International Journal of Communication Systems最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of Coverage in the LoRa Network With Different Fading Channels Using IRS Environment","authors":"R. Gnanaselvam,&nbsp;S. Juliet Mercy,&nbsp;B. Karthick,&nbsp;S. Jeyasudha","doi":"10.1002/dac.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, we consider Long Range (LoRa) Low-Power Wide Area Networks in downlink systems using intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) instead of relay communication because IRS consumes less power, is less expensive, and has more passive elements. IRS is also used to control multipath fading because multipath fading is a major problem in wireless networks. The primary objective of the paper is to examine the coverage probability for the Rayleigh and Nakagami-m distributions in the downlink LoRa system using the IRS environment. In particular, the coverage of Nakagami-m and Rayleigh fading channel models in the LoRa downlink system is based on Gateway (GW) to User Equipment (UE) via IRS environment plus direct link (GW to UE). In addition, investigate the effect of channel hardening under the Nakagami-m distribution, as well as the effect of coverage probability with a variety of path loss exponents (PLE) in a Rayleigh fading wireless channel employing IRS medium in the LoRa downlink system.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Detection of Reactive Jamming Attacks in IoT Networks: A Collaborative Approach","authors":"Alia Ashraf,&nbsp;Muneeb Sagheer","doi":"10.1002/dac.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>According to its wide range of domain applications, the Internet of Things, also known as the IoT, has attracted a lot of attention recently. With the rapid growth of IoT, security and privacy have become more critical and difficult to manage. Reactive jamming is a dangerous threat that may disrupt communication by providing inconsistent data. There are various approaches to solving this problem that propose distributed solutions. However, there are persistent issues, such as energy overheads and traffic delays. Therefore, this paper proposes a lightweight yet efficient method to detect reactive jamming attacks in IoT networks. It proposes the collaborative detection of the reactive jamming attack technique (CDRA) to detect reactive jamming attacks. In the proposed architecture, the nodes work collaboratively. Each node maintains neighborhood information by monitoring its behavior based on two metrics: the packet forwarding ratio (PFR) and the received signal strength indication (RSSI). The findings are compared to the most advanced, utilizing specific performance criteria (e.g., consumption of energy and traffic latency) using the Cooja simulator with varied traffic intervals, inappropriate node numbers, authentic conditions, and randomized mobility. The results show that the proposed approach outperformed the state of the art by consuming less energy and minimizing traffic delays. The detection time is also minimized. The result proves 3% reduced energy under varying traffic intervals and malicious nodes. It consumes 17% energy, which is 5% lower than the existing approach. It also reduces delay by 10% when compared to the existing approach.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coarse Frequency Offset and Primary Synchronization Signal Joint Detection Based on Time Division Uniform Extraction and Frequency Domain Parallel Processing for 5G Nonterrestrial Network Systems","authors":"Jingze Yu,&nbsp;Cheng Ju,&nbsp;Dongdong Wang,&nbsp;Na Liu,&nbsp;Chunyao Chen,&nbsp;Jiamin Fan","doi":"10.1002/dac.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rapid detection of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and accurate coarse frequency offset detection is critical in time–frequency synchronization in 5G nonterrestrial network (NTN) communication systems. However, the Doppler frequency offset (DFO) caused by the rapid movement of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites requires multiple parallel real-time calculations for PSS detection and coarse frequency offset compensation at ground terminals, which consumes a lot of hardware logic resources if the algorithms based on sliding cross-correlation operation is used for PSS detection. In this work, a coarse frequency offset and PSS joint detection based on time division uniform extraction and frequency domain parallel processing is proposed, which can significantly reduce the complexity while ensuring performance. The offline FPGA verification results indicate that the proposed scheme can be effectively applied with extremely low complexity in the presence of severe DFO, where existing alternatives provide unsatisfactory complexity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RIS-Aided MISO Channel Estimation Using Fuzzy Embedded Recurrent Neural Network and Binary Kepler Optimization Algorithm","authors":"B. Ramesh,&nbsp;D. Saravanan,&nbsp;A. Raja,&nbsp;T. R. Vijaya Lakshmi","doi":"10.1002/dac.