International Journal of Legal Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Longitudinal assessment of DNA recovery from post-mortem whole blood stored in EDTA, sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate and additive-free tubes.","authors":"Jana Grobbelaar, Loyiso Abongile Marvin Vuko, Bronwen Davies, Brendon Pearce, Fungisai Lorraine Musiyandaka, Laura Jane Heathfield","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03384-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03384-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adverse drug reactions and fatalities can result from therapeutic drug use due to genetic deficiencies in drug-metabolizing enzymes. In cases where ancillary testing may not reveal a clear cause of death, molecular autopsies can be valuable. However, forensic mortuaries do not retain DNA samples in all cases, which hinders subsequent genetic testing if it is later deemed necessary. This study aimed to evaluate whether post-mortem whole blood samples collected for toxicological analysis, could provide viable DNA for genetic testing after varying storage periods. Thirty deceased individuals were recruited with informed consent. Blood collected at autopsy from each individual was stored in two sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (gray-top) tubes, two additive-free (red-top) tubes and one ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; purple-top) tube- the latter recommended for DNA analysis. Blood from one gray-top and one red-top tube were sampled for toxicological analysis prior to DNA analysis, while the remaining samples (acting as controls) underwent DNA analysis immediately. DNA analysis involved DNA extraction and DNA concentration and degradation assessment. Blood samples were stored at 4 °C and DNA extraction and analysis was repeated one year and then five years later. Toxicological sampling did not significantly influence DNA results. DNA concentration and quality significantly decreased over time for all sample types, with DNA from red-top tubes showing the greatest decline. The study showed that DNA testing for drug-metabolizing enzymes was feasible on whole blood that had been stored for five years. This finding supports the potential for retrospective genetic testing in cases of adverse drug reactions and fatalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"495-507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11850465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of population affinity using cranial measurements acquired in multidetector computed tomography images of Japanese and Malay individuals.","authors":"Suguru Torimitsu, Akari Nakazawa, Ambika Flavel, Hirotaro Iwase, Yohsuke Makino, Salina Hisham, Daniel Franklin","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03386-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03386-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is imperative in a forensic investigation to determine the identity of an unidentified corpse, for which a crucial starting point is to establish population affinity as part of the biological profile supplied by the forensic anthropologist. The present study investigates the feasibility of using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images to quantify craniometric variation between Japanese and Malay populations relative to the estimation of population affinity in a forensic context. The Japanese and Malay samples comprise MDCT scans of 252 (122 female; 130 male) and 182 (84 female; 98 male) adult individuals, respectively. A total of 18 measurements were acquired, and two machine learning methods (random forest modeling, RFM; support vector machine, SVM) were applied to classify population affinity. The accuracy of the two-way pooled-sex model was 88.0% for RFM and 94.5% for SVM, respectively. The four-way population and sex model produced an overall classification accuracy of 81.3% for RFM and 91.7% for SVM. The sex-specific models of population affinity showed correct rates of classification of more than 90% in both females (90.8% for RFM and 97.6% for SVM) and males (91.2% for RFM and 97.4% for SVM). Our findings clearly indicate that the cranial measurements acquired in MDCT images can be used for the forensic classification of Japanese and Malay individuals and thus serve as a reference for forensic anthropologists attempting to identify unidentified remains.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"863-873"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11850424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patellae as a source of DNA in forensic and archaeological analysis.","authors":"Živa Miriam Geršak, Aja Golob, Pia Kravanja, Monica Concato, Tamara Leskovar, Irena Zupanič Pajnič","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03363-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03363-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analysing genetic material from skeletonised human remains has become valuable in forensic and archaeological contexts. While the petrous bone is often preferred for DNA extraction, its availability is not guaranteed, and because of destructive sampling, it is not frequently used in forensic cases. This study explores the potential of patellae as an alternative source of bone material for genetic investigations. Forty-five patellae were sampled from a post-World War II mass grave and an archaeological Christian cemetery dated from the 13th to 19th centuries. A full demineralisation extraction method was used to obtain the DNA, and real-time PCR quantification was used to determine the quantity and quality of DNA. To evaluate the suitability of patellae for forensic and archaeological analyses, short tandem