine and induced a strong mucosal immune response.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant is safe and can efficiently induce humoral, cellular and mucosal immunity efficiently, which provides a new idea for the development of oral mucosal vaccine adjuvant.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1321-1334"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11792884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginger-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Loaded With Indocyanine Green Enhances Phototherapy Efficacy for Breast Cancer.","authors":"Zhaoming Guo, Guqing Li, Lanjun Shen, Jiawei Pan, Danni Dou, Yuwei Gong, Wanwan Shi, Yuhua Sun, Yi Zhang, Kun Ma, Changhao Cui, Wenxin Li, Qiang Liu, Xudong Zhu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S478435","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S478435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Phototherapy has remarkable advantages in cancer treatment, owing to its high efficiency and minimal invasiveness. Indocyanine green (ICG) plays an important role in photo-mediated therapy. However, it has several disadvantages such as poor stability in aqueous solutions, easy aggregation of molecules, and short plasma half-life. This study aimed to develop an efficient nanoplatform to enhance the effects of photo-mediated therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a novel bio-nanoplatform by integrating edible ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GDNPs) and the photosensitizer, ICG (GDNPs@ICG). GDNPs were isolated from ginger juice and loaded with ICG by co-incubation. The size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, total lipid content, and drug release behavior of the GDNPs@ICG were characterized. The photothermal performance, cellular uptake and distribution, cytotoxicity, anti-tumor effects, and mechanism of action of GDNPs@ICG were investigated both in vitro and in vivo.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GDNPs@ICG were taken up by tumor cells via a lipid-dependent pathway. When irradiated by an 808 nm NIR laser, GDNPs@ICG generated high levels of ROS, MDA, and local hyperthermia within the tumor, which caused lipid peroxidation and ER stress, thus enhancing the photo-mediated breast tumor therapy effect. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that engineered GDNPs@ICG significantly inhibited breast tumor growth and presented limited toxicity. Moreover, by detecting the expression of CD31, N-cadherin, IL-6, IFN-γ, CD8, p16, p21, and p53 in tumor tissues, we found that GDNPs@ICG substantially reduced angiogenesis, inhibited metastasis, activated the anti-tumor immune response, and promoted cell senescence in breast tumor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated that the novel bio-nanoplatform GDNPs@ICG enhanced the photo-mediated therapeutic effect in breast tumor. GDNPs@ICG could be an alternative for precise and efficient anti-tumor phototherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1147-1169"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11789776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Primary Monocytes as a Model for in vitro Immunotoxicity Testing: Evaluation of the Regulatory Properties of TiO₂ Nanoparticles.","authors":"Tereza Svadlakova, Martina Kolackova, Pavel Kulich, Jan Kotoucek, Michaela Rosecka, Jan Krejsek, Zdeněk Fiala, Ctirad Andrýs","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S498690","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S498690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A critical step preceding the potential biomedical application of nanoparticles is the evaluation of their immunomodulatory effects. Such nanoparticles are expected to enter the bloodstream where they can be recognized and processed by circulating monocytes. Despite the required biocompatibility, this interaction can affect intracellular homeostasis and modulate physiological functions, particularly inflammation. This study focuses on titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as an example of relatively low cytotoxic nanoparticles with potential biomedical use and aims to evaluate their possible modulatory effects on the inflammasome-based response in human primary monocytes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Monocyte viability, phenotypic changes, and cytokine production were determined after exposure to TiO₂ (diameter, 25 nm; P25) alone. In the case of the modulatory effects, we focused on NLRP3 activation. The production of IL-1β and IL-10 was evaluated after (a) simultaneous activation of monocytes with bacterial stimuli muramyl dipeptide (MDP), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and TiO₂ (co-exposure model), (b) prior activation with TiO₂ alone and subsequent exposure to bacterial stimuli MDP or LPS. The differentiation of TiO₂-treated monocytes into macrophages and their polarization were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The selected TiO₂ concentration range (30-120 µg/mL) did not induce any significant cytotoxic effects. The highest dose of TiO₂ promoted monocyte survival and differentiation into macrophages, with the M2 subset being the most prevalent. Nanoparticles alone did not induce substantial production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, or TNF-α. The immunomodulatory effect on NLRP3 depended on the type of costimulant used. While co-exposure of monocytes to MDP and TiO₂ boosted NLRP3 activity, co-exposure to LPS and TiO₂ inhibited NLRP3 by enhancing IL-10 release. The inhibitory effect of TiO₂ on NLRP3 based on the promotion of IL-10 was confirmed in a post-exposure model for both costimulants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirmed a non-negligible modulatory effect on primary monocytes in their inflammasome-based response and differentiation ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1171-1189"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11789775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}