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multi-antenna wireless systems enhanced by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) offer improved spectral and energy efficiency. RIS improves coverage and energy efficiency, but accurate channel estimation is challenging. The least-squares (LS) strategy is sub-optimal, while the MMSE estimator is difficult due to nonlinearity and non-Gaussianity. To overcome these issues, RIS-Aided MISO Channel Estimation using Fuzzy Embedded Recurrent Neural Network and Binary Kepler Optimization Algorithm (RIS-MISO-<span>CE</span>-FERNN-BKOA) is proposed. Initially, the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) estimator, optimized with BKOA for RIS phase shifts, achieved higher accuracy than the LS approach. To further enhance the efficiency and better approximate the globally optimal MMSE channel estimator, Fuzzy Embedded Recurrent Neural Network (FERNN) is proposed. The RIS-MISO-<span>CE</span>-FERNN-BKOA method attain 34.56%, 25.63%, and 18.89% higher accuracy; 28.63%, 25.41%, and 19.23% lower MMSE; and 33.56%, 29.78%, and 25.74% higher SNR when analyzed with the existing techniques. The proposed technique achieves better accuracy when compared with the conventional models, making it a robust solution for RIS-assisted MISO communication systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Flying Foxes and Enhanced Whale Algorithm-Based Cluster Optimization Method for Efficient Stable Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","authors":"N. Gopinath,&nbsp;A. Chinnasamy,&nbsp;T. Sathies Kumar","doi":"10.1002/dac.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an indispensable entity to diversified number of intelligent transportation system (ITS)–enabled technologies. But network scalability, frequent topology changes, and high mobility are the major problems due to the sparse distribution of vehicles especially in highways and constantly changing vehicular network topology. Maintenance of stable route in the network between the vehicles is a herculean task as its failure increases the probability of instability. This establishment of stable routes is essential in VANETs for efficiently utilizing the computational resources such that desirable degree of quality of service (QoS) can be achieved. This stable route determination can be attained by addressing the factors of energy balancing, coverage, connectivity, and load balancing for the purpose of guaranteeing the sensed data from all the points of target to the base stations in a reliable manner. In this paper, hybrid flying foxes and enhanced whale algorithm (HFFEWA)–based cluster optimization method is proposed for attaining sustained routing that establishes stable cluster construction during the routing process. This HFFEWA adopted the factors of route along the highway, velocity, number of nodes, and communication range into the fitness function for minimizing the degree of randomness. It specifically used flying fox optimization algorithm (FFOA) for exploring the search space more eminently such that global clusters could be constructed with maximized diversity. On the other hand, enhanced whale algorithm (EWA) is adopted for preventing the issue of premature convergence. It is also proposed with the capability of well-balanced exploration and exploitation that explores and exploits the search space such that it can be used in generating optimal number of cluster heads (CHs). The simulation results of this HFFEWA conducted different vehicular density confirmed an improved network lifetime of 19.42% with the stabilized cluster construction of 32.18%, better than the competitive approaches. The evaluation of HFFEWA under different network size confirmed better performance in packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and packet loss.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Secure Data Transmission in Cognitive IoT-WSN: An Energy-Aware Approach With Hybrid POA-SCA and Block Chain Technology","authors":"Gomathi Ramalingam,&nbsp;Palani Uthirapathy","doi":"10.1002/dac.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the field of cognitive networks, particularly within the Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks, secure and energy-efficient data transmission is crucial. Traditional methods often fall short in optimizing energy and enhancing security during data transmission. Effective key management schemes that are both secure and energy-efficient are still lacking. Moreover, many challenges remain based on high computational overhead, diversity, low throughout, and latency issues, which lead to poor performance. To find the solution for aforementioned issues, this research proposes a novel Multipath Link Routing Protocol for secure and energy-aware data transmission, leveraging optimal cluster head selection within cognitive Internet of Things-wireless sensor networks applications. The sensor data is collected from the environment using sensor nodes. The novel Hybrid Pelican Optimization Algorithm based Sine Cosine Algorithm is suggested to choose optimal clusters during cluster generation. In this, the Sine Cosine Algorithm is integrated into the Pelican Optimization Algorithm to mitigate diversity challenges and ensure proper balancing. Then, the Multipath Link Routing Protocol approach implements numerous paths for dependable and effective data transfer across sensor nodes. Here, pair wise keys are shared by Multipath Link Routing Protocol approach between adjacent nodes to guarantee secure transmission. Additionally, the implementation of homomorphic encryption technique encrypts and decrypts messages to address the key distribution issue for securing transmission during secret key generation. Furthermore, data degradation and retransmission are avoided by this protocol, which uses query, routing request, and route reply to identify the routing from source node to destination node. After that, the creation of a blockchain-assisted authentication framework ensures safe access while guarding against illegal access in cloud-stored data. By encrypting the input data, the hash function applies SHA 512 to generate hash value in blockchain technology. The objective is to create a routing protocol that maximizes the effectiveness of data sharing while taking into account the intrinsic limits of sensor nodes such as computing and energy limitations. By using performance metrics like throughput, latency, and energy efficiency, the system achieves its goals. Compared to prior secure data transmission approaches, the proposed approach attains greater findings of 98.15% throughput, 110-J energy consumption, 87-ms latency, and 98.59% security rate, where the values are greater than other techniques. The simulation findings indicate that the proposed approach successfully improves security and energy efficiency for data transmission in cognitive Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trust-Based Multi-Objective Cluster Head Selection for Optimal and Secure Routing in Wireless Networks","authors":"G. C. Jagan,&nbsp;V. Remya,&nbsp;G. Balachandran,&nbsp;S. Ranjith","doi":"10.1002/dac.