International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Evolocumab, a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, is effective and safe in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in chronic kidney disease stage 3 - 4.","authors":"Hongxu Zhu, Yufeng Chang, Qi Jin","doi":"10.5414/CP204964","DOIUrl":"10.5414/CP204964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of evolocumab, a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, in chronic kidney disease (CKD).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Dyslipidemia is common in patients with CKD and contributes to their elevated cardiovascular risk. However, evidence regarding the lipid-lowering efficacy and renal safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in CKD stages 3 - 4 is limited.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cohort of 200 patients with stage 3 - 4 CKD and hyperlipidemia were administered evolocumab in a single-center retrospective study. Lipid parameters including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen), and liver enzymes were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up. Subgroup and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors associated with LDL-C reduction. Publicly available transcriptomic resources were consulted to provide biological parameters regarding tissue-specific PCSK9 expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 12 months, LDL-C was significantly decreased (-56.3 ± 10.5%) compared to baseline where the reduction in stages 3 and stage 4 CKD were similar. Non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and total cholesterol also declined significantly, but here were no significant changes in HDL-C and triglycerides. Renal function showed no significant deterioration, and no hepatotoxicity or clinically significant adverse events occurred. Baseline LDL-C and age were independent predictors of LDL-C reduction. Public transcriptomic data indicated that PCSK9 expression is predominantly enriched in liver tissue but remains minimal in renal tissues and across major renal cell types, providing biological evidence to explain the preserved renal function observed in this cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Evolocumab is an effective agent for lowering LDL-C levels and has a satisfactory short-term renal and hepatic safety in this cohort with similar effects across CKD subgroups. The low renal expression of PCSK9 may partly explain its renal safety. These results support the use of evolocumab as a practical and well-tolerated lipid-lowering option for CKD patients who need intensive LDL-C control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147868178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing of antimicrobial stewardship intervention and mortality among patients admitted to intensive care unit.","authors":"Akitoshi Takuma, Airi Miura, Kotono Tagami, Kenji Momo","doi":"10.5414/CP204928","DOIUrl":"10.5414/CP204928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Antimicrobial stewardship is important in the intensive care unit (ICU), where critically ill patients are managed. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the associations between the timing of antimicrobial stewardship team (AST) interventions in the ICU and patient mortality and to identify the optimal timing of interventions to improve patient survival.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients admitted to the ICU at Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital (April 2016 - March 2023). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; the key exposure was the timing of AST intervention following antimicrobial initiation. Mortality incidence rates per 100 person-days and age-adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 94 patients were included. Earlier AST intervention after ICU admission was associated with the lowest mortality (incidence rate (IR): 0.205 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0 - 0.512) per 100 person-days). In an age-adjusted analysis, later intervention was associated with a higher mortality incidence rate than earlier intervention (IR ratio (IRR): 5.53 (95% CI: 1.30 - 23.50), p = 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Earlier AST intervention after ICU admission was associated with lower mortality in ICU patients. Proactive and timely stewardship efforts are therefore needed in ICUs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147868211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fondaparinux to treat cerebral venous sinus thrombosis complicated by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during puerperium: A case report and literature review.","authors":"Meng Qi, Xuebing Feng, Lidan Jiang, Caikun Wu, Xiaoxia Zhang, Ping Guo, Ning Wang, Yueqiao Xu","doi":"10.5414/CP204953","DOIUrl":"10.5414/CP204953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) occurring during the puerperium is a rare yet life-threatening condition. The management of CVST becomes more complex when complicated by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a prothrombotic adverse effect of heparin therapy.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A case of puerperium-associated CVST with HIT is presented, in which fondaparinux was utilized as an alternative anticoagulant during the acute phase, followed by rivaroxaban. A multidisciplinary approach was employed, which included hematoma drainage, decompressive craniectomy, and endovascular recanalization. The patient achieved a favorable outcome, with a modified Rankin scale score of 2 at the 3-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the potential safety and efficacy of fondaparinux in the management of CVST with HIT, emphasizing the critical role of a multidisciplinary approach in optimizing patient recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147868216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dulaglutide-associated body odor with dechallenge and rechallenge in a patient with type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Srecko Marusic, Matea Staresinic, Maja Cigrovski Berkovic","doi":"10.5414/CP204985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although uncommon, medications may induce unpleasant body odor, potentially leading to psychosocial distress and reduced treatment adherence. To date, unpleasant body odor has not been recognized as an adverse effect of dulaglutide. We report a novel case of dulaglutide-associated body odor, confirmed by dechallenge and rechallenge.