International Journal of Legal Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Development of a precise saliva-based epigenetic clock using a six-CpG-marker panel.","authors":"Weijie Teng, Xufeng Chu, Weifen Sun, Ao Huang, Ziwei Wang, Bofeng Zhu, Xiling Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03873-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03873-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saliva, a frequently encountered biological specimen in forensic investigations, has great potential to provide critical leads if the donor's age can be accurately estimated. This study aimed to develop a precise epigenetic clock for predicting age by identifying the most highly informative CpG sites derived from saliva. Using genome-wide 850K methylation array data from saliva samples of 76 Han Chinese individuals, we initially selected 33 candidate CpG sites based on correlation analyses and an extensive literature review. We then applied a multi-stage feature selection process, performing 250 iterations across five machine learning algorithms running in parallel: Elastic Net, Lasso, Ridge, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and robust Lasso (rLasso). By using recursive feature elimination (RFE) optimized to reduce mean absolute error (MAE), we identified an optimal set of six core CpG sites (cg09809672, cg10501210, cg26290632, cg04875128, cg06639320, and cg07553761) that showed strong associations with age. Among the models tested, rLasso and SVR delivered the best and comparable predictive accuracy, with MAEs of 3.240 and 3.267 years, respectively, which were significantly better than the other linear models. Validation on three independent datasets and comparison with seven established epigenetic clocks showed that our models achieved accuracy comparable to leading methods, like the Hannum and Horvath clocks, while substantially outperforming others such as the Levine, PedBE, and Wu clocks. Moreover, the MAEs of our models were lower than those reported for 85% of the 60 previously published saliva-based epigenetic clocks. In summary, we developed a highly accurate epigenetic age prediction panel for saliva that includes only six CpG sites. The resulting rLasso and SVR models provide an excellent balance of high predictive accuracy and practical applicability, making them valuable tools for forensic age prediction and aging-related research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3635-3648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel non-antibody fluorescent dual-staining technique for sperm detection in forensic samples.","authors":"Yuki Kariya, Yuji Sakai, Takumi Noda, Rie Takai, Tomohiro Takayama, Atsushi Nagai, Tomomi Michiue","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03895-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03895-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In sexual assault investigations, the detection of spermatozoa from victims' clothing or vaginal samples constitutes critical evidence indicative of ejaculation. Staining methods such as Baecchi's staining and fluorescence immunostaining are widely used to enhance microscopic examination for sperm detection. However, these approaches have inherent limitations, including limited specificity (e.g., Baecchi's staining) and reduced performance in aged samples (e.g., immunostaining), underscoring the need for novel staining strategies. In the present study, we developed a dual-staining method targeting the protamine-DNA complex in sperm heads, utilizing a thiol-reactive fluorescent dye in combination with a DNA-binding fluorescent dye. This CPM/AO dual staining method produced strong green fluorescence localized to sperm heads under ultraviolet excitation. Based on the finding that sperm heads exhibited stronger fluorescence than somatic cell nuclei, this phenomenon may involve Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Although the nuclei of oral and vaginal epithelial cells, as well as other debris, exhibited similar coloration of the sperm head, spermatozoa could be effectively distinguished based on fluorescence intensity and related features, enabling reliable visual identification. Moreover, the method demonstrated consistent effectiveness in detecting spermatozoa in aged forensic specimens. These findings indicate that the proposed staining technique serves as a useful tool for sperm detection in forensic contexts, particularly when dealing with degraded samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3689-3701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New method of sex estimation through osteometric analysis of the lower limb for the Portuguese population.","authors":"Sofia N Wasterlain, Ricardo R Dias, Maria Teresa Ferreira","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03902-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03902-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To reconstruct the identity of an individual, sex assessment is an essential step in the estimation of the biological profile of a skeleton. For that purpose, forensic anthropologists apply both morphological and metric methods based in skeletal elements. In 2000, Wasterlain used a sample from the Identified Skeletal Collection of the University of Coimbra (19th -20th centuries) to develop a method to estimate sex on the basis of the limb bones metrics. In the present study, a sample of 202 individuals (92 males and 110 females) from the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection (University of Coimbra) was used to revise the Wasterlain method to better suit the contemporary