repeat (STR) typing was performed using the ESI17 Fast PCR amplification kit (Promega). To explore the difference in DNA yield, DNA degradation and STR typing success between the post-World War II and archaeological patellae, statistical analysis was performed. The results revealed significantly higher DNA yield and STR typing success in WWII patellae and higher degradation of DNA in archaeological patellae, highlighting the impact of environmental exposure time on genetic material preservation. Almost all WWII patellae achieved a high success rate in STR typing with full profiles generated. More than half of the archaeological patellae showed high STR typing performance and highly informative partial profiles were obtained, indicating the suitability of patellae not only for forensic purposes but also for archaeological genetic analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"473-482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11850498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142604451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of gunshot entry wounds using hyperdense rim sign on post-mortem computed tomography.","authors":"Emilien Jupin-Delevaux, Corentin Provost, Ghazi Hmeydia, Marie-Edith Richard, Lilia Hamza, Tania Delabarde, Marie Crahès, Validire Pierre, Bertrand Ludes, Catherine Oppenheim, Joseph Benzakoun","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03362-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03362-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is an increasingly utilized tool in forensic medicine for evaluating head gunshot injuries. Vault bevelling sign, when present, provides information regarding entry and exit wounds; when absent, identifying wound type on PMCT remains challenging. A cutaneous hyperdense ring, described in an animal study by Junno et al. (2022), may be indicative of contact shots. We hypothesized that it could also be observed in human gunshot injuries. Our study evaluates the reliability of the cutaneous hyperdense rim sign for identifying entry gunshot wounds in PMCT. After excluding complex and mucosal wounds, two operators retrospectively evaluated 64 gunshot wounds (30 entry and 34 exit wounds) in 34 head PMCT cases (2018-2022). Gold standard for wound type determination was the autopsy report. The hyperdense rim sign was defined as at least two-thirds of a continuous cutaneous hyperdense circle on a multiplanar reconstruction of cutaneous tissue tangent to the wound. The hyperdense rim sign demonstrated a specificity of 97% (95% CI: 85-100%) and a sensitivity of 63% (95% CI: 44-80%) for identifying entry wounds. Moreover, in 16 external examination reports where the presence of powder residues or bullet wipe at entry wound was explicitly mentioned, a positive association was observed between hyperdense rim sign and the presence of these elements (p = 0.018). These findings suggest that the hyperdense rim sign, when present, may be a valuable tool for entry wound determination in gunshot injuries, interpreted in conjunction with other CT and autopsy features.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"619-626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The diatom test in the field of forensic medicine: a review of a long-standing question.","authors":"Bertrand Pierre Ludes, Arthur Chambre, Tania Delabarde","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03370-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03370-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article evaluates the criteria for diatom testing in forensic investigations, focusing on drowning cases. Diatoms, unicellular algae found in aquatic environments, are critical to the determination of drowning because water containing diatoms is inhaled during submersion. The primary objectives include defining the exact amount and type of tissue to be analyzed, expressed in terms of diatom concentration relative to tissue weight, and detailing the conditions under which water samples are collected to study the diatom flora at the site. In addition, the importance of accurately identifying diatom taxa and comparing them by unit weight is emphasized. To improve the reliability of diatom testing, the study discusses advanced methods such as microwave digestion, vacuum filtration, and automated scanning electron microscopy (MD-VF-Auto SEM), which offer higher sensitivity and specificity. The integration of DNA sequencing and deep learning techniques is explored, offering promising improvements in diatom detection and classification. These advances aim to reduce false positives and improve the accuracy of determining drowning as the cause of death. The article highlights the need for standardized protocols for diatom testing to ensure consistency and reliability. By incorporating new technologies and refining existing methods, the forensic application of diatom testing can be significantly improved, allowing for more accurate and reliable conclusions in drowning investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"597-605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"12 real forensic cases solved by the DNA STR-typing of skeletal remains exposed to extreme environment conditions, without the conventional bone pulverization step.","authors":"Chiara Della Rocca, Gavino Piras, Andrea Berti, Alessandro Mameli","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03389-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03389-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>DNA identification of human skeletal remains play a valuable role in the forensic field, especially in missing persons and mass disasters investigation. Hard tissues, such as bones and teeth, represent a very common kind of samples analyzed in forensic laboratories because often they are the only biological materials remaining. However, the major limitation in using these compact samples rely on time consuming and labor-intensive treatment of grinding them into powder before proceeding with the conventional DNA purification and extraction step. In this context, a novel DNA extraction assay, called the TBone Ex kit (DNA Chip Research Inc.), was developed to digests bone chips without powdering \"as reported by Kitayama (JAMA 12:84-89, 2010).