International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Nano-Enabled Microfluidic Platforms for Functional Immunomonitoring in Pediatric Sepsis.","authors":"Qi Zhang, Hengjie Ren, Haiyang Zhang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S646158","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S646158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric sepsis involves dynamic, developmentally conditioned immune dysfunction that a single cytokine concentration or one-time severity label cannot represent. This structured narrative Review examines how nano-enabled microfluidic systems could support blood-sparing, serial assessment of functional immune states in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We separate soluble-protein concentration, cell phenotype, ex vivo stimulation response, cellular effector function, immunometabolic function, and physiology, linking each measurement class to its evidence level and permitted inference. Direct pediatric studies support the biological relevance of longitudinal antigen-presentation, inducible cytokine, lymphocyte, and metabolic readouts, but cohorts remain few, small, and heterogeneous; secondary-infection findings are conflicting. Recent pediatric studies of serial soluble biomarkers and temperature trajectories expand monitoring evidence but do not validate functional immune trajectories. Engineering studies demonstrate nanoscale capture, amplification, transduction, and low-volume processing, including portable multicytokine sensing, yet these Level 4 results do not constitute pediatric clinical validity. We propose a staged sample-to-answer architecture. It distinguishes patient draw from device input, controls stimulation and preanalytics, retains developmental context, and progresses from analytical validation through pediatric feasibility and clinical validity to prospective prediction and decision utility. Artificial intelligence is restricted to age adjustment, longitudinal modeling, multimodal fusion, uncertainty display, and clinician- or nurse-facing visualization. Within the verified accessible corpus through 16 September 2026, no prospectively validated pediatric longitudinal immune-function trajectory model or nano-enabled functional immune assay for immunomodulatory treatment selection was identified. The near-term objective is a verifiable measurement-and-interpretation pathway, not an autonomous treatment selector, tested in multicenter serial cohorts with transparent blood-volume accounting, independent validation, and PICU human-factors evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"646158"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13640989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhaled Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for COPD: Precision Solutions to Clinical Barriers.","authors":"Yuchang Liu, Qin Wang, Min He, Xue Xu, Xia Wang, Qiuxu Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S633341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S633341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, with current pharmacotherapy constrained by low pulmonary drug deposition, pathological barriers, treatment resistance, and poor patient adherence. Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) offer a transformative strategy to overcome these obstacles. This review adopts a distinctive \"clinically-driven\" perspective, systematically exploring the structural design strategies of targeted inhaled NDDS tailored to each specific therapeutic bottleneck. We analyze a hierarchical progression of strategies-from the \"nano-in-micro\" approach to enhance pulmonary deposition post-inhalation, through diverse surface modification techniques to improve mucus penetration and cellular targeting, to intelligent stimuli-responsive systems enabling site-specific drug release. These design strategies are not applied in isolation but function synergistically, endowing NDDS with customized functionalities-including sustained lung retention, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-infective, or resistance-reversing effects-according to distinct therapeutic needs, enhancing local efficacy while reducing systemic side effects. Furthermore, we critically assess the current landscape of clinical trials for NDDS in COPD, dissecting key translational barriers such as preclinical model limitations, patient heterogeneity, and regulatory hurdles. Finally, we integrate and discuss emerging frontiers including artificial intelligence-guided design and multi-omics patient stratification, offering a forward-looking roadmap for the development of precision nanotherapeutics poised for clinical adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"633341"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13637684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nanoparticle Delivery Gap in Immune Cell Engineering: From Uptake to Endosomal Escape.","authors":"Alireza Gharatape, Alireza Alikhanian, Javad Verdi, Yahya Essop Choonara, Reza Faridi-Majidi","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S650145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S650145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although therapeutic opportunities beyond the scope of either field alone are offered by the combination of immune cell treatment and nanotechnology, a dominant nanoparticle design for immune-cell engineering has not been yielded by two decades of research. Here, it is contended that this lack of advancement is the result of a misdirected focus: endosomal escape, rather than cellular uptake, is held to be the actual rate-limiting stage in cytosolic distribution, even though cellular uptake is the target of most optimization efforts. Adopting endosomal escape as a unifying framework, this review examines the mechanisms governing nanoparticle-immune cell interactions, adopting