Portuguese population. In all, 22 measurements were performed in the femur, tibia, calcaneus, and talus. Although the Wasterlain method has shown satisfactory results, new cut-off points and discriminant functions were developed to promote accurate sex classifications in the contemporary Portuguese population. Regarding the cut-off points, the femoral vertical head diameter, the bilateral width of the tibia, the length of the calcaneus, and the maximum length of the talus presented the best results for sex estimation (89.8%, 88.0%, 85.6%, 85.9%, respectively). Discriminant functions presented correct classification percentages varying between 78.7% and 91.5% for femur, 83.7% and 93.0% for tibia, 84.9% and 86.6% for calcaneus, and 86.6% and 88.5% for talus. In sum, the new cut-off points and discriminant functions presented an overall good performance, constituting reliable methods to be applied in forensic cases involving individuals of Portuguese origin.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"4473-4481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning-Based Panoramic Radiograph Retrieval from Antemortem Images for Forensic Identification.","authors":"Abdülkadir İzci, Uğur Kayhan, Adem Pekince, Zafer Liman","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03905-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03905-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of an expert-assisted, semi-automated, Convolutional Neural Network based deep learning framework developed using panoramic dental radiographs in large-scale retrieval-based forensic identification scenarios. During the model development process, 2,440 panoramic radiographs from 842 individuals were preprocessed through masking, intensity based cropping of the region of interest, and resizing. Positive pairs were generated from images belonging to the same individual, whereas negative pairs were generated from images belonging to different individuals, and class balance was maintained. Model performance was evaluated using subject level 5-fold cross validation with four different deep learning backbones, thereby preventing images from the same individual from being shared between the training and validation sets. The results showed that the best individual performance was achieved with the ConvNeXt-Tiny model. Top-1, Top-3, and Top-5 accuracy values obtained with the ConvNeXt-Tiny model were 75.00 ± 6.51, 82.22 ± 3.16, and 83.33 ± 1.96, respectively. These findings indicate that the proposed method is effective and applicable in forensic identification practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"4115-4125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148381978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Best practice for forensic anthropology reporting: a statement by the Board of the Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE).","authors":"Eugénia Cunha, Anja Petaros, Desiré Brits, Cristina Cattaneo, Elena Kranioti, Ann H Ross, Pascal Adalian, Zuzana Obertova, Hans H de Boer","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03903-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03903-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The case report is the primary means by which forensic anthropologists communicate the outcomes of their examination. Despite their central role, considerable variability currently exists in the content, structure, and clarity of such reports. Drawing on published guidelines, forensic science standards, and the collective experience of an international group of practitioners from the Board of the Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE), this paper presents practical recommendations for forensic anthropology reporting. It outlines the fundamental aims and principles of reporting, identifies essential report elements, and distinguishes minimum requirements from discretionary components. Emphasis is placed on scientific integrity, transparency of methods and reasoning, and clear communication to a diverse audience. These recommendations are meant to be applicable across jurisdictions and professional contexts, including independent practice, while remaining aligned with contemporary forensic science standards. By promoting consistency and clarity in reporting, these recommendations aim to support the reliability, interpretability, and admissibility of forensic anthropological evidence, and to strengthen the contribution of forensic anthropology to medico-legal investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"4501-4510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning algorithms in the estimation of sex from 3DCT-generated cranial and pelvic measurements.","authors":"Oladiran I Olateju, Oriasotie M Ujaddughe, Muhammad E H Chowdhury, Mubarak A Bidmos","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03890-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03890-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex estimation from skeletal remains is a key component of forensic anthropology, with the skull and pelvis being the most sexually dimorphic elements in terms of morphology. Traditional morphometric approaches, such as discriminant function and logistic regression analyses, have achieved high accuracy in estimating sex across various populations, including South Africans. However, the use of machine learning (ML) for sex estimation based on cranial and pelvic measurements has not yet been explored in any South African population. This study assessed the potential of ML algorithms to estimate sex from cranial and pelvic measurements derived from computed