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 57-year-old man with a 6-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension was initiated on dulaglutide due to inadequate glycemic control and obesity. Two weeks after treatment initiation, an unpleasant body odor was noted by family members and colleagues. No changes in diet, hygiene practices, or concomitant medications were reported. Dermatological examination and extensive laboratory evaluation excluded infectious, metabolic, and endocrine causes. The odor resolved ~ 10 days after discontinuation of dulaglutide. Upon rechallenge, the odor recurred, confirming a causal relationship. Dulaglutide was permanently discontinued, and treatment was switched to semaglutide, after which the body odor did not recur and glycemic control improved. According to the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale, the association was classified as probable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights a rare and previously unreported adverse effect of dulaglutide. Although not medically serious, drug-induced body odor may substantially impair quality of life and treatment adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmocracy via MCC to de-prescribing: The attempted ascent and descent of Everest.","authors":"Barrington G Woodcock-Kloberdanz","doi":"10.5414/CPP64285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5414/CPP64285","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease treated in a controlled trial using traditional Chinese medicine (Jia-Wei-Ji-Chuan-Jian decoction) with network pharmacology analysis of active agents and mechanism of action.","authors":"Shi Kay Loong, Feifei Wu, Yizhou Liu, Napattharin Voratunyakit, Shangyu Wei, Wei Li, Rui Li, Weidong Pan","doi":"10.5414/CP204864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204864","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), in particular chronic constipation, are common and are treated in China using the traditional Chinese medicine (Jia-Wei-Ji-Chuan-Jian decoction) (JWJCJ)). However, information on therapeutic targets and the underlying mechanism is limited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 72 PD patients with constipation attending Departments of Neurology in Shanghai, China (Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital and Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University) were recruited into the study and allocated to a Treatment group (n = 36) and a Control group (n = 36). Patients in the Control group received a combination treatment comprising anti-Parkinson agents (Western drug regimen) with the addition of a traditional Chinese patent medicine (Huang-Xing Run-Chang Tablets*) over a period of 5 weeks, whereas patients in the Treatment group received the same anti-PD Western drug regimen together with the JWJCJ decoction, also for a period of 5 weeks. An evaluation using clinical efficacy scores was carried out together with network pharmacology analysis. Identified drug targets for JWJCJ using the traditional Chinese medicine Swiss Target Prediction database (TCMSP) and disease targets for chronic constipation in PD were obtained from Genecards and the OMIM database. Therapeutic targets for JWJCJ in the treatment of chronic constipation were identified by intersecting drug targets and disease targets. GO functional enrichment analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and disease association analysis were carried out using the DAVID database and visualized using Cytoscape 3.9.1 software.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;CSS efficacy scores in the Treatment group were higher than that in the Control group (88.57 vs. 52.94%, p &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were seen prior to treatment in the CSS, PDQ-39 and MDS-UPDRS scores and the corresponding total scores for the two groups. After treatment, CSS values for patients in the Treatment group were higher than values before treatment (p &lt; 0.01). Network pharmacology analysis identified 172 active components, 9,542 drug targets, and 421 intersecting target genes for JWJCJ. PPI analysis identified 10 main and possibly key targets for JWJCJ in the treatment of chronic constipation. KEGG analysis identified 198 signaling pathways, where pathways in cancer, specific cancer pathways such as prostate cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, hepatitis B, and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications were among the pathways most significantly enriched. These findings are evidence that the active ingredients in JWJCJ in the treatment of chronic constipation in PD mainly target TP53, SRC, AKT1, PIK3R1, and PIK3CA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The efficacy of JWJCJ in treating chronic constipation in PD involves the targets SRC, PIK3R1, JUN, TP53, STAT3, PIK3CA, EGFR, ESR1, MA","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological characteristics of severe skin adverse reactions caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors based on case reports.","authors":"Su-Na Tang, Xiao-Wen Ma, Xiao-Yan Zhang, Na-Na Zhang, Fei Wang, Feng-Lin Ye, Na-Na Chen, Ping Yang, Ning-Ning Zhu","doi":"10.5414/CP204826","DOIUrl":"10.5414/CP204826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (cirAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and to provide evidence for the rational clinical use of ICIs and pharmacovigilance for cutaneous toxicities.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We systematically searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, and Wanfang databases using keywords including \"immune checkpoint inhibitors,\" \"cutaneous adverse reactions,\" \"cutaneous toxicity,\" \"induced,\" and \"case,\" and their combinations to identify detailed case reports on cirAEs. Data on patient demographics (sex and age), primary cancer type, ICI use, time to cirAE onset, cirAE severity grading, and reaction classification were extracted. Descriptive statistics, co-occurrence analysis of clinical manifestations, and the Apriori algorithm were employed to analyze cirAE patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included a total of 120 articles involving 126 patients (male: 80; female: 46) with a mean age of 63.05 ± 11.85 years. The highest incidence was observed in patients aged 60 - 69 years. The primary cancers were predominantly non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors were the most commonly used therapeutic agents. The median time to onset was 15 - 28 days. Most cases were classified as severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Healthcare professionals must remain vigilant for severe cirAEs and ensure timely diagnosis and management to safeguard patient safety during ICI therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"231-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-dose lamotrigine co-administration decreases quetiapine plasma concentrations: Effect of <i>UGT2B7</i>-161C>T polymorphism in Japanese patients with depression.","authors":"Takeshi Suzuki, Goyo Nagai, Kazuo Mihara, Yoko Tomori, Shoko Kagawa, Akifumi Nakamura, Kenji Nemoto, Tsuyoshi Kondo","doi":"10.5414/CP204879","DOIUrl":"10.5414/CP204879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Previous findings showing that lamotrigine co-administration decreases serum quetiapine concentrations were based solely on group comparisons using therapeutic drug monitoring databases. The present prospective study examined the effects of lamotrigine co-administration on plasma quetiapine concentrations in Japanese patients with depression and in relation to polymorphisms of UGT1A2 and UGT2B7, enzymes responsible for lamotrigine metabolism.