endosomal escape as a unifying framework, this review examines the mechanisms governing nanoparticle-immune cell interactions, from uptake routing and intracellular trafficking to immune activation, and derives cell-type-specific design principles, escape efficiency, and a decision framework for pairing escape mechanisms with target cell types. In addition, cell-type engineering is examined through the \"delivery gap\" that separates clinical success in solid tumors from failure in hematologic cancers. Rather than being classified neutrally, nanocarrier platforms are evaluated here according to translational viability. Manufacturing, regulatory, and safety considerations are synthesized into useful decision tools, and the review is concluded with a falsifiable ten-year plan and the main unanswered concerns in the field. Standardized endosomal escape and repeatable production are identified as the most manageable, high-impact short-term priorities by which nano-engineered immune cell treatments can be brought closer to the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"650145"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13637683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophage Membrane-Camouflaged Mesoporous Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Apigenin in Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury.","authors":"Yingying Zhang, Lizhen Huang, Hanghang Han, Siyu Zhou, Wuling Liang, Huiming Chen, Xueke Du","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S618525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S618525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical illness that poses a serious threat to human health, and effective treatments remain lacking. This study aimed to develop a macrophage membrane-biomimetic nano-delivery system loaded with mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA)-encapsulated apigenin (API) and to investigate its therapeutic potential in ALI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we developed a macrophage membrane-coated biomimetic nano-delivery system, designated MEM@MPDA/API nanoparticles (NPs). We first systematically characterized the physicochemical properties of MEM@MPDA/API, and then evaluated its cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, and mitochondrial function restoration through in vitro experiments. In vivo, after constructing an ALI mouse model, we assessed its active targeting to lung tissue, anti-inflammatory efficacy, pulmonary barrier repair capacity, and tissue safety following tail vein administration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In vivo results demonstrated that MEM@MPDA/API NPs effectively scavenged ROS, reduced inflammatory cytokine levels, and restored mitochondrial function. In the ALI mouse model, these NPs efficiently accumulated in the injured lung regions, alleviated pulmonary histopathological damage, and repaired the alveolar epithelial barrier. Integrated single-cell transcriptomics analysis and network pharmacology studies revealed that mitophagy-related pathways were activated during the progression of ALI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study proposes a promising biomimetic nano-delivery strategy, providing a safe and efficient potential new approach for the application of biomimetic nanomedicine in the treatment of ALI and oxidative stress-related critical diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"618525"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13637675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymeric Nanomedicines for siRNA Delivery in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies, Combination Approaches, and Translational Perspectives.","authors":"Karkaz M Thalij, Huay Woon You, Mohammad Habeeb, Joan Vijetha Ratchagar, Vidyarani Sujitkumar Khot, Prasad Laxman Gorde","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S631047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S631047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer related mortality. Risk factors include chronic hepatitis B/C, obesity, alcohol abuse, diabetes and metabolic disorders. In advanced stages, normal treatments such as surgery, transplantation and chemotherapy are not as effective as tumors develop resistance and do not target oncogenic pathways well. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics have the potential to change treatment paradigms by silencing specific biological pathways, thus suppressing tumor progression. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and stimuli-responsive copolymers have attracted attention as effective delivery systems for siRNA. These carriers protect siRNA from enzymatic degradation and facilitate its cellular uptake. Furthermore, the surface of the carriers can be modified with targeting ligands, eg, galactose or ASGPR antibodies, to improve tumor-specific delivery. The PNPs can be tuned to change their physical and chemical properties, are more stable and responsive to signals from the tumor microenvironment for regulated release. This means they perform better than lipophilic or metallic carriers. Hepatocyte specific absorption pathways even enhance the liver tropism. This review focuses on recent advances in siRNA based therapeutic strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma, with a special focus on PNPs mediated drug delivery systems. It describes significant oncogenic pathways like β-catenin and STAT3 and formulation techniques including nanoprecipitation and layer by layer assembly. The review also reports the increasing importance of artificial intelligence in siRNA design, formulation optimization, and personalized therapeutic methods to improve the clinical applicability of HCC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"631047"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13637677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Nanotechnology