\" Here, we simultaneously analyzed bone and tooth samples obtained by our police laboratory that belonged to 15 different forensic cases from Sardinia (Italy). The total of 27 samples were recovered from different scenarios and were exposed to extreme environmental factors, including sunlight, seawater, soil, fauna, vegetation and high temperature and humidity. The TBone Ex kit was used prior to the EZ2 DNA extraction kit on the EZ2 Connect Fx instrument (Qiagen), and high quality autosomal and Y-chromosome STRs profiles were obtained for the 80% of the cases, in a relatively short time frame. This study provides additional support for the use of the TBone Ex kit for digesting bone fragments/whole teeth as an effective alternative to pulverization protocols. We empirically demonstrated the effectiveness of the kit in processing multiple bone samples simultaneously, largely simplifying the DNA extraction procedure, and the good yield of recovered DNA for downstream genetic typing in highly compromised forensic real specimens. In conclusion, the results of this study appear useful for forensic laboratories, to which the various actors of the criminal justice system - such as potential jury members, judges, defense attorneys and prosecutors - require immediate feedback.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"509-518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based human gunshot wounds classification.","authors":"Renato Queiroz Nogueira Lira, Luana Geovana Motta de Sousa, Maisa Luana Memoria Pinho, Renan Cesar Pinto da Silva Andrade de Lima, Pedro Garcia Freitas, Bruno Scholles Soares Dias, Andreia Cristina Breda de Souza, André Ferreira Leite","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03355-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03355-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we present a forensic perspective on classifying gunshot wound patterns using Deep Learning (DL). Although DL has revolutionized various medical specialties, such as automating tasks like medical image classification, its applications in forensic contexts have been limited despite the inherently visual nature of the field. This study investigates the application of DL techniques (59 architectures) to classify gunshot wounds in a forensic context, focusing on distinguishing between entry and exit wounds and determining the Medical-Legal Shooting Distance (MLSD), which classifies wounds as contact, close range, or distant, based on digital images from real crime scene cases. A comprehensive database was constructed with 2,551 images, including 1,883 entries and 668 exit wounds. The ResNet152 architecture demonstrated superior performance in both entry and exit wound classification and MLSD categorization. For the first task, achieved accuracy of 86.90% and an AUC of 82.09%. For MLSD, the ResNet152 showed an accuracy of 92.48% and AUC up to 94.36%, though sample imbalance affected the metrics. Our findings underscore the challenges of standardizing wound images due to varying capture conditions but reflect the practical realities of forensic work. This research highlights the significant potential of DL in enhancing forensic pathology practices, advocating for Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a supportive tool to complement human expertise in forensic investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"651-666"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Shedding the status\"-a meta-analysis on the individual propensity to shed skin material in the context of forensic trace analysis.","authors":"D Koch, A Gosch, C Courts","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03408-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-025-03408-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The so-called \"shedder status\", which can more precisely be referred to as \"individual shedding propensity\" (ISP), has been the subject of forensic genetic research for more than two decades. Numerous studies have been published on this topic many of which report contradictory and/or insufficiently documented results regarding the existence, influencing factors, classifications of and test methodologies for the ISP of skin material. To date, there is no scientific consensus on the best way to register and conceptualize this variable, that is essential for the assessment of DNA transfer events. Here, we present the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis to give an account of the current state of research on the ISP (including data up to end of December 2023). To this end, 50 publications on the topic of \"shedder status\" were systematically surveyed and the combined data was statistically analysed regarding the comprehensibility and test methodology for determining the ISP as well as key influencing factors (including sex and age) and classifications. Despite difficulties in the analysis due to missing or incomplete information in individual publications, the following insights and recommendations are established, also considering current dermatological and histological research: the tendency to shed (mostly) skin material upon physical contact with surfaces is a genuine and meaningfully ascertainable, person-specific i.e. individual variable, which is apparently influenced by male sex and young age. In contrast, time since handwashing and the choice of hand do not appear to have any relevant influence. When testing an individual's tendency to deposit DNA containing material, it is preferable to set a standardised contact time and use plastic tubes as the contact surface or perform direct skin abrasion. The body region from which the sample is taken also appears to be relevant. Overall, however, the results confirm the difficulty to compare and interpret the results from many available studies, and we advocate to harmonise and standardise study designs and experiments and to apply a quality control before publishing such data.