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>14 patients with depression were recruited in the study. They had been treated with immediate-release quetiapine 200, 400, or 700 mg/d. Lamotrigine was co-administered in all patients over a period of 8 weeks where the final doses of lamotrigine were 75 mg/d in 2 subjects taking valproate and 100 mg/d in 12 subjects not taking valproate. Blood samples were collected before and 2, 4, and 8 weeks after commencing lamotrigine co-administration. Quetiapine and lamotrigine concentrations in plasma were measured using LC/MS/MS. The genotypes of the <i>UGT1A4</i> 142T>G, <i>UGT2B7</i>-161C>T, and <i>UGT2B7</i> 372A>G polymorphisms were identified using real-time PCR analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean plasma concentration of quetiapine 8 weeks after lamotrigine treatment was significantly lower than that prior to the administration (p < 0.05). The mean percentage reduction in quetiapine concentration was significantly greater in subjects carrying the C/T and T/T genotypes when compared to those carrying the C/C genotype in respect to the <i>UGT2B7</i>-161C>T polymorphism (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study provides evidence that low-dose lamotrigine co-administration decreases plasma quetiapine concentrations in Japanese patients with depression and that the magnitude of this effect differs between genotypes of the <i>UGT2B7</i>-161C>T polymorphism.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"242-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147270980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized, open-label, single-dose study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of two formulations containing 40 mg of fexuprazan in healthy Korean subjects.","authors":"Joon Hur, Jin A Lee, Hyung Park, Yongam Choi, Jihye Chae, Yong-Geun Kwak, Seol Ju Moon, Min-Gul Kim","doi":"10.5414/CP204926","DOIUrl":"10.5414/CP204926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of two 40-mg fexuprazan formulations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was an open-label, randomized, single-dose, crossover bioequivalence trial in healthy subjects. 24 subjects were randomized to receive either the test formulation, tablet A (40 mg fexuprazan), or the reference formulation, tablet B (40 mg fexuprazan), with crossover administration. Plasma samples were collected up to 48 hours post-dose and analysed for fexuprazan using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Individual pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by noncompartmental analysis. Safety was evaluated throughout the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>22 subjects completed the study and were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis. Geometric mean values of area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC_t) was 380.17 and 390.33 ng×h/mL for the test and reference formulations, respectively. Geometric mean values of maximum plasma concentration (C_max) were 29.36 and 31.65 ng/mL for the test and reference formulations, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the test/reference geometric mean ratios of AUC_t and C_max were 0.9098 - 1.0427 and 0.8665 - 0.9931, respectively. All adverse events were mild, and no serious adverse events occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The novel 40-mg fexuprazan formulation (tablet A) was demonstrated to be bioequivalent to the initially developed formulation (tablet B), with comparable systemic exposure (AUC) and peak concentration (C_max). Both formulations were well tolerated, with no clinically meaningful differences in adverse event profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"274-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147270928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving oral semaglutide with versus without proton pump inhibitors: An exploratory study.","authors":"Satoru Matsunuma, Yusuke Hirota, Koichi Yoshimoto","doi":"10.5414/CP204899","DOIUrl":"10.5414/CP204899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Oral semaglutide contains salcaprozate sodium, which promotes the opening of epithelial tight junctions and increases gastric pH to prevent its degradation; these actions together improve absorption. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase gastric pH. However, it is unclear whether PPIs affect the absorption of semaglutide and may therefore enhance the blood glucose lowering effect of semaglutide or affect the reduction of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Therefore, this study investigated differences in HbA1c changes and adverse events between those with and without PPI co-administration.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This single-center retrospective study included patients with type 2 diabetes who received oral semaglutide. Patients were categorized into two groups: those on treatment with PPI (w/PPI) and those not on treatment with PPI (without PPI (w/o PPI)). The primary outcome was the change in HbA1c levels at 52 weeks, while the secondary outcomes included changes at 26 weeks and the incidence of adverse events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 66 patients were included. HbA1c reduction at 52 weeks was significantly greater in the w/PPI group (-1.56 ± 0.37%) than in the w/o PPI group (-1.08 ± 0.76%, p = 0.024). The incidences of adverse events were 24.0% and 31.7% in the w/PPI and w/o PPI groups, respectively (p = 0.502).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HbA1c reduction at 52 weeks was significantly greater in the PPI co-administration group than in the group without PPI. Future research should include larger sample sizes and pharmacokinetic studies to clarify the clinical implications and interactions between oral semaglutide and PPIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13963,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"250-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}