with ctDNA: New Advances for Monitoring Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.","authors":"Yuan Wang, Jilin Kong, Rui Tian","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S631105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S631105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evaluation of tumor response in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is still difficult as traditional imaging techniques can only provide morphological information at discrete intervals, and pathological response is usually assessed only after surgery. Although circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has the potential to provide a minimally invasive approach to monitor molecular response during treatment, its clinical use is hampered by low presence, high fragmentation, rapid clearance and the presence of high levels of non-tumor cell-free DNA (cfDNA). In this review, we aim to discuss the challenges of ctDNA detection in analytical and biological settings and how nanotechnology may be able to help address these challenges, particularly during the NACT window. The analytical performance and the potential integration of nanotechnology platforms, including gold nanoparticle plasmonic sensing, magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) extraction and microfluidic integration, fluorescent quantum dots for multiplexing, carbon-based electrochemical sensors and nano‑based CRISPR biosensing, enable a rapid detection of ctDNA. Benefits of these nanotechnological platforms are not just that technologies exist, but that early ctDNA clearance predicts response, persistence signals resistance, and nanotechnology makes routine, sensitive, and rapid monitoring feasible, provided certain translational hurdles are cleared. While there is great promise for the use of nanotechnology to enable fast, sensitive detection of ctDNA during NACT, significant issues remain in standardization of assays, reproducible manufacturing, prospective validation, and cost-effectiveness before clinical use is a reality.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"631105"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Exosomes in Pulmonary Hypertension: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Mengnan Yuan, Ping Chen, Zibo Zhan, Junqing Ruan, Xuewei Ye, Fangping Lin, Xiaoling Xu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S644296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S644296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive vasculopathy characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, right ventricular maladaptation, and premature death. Exosomes, an endosome-derived subset of small extracellular vesicles, mediate intercellular communication through the transfer of selected RNAs, proteins, and lipids. In PH, they can modulate endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and phenotypic switching, immune dysregulation, and right ventricular remodeling, implicating them in key aspects of disease pathobiology. These properties have prompted interest in exosomes as minimally invasive biomarkers and as candidates for cell-free therapeutic delivery. However, clinical translation remains at an early stage. Most evidence supporting exosome-based therapeutic strategies in PH is preclinical, whereas current clinical data are largely limited to exploratory biomarker studies. Important gaps also remain in distinguishing exosomes from other extracellular vesicle populations and in addressing methodological standardization, heterogeneity, cargo attribution, biodistribution, dosing, and clinical validation. This review summarizes current evidence on exosome biology in PH and discusses both translational opportunities and the major barriers to clinical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"644296"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levofloxacin-Catalase-PLGA Nanoparticles Potentiate Sonodynamic Therapy to Alleviate BCG-Induced Tuberculous Granulomas via PI3K/Akt/VEGF Pathway Suppression in Rats.","authors":"Yan Qiu, Liangrui Qin, Shangfeng Shen, Yuqing Zhang, Yonghong Du, Dairong Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S628763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S628763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hypoxic tuberculous granulomas induce vascular dysfunction and severely impede drug penetration. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which sonodynamic therapy (SDT) induces vascular normalization and synergistic immunomodulatory effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Levofloxacin and catalase co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (LEV@CAT-NPs) were prepared and characterized. <i>Bacillus Calmette-Guérin</i> (BCG) was used as a surrogate for virulent <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> due to its high biosafety. Therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms were evaluated in BCG-induced 3D tuberculous spheroids and a rat subcutaneous granuloma model via transcriptomic sequencing, Western blot, immunofluorescence, pharmacokinetic analysis, and bacterial load quantification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LEV@CAT-NPs exhibited excellent stability and oxygen-generating capacity. SDT effectively alleviated intralesional hypoxia and downregulated HIF-1α and VEGF expression, promoting vascular normalization - evidenced by reduced vascular density, increased pericyte coverage, decreased leakage, improved perfusion, and enhanced tight junctions. Mechanistically, SDT inhibited the PI3K/Akt/VEGF pathway, reduced macrophage VEGF secretion, and induced macrophage apoptosis, thereby suppressing abnormal angiogenesis and improving drug penetration. The treatment also activated innate and adaptive immune pathways, promoting