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"459-471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone age and dental age to assess criminal responsibility: Part I.","authors":"Cristiana Palmela Pereira, Maria Vitória Lameiro, Ana Rodrigues, Francisco Salvado, Rui Santos","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03451-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03451-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Age estimation in forensic science plays a crucial role in determining legal and criminal responsibilities for living individuals. When the age of an individual is uncertain, a forensic age estimation examination is required, typically involving radiographic evaluation of bone and dental development. This study aimed to estimate and classify bone and dental ages in a Portuguese population aged 6 to 21 years, using the Baccetti and Moorrees, Fanning, and Hunt methods. The results were compared to chronological age and between methods for medico-legal purposes, utilizing lateral cephalograms and orthopantomograms.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 466 lateral cephalograms and 767 orthopantomograms were analyzed. Baccetti stages were assigned to the lateral cephalograms, and cephalometric analysis was performed using ImageJ® software. For orthopantomograms, each tooth in the third quadrant was assigned a stage based on the MFH method.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Cohen's weighted kappa coefficients were 0.987 (intra-observer) and 0.977 (inter-observer) for the Baccetti method. Moorrees, Fanning, and Hunt method validations ranged from 0.655 to 1.00. Correlation coefficients for dental and bone regressions were 0.894 and 0.907, with adjusted determination coefficients of 0.798 and 0.822, respectively. The dental regression underestimated age, unlike the bone regression. The methods' accuracy and reliability varied based on the age being classified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both regressions accurately estimated age, but the dental method was more appropriate due to its tendency to underestimate, high precision and consistency of results. No significant differences were found between males and females, and both methods, dental and bone, may be used together to classify legal ages.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of forensic medicine education impact on medical students' knowledge and specialisation attitudes: a multicenter analysis from Italian universities.","authors":"Giovanni Aulino, Francesco Ausania, Paolo Fais, Giovanni Cecchetto, Davide Ferorelli, Silvia Damiana Visonà, Flavia Beccia, Stefania Boccia, Antonio Lanzone, Luca Morini, Guido Viel, Francesco Ventura, Alessandro Dell'Erba, Giancarlo Di Vella, Domenico De Leo, Antonio Oliva","doi":"10.1007/s00414-024-03352-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-024-03352-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to assess students' knowledge, awareness, and attitudes regarding forensic-medicine concepts taught during a Medicine and Surgery degree program at eight Italian universities. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate the impact of the course on students' knowledge and attitudes toward choosing medical residency.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted through an anonymous web-based survey of medical students at eight italian universities. Descriptive, univariate, and logistic regression analyses were performed for the selected questions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey was completed by 1022 students. Forensic medicine appears to be important for providing training in the fundamental concepts of forensic medicine, especially professional liability, defensive medicine, and forensic pathology. The descriptive and univariate analyses demonstrate that the course can assist students in choosing their specialisation school. The multivariate analysis highlighted the impact of the forensic medicine course on orienting students' choice of medical residency, increasing it by nine times after attending the course. In the logistic regression analysis of the influence of medical liability on the choice of medical residency, students recognised a doubled effect after attending the course. Finally, the perceived usefulness of the course was significantly higher after attendance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Forensic medicine courses have the task of defining the duties and responsibilities of forensic physicians, providing indispensable tools for future medical practitioners regardless of their future specialisation, and limiting the increasing use of defensive medicine. In conclusion, it is imperative for governments to implement measures directed at diminishing the risk of burnout arising from the ongoing pressure associated with the fear of medicolegal litigation, encompassing both criminal and civil contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"795-803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}