tomography (CT) scans of contemporary Black South Africans. The sample included 680 skeletal elements (400 crania and 280 pelvic bones) with an equal distribution of males and females. CT scans archived at the Department of Radiology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, were reconstructed into 3D models using Xiris and IntelliSpace software, from which eight cranial and eleven pelvic measurements were collected. Seven classical ML algorithms were applied and feature ranking techniques were used to determine the most informative variables for sex estimation. A stacking ML model was then developed, incorporating the top three classifiers as base learners. Their outputs were combined and passed to different ML algorithms acting as meta-learners for final classification. The findings confirmed strong sexual dimorphism in cranial and pelvic bones, and the stacking models achieved superior accuracy (cranium: 80.3-94.3%; pelvis: 86.1-96.1%) compared to traditional multivariate methods, demonstrating the potential of ML in forensic sex estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"4099-4113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using computed tomography, photogrammetry & structured light scanning for measuring human mandibles: a comparison of metric analysis using various 3D imaging technologies.","authors":"Isabella Crebert, Xanthe Weston, Dilan Seckiner, Matthew Farrow, Lars C Ebert","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03933-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03933-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper aims to determine if photogrammetry and/or structured light scanning (SLS) can be used as alternatives for conducting metric assessments on mandibles as opposed to computed tomography (CT). Identifying alternative imaging options to CT is important as, although CT is accurate and reliable, there are multiple limitations that impact its accessibility, including cost, portability, and ease of learning. Photogrammetry and SLS are two handheld, lightweight, cost-effective alternatives that are relatively user friendly. Therefore, this paper imaged 33 human mandibles using CT, photogrammetry, and SLS. For intra-observer error, the ICC results were between 0.37 and 1, indicating a range of unreliable to excellent measurements. Almost all TEM results were within the acceptable threshold set for this study (< 2). Despite graphical demonstrations of the measurements being provided to the observers, all inter-observer results were unreliable, indicating that further refinement of these definitions is required before a protocol can be developed. However, all inter-modality assessments were within the acceptable threshold (< 5 TEM). The range for the ICC results for CT v photogrammetry was between 0.37 and 0.88. For CT v SLS, the results were between 0.47 and 0.87. Overall, photogrammetry had the highest degree of consistency with CT, but all methods proved to be interchangeable. This paper highlights that alternative imaging options are available in scenarios where CT cannot be accessed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"4241-4253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148602608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of handheld laser scanning for nonmetric skeletal assessment in biological profile estimation: a preliminary two-case study.","authors":"Chloe R Cummings, Emily N Powell, An-Di Yim","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03943-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03943-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In forensic anthropology, skeletal materials are commonly assessed through morphological characteristics to estimate components of the biological profile. While traditional analyses relied on physical examination of skeletal remains, digital methodologies offer the potential to supplement or replace direct observations, increasing the accessibility of forensic anthropological consultation, research, and education. However, the reliability of three-dimensional (3D) documentation techniques for nonmetric assessment remained variable and required further investigation. This study provides a preliminary investigation of the applicability of handheld laser scan-derived point-cloud models for nonmetric skeletal assessment in biological profile estimation using a two-case design.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two skeletal cases were selected from the George Mason University Forensic Science Program Teaching Collection: a 40-year-old White male and an 80-year-old White female. A total of 53 participants with varying levels of forensic anthropological training and experience were recruited from the Washington metropolitan area. Participants first conducted in-person assessments of skeletal elements and subsequently evaluated 3D models after a washout period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Inter-observer agreement was generally higher for physical skeletal assessments than for virtual assessments. Skeletal sex estimation (particularly innominate traits) and age estimation via the pubic symphysis showed lower agreement and reduced inter-modality correspondence. Despite this, skeletal sex classification accuracy remained largely stable across modalities. Conversely, population affinity, despite fair inter-modality agreement, showed reduced classification accuracy in the virtual setting.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that handheld laser scans do not fully replicate all aspects of nonmetric skeletal assessment, and their application should be considered trait-dependent and validated further before routine use.