CD3⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell infiltration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The SDT-driven mechano-chemical synergistic strategy effectively induces vascular normalization in tuberculous granulomas, improves drug delivery, and offers a promising approach for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis through microenvironment remodeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"628763"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Throughput DNA Barcoding Identifies Lipid Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery of TRAIL-mRNA to Induce Tumor Cell Death in Experimental Metastasis Model.","authors":"Marco Túllio Rodrigues Alves, Walison Nunes Da Silva, Gabriel Vieira Azevedo, Pedro Augusto Carvalho Costa, Gabriel Henrique Silva, Maria Marta Figueiredo, Anderson Oliveira Lobo, Vivian Vasconcelos Costa, Mauro Martins Teixeira, Pedro Pires Goulart Guimarães","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S641643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S641643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have enabled the clinical translation of nucleic acid therapeutics, and their composition plays a critical role in organ targeting and route-specific delivery. Intranasal (IN) administration offers direct access to the lungs, while reducing systemic exposure. However, designing LNPs capable of overcoming respiratory tract barriers remains a challenge.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used DNA barcoding (b-DNA) for high-throughput in vivo screening of an LNP library following IN administration to investigate the impact of helper lipid identity and changes in the relative helper lipid/cholesterol composition on lung delivery. Following physicochemical characterization, pooled LNPs were administered intranasally to C57BL/6 mice, and their biodistribution was quantified by next-generation sequencing. Lead formulations were further evaluated for lung transfection in vivo and pulmonary cell transfection in vitro, cell viability, concentration-response relationships, and membrane-disruptive properties were also assessed. To better understand the discrepancies between the in vivo and in vitro performance, LNP stability was investigated in simulated nasal fluid and cell culture media.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DOPE-based LNPs exhibited uniform diameters of approximately 90-110 nm, whereas DSPC- and DOTAP-based formulations showed greater variability in size. While DOPE- and DSPC-LNPs displayed slightly negative zeta potential values, DOTAP-formulations exhibited positive values. DSPC-LNP6 has emerged as the lead formulation for lung delivery and transfection in vivo, despite exhibiting limited transfection efficiency in pulmonary cells in vitro. Notably, the impact of simulated nasal fluid on the physicochemical properties of LNPs was comparable across formulations, suggesting that intrinsic membrane properties contribute to enhanced pulmonary transfection after IN administration. Finally, DSPC-LNP6 successfully mediated TRAIL mRNA delivery and induced tumor cell death in an experimental lung metastasis model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Collectively, our findings provide critical insights into the development of RNA therapeutics that target the respiratory tract.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"641643"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13635631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered Source-Specific Extracellular Vesicles for Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Biological Barriers to Targeted Delivery Strategies.","authors":"Hanglu Li, Shuangyan Jiang, Xinyi Liu, Jingting Zhang, Ye Hu, Bo Liu, Min Wu, Huaqiong Li, Bo Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S636187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S636187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the rapidly aging global population, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) present an escalating challenge to public health. The complex, self-perpetuating pathological network of NDDs, encompassing aberrant protein aggregation, chronic neuroinflammation, synaptic impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction, significantly impedes the efficacy of traditional single-target pharmacological interventions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which encapsulate a diverse array of functional cargoes, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, mediate both horizontal intercellular communication and cross-kingdom signaling. Their distinctive biological properties-characterized by low immunogenicity, favorable biocompatibility, and an intrinsic ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)-position EVs as a promising multi-target pharmacological platform for treatment of NDDs. By integrating genetic, chemical, and physical engineering strategies, these vesicles have been redefined as programmable nanotherapeutic tools. To address the cost and scalability constraints associated with mammalian cell-derived EVs, plant-derived EV-like nanoparticles (PDENs) represent a promising \"green\" platform. In this review, we systematically delineate the pathological mechanisms of NDDs, the diverse sources and characteristics of EVs, their functionalization via advanced engineering, and their multifaceted applications in NDDs therapy. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of these platforms, particularly their capacity to address the challenges associated with BBB penetration, and outline a framework to guide the development and clinical evaluation of EV-based therapies for NDDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"636187"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13635629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}