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"4307-4317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of body fluids on clothing in sexual assault cases: forensic applications of multispectral imaging systems.","authors":"Sezer Çekiç, Hakan Kar, Caner Beşkoç","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03957-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03957-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In sexual assault investigations, the rapid and accurate localization of biological traces on clothing is important for guiding evidence collection and preserving forensic material. Multispectral imaging systems provide a non-invasive optical approach for visualizing body fluids that may be difficult to detect under conventional lighting conditions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seven biological fluids-venous blood, menstrual blood, semen, vaginal secretions, urine, saliva, and sweat-were applied to cotton and synthetic fabrics of different colors and textures. After air-drying, the samples were examined using three portable multispectral imaging devices: Forenscope Multispectral SAFE/Colposcopy, Safe Pro Smartphone, and Mobile Multispectral Tablet. Stain visibility was initially assessed using a predefined ordinal visual scoring system. In addition, post hoc quantitative image analysis was performed on exported image files by calculating signal intensity, background intensity, contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On light-colored fabrics, most biological fluids were readily detectable under white or visible light. On dark fabrics, infrared illumination provided improved stain-background separation, particularly for blood and semen. Semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva showed visible fluorescence under blue light in the 440-470 nm range combined with an orange filter. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant differences in contrast and SNR according to imaging device and fabric color, whereas fabric type did not show a significant effect. Biological fluid type significantly affected contrast, but not SNR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The detectability of biological fluids on clothing depends on fluid type, fabric characteristics, and spectral imaging conditions. Portable multispectral imaging systems may support the rapid, non-destructive localization of biological traces in forensic examinations. However, the present study should be interpreted as an exploratory evaluation under controlled conditions, rather than as diagnostic validation or evidence of superiority over conventional forensic detection methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3961-3971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148712270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of adjacent anatomical context in tooth staging: observational study of non-cropped vs. cropped radiographs for dental age estimation.","authors":"Nikolaos Angelakopoulos, Rizky Merdietio Boedi, Stefano De Luca, Israel Soriano Vázquez, Ademir Franco","doi":"10.1007/s00414-026-03929-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-026-03929-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental age estimation (DAE) is applicable to forensic/legal and clinical contexts, with the Demirjian staging system being among the most common techniques. However, inter- and intra-observer variability can affect DAE reliability, particularly when evaluating panoramic radiographs influenced by magnification, distortion, and anatomical superimposition. In the staging process, consciously or unconsciously, experts analyze dental development within the available peripheral anatomic features of the tooth and its peripheral region. This study investigated whether isolating teeth as regions of interest (cropped images) influences the reproducibility of Demirjian's stage allocation. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted using 301 panoramic radiographs from subjects aged 7-14 years. Three experienced forensic odontologists independently staged all seven left mandibular teeth (#31-#37) and, when present, also the left mandibular third molar (#38) using the Demirjian's staging system. Each tooth was evaluated twice, two weeks apart, in both full panoramic radiograph and cropped formats. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was assessed using kappa statistics. Intra-observer agreement was above 0.81. Cropped images resulted in only marginal changes, with a slight decrease in stage reproducibility (Δ - 0.017 and - 0.023). Inter-observer agreement was nearly identical between non-cropped (AC2 = 0.985) and cropped images (AC2 = 0.986). A slightly lower proportion of cropped images was assessable by all observers (90.7% vs. 91.7%). Isolating teeth as regions of interest did not meaningfully reduce reproducibility and only small intra-observer decreases were observed and concentrated in the anterior teeth. These findings indicate that, among experienced observers, cropping does not degrade the reliability of Demirjian stage allocation. Future DAE staging systems should consider being more descriptive, including not only tooth-related developmental details, but surrounding information, such as the distance between the analyzed tooth and the occlusal plane and its relationship with adjacent developed teeth.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"4483-4493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148561859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}