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wireless sensor networks, integral to applications such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, and defense, operate under constraints of energy, security, and data reliability, making optimization essential. These networks face challenges such as limited battery life, susceptibility to attacks, and maintaining efficient data transmission in dynamic environments. This research introduces a comprehensive trust-based multi-objective optimization framework for cluster head selection and secure routing, addressing these critical issues. The framework leverages the trusted weight-based hyperbolic sine bobcat optimizer (TWHSBO) for optimal cluster head selection, ensuring energy efficiency, and trust in the network. For secure and efficient data transmission, the Trusted Deep Reinforced-Q Zonal Network (TDRQZN) is employed, combined with the bluefin trevally optimizer (BTO) for optimal path selection. The proposed hybrid framework demonstrates substantial improvements in key performance metrics compared to traditional approaches. Performance metrics such as network lifetime increases by 40%, throughput improves by 30%, and packet loss reduces by 25%, ensuring reliable and secure data transmission. Energy efficiency is achieved through optimized resource allocation, extending the operational lifespan of sensor nodes. The integration of trust mechanisms in the proposed framework mitigates security risks, enhancing data integrity and privacy in sensitive environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Levenberg–Marquardt and LSBoosting Ensemble Algorithms for Optimal Signal Attenuation Modeling and Coverage Analysis","authors":"Joseph Isabona,&nbsp;Agbotiname Lucky Imoize,&nbsp;Cheng-Chi Lee","doi":"10.1002/dac.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper proposes and engages the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm method via regression to optimally model and predict real-time signal strength values acquired via telecom software investigation tools in LTE cellular networks. To further improve the Levenberg–Marquardt method, which is sometimes prone to parameter evaporation on high dimensional data with high bias or variance issues during the application, we explore the Least Square Boosting (LSBoosting) ensemble algorithms. The combined signal predictive modeling procedure is termed the hybrid LSBoost-LM method. First, when the proposed hybrid LSBoost-LM method was engaged for real-time extrapolative signal analysis, the results displayed excellent root mean square error precision accuracies compared with two other standards, Bag-LM and LM methods. As a case in point, the LSBoost-LM method achieved 2.15, 3.44, 3.33, 1.31, and 2.19 dB RMSE values at different prediction study locations, which are relatively lower compared with the Bag-LM and standard LM methods that achieved higher RMSE values of 3.38, 3.86, 4.07, 2.28, 3.98 dB and 5.57, 5.52, 5.14, 3.67, 4.56 dB, respectively. Secondly, applying the hybridized model produced up to 93.39% cell area coverage quality and 89.18% fringe cell area coverage quality across the eNodeB study locations. The proposed method can assist practicing RF network planners in realistic cell coverage quality estimation and analysis of related wireless networks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Broadband Dual-Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna With High Isolation","authors":"Wei-Wei Peng,&nbsp;Kai Jie Tang,&nbsp;Duo-Long Wu","doi":"10.1002/dac.70097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A broadband, low-profile, and dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipole (MED) antenna with high isolation is proposed for in-band full-duplex applications. The proposed MED antenna is configured with a cross-dipole, copper cylinders, instead of the traditional vertical metal walls, and a ground. Two different feeding methods, a T-shaped strip connected with a T-junction power divider for Port 1 and a microstrip-to-slot coupling structure for Port 2, are designed to excite dual-polarized radiation. Compared to the previous works, the height of the MED antenna is from the conventional about 0.25 λ₀ to 0.15 λ₀, where λ₀ is the wavelength in free space at the center operating frequency. The broadband, dual-polarized, and high port-to-port isolation characteristics are reserved. A designed prototype is fabricated, and the measured results demonstrate an overlapped −10-dB impedance bandwidth of 1.73–2.70 GHz (43.8%), the port-to-port isolation of 44.1 dB, the average realized gains of 8.89 and 8.49 dBi, and the average radiation efficiency of 86.1% and 87.1% for Ports 1 and 2, respectively. These characteristics make the proposed antenna a promising candidate for in-band full-duplex base station systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybris-E2: A Novel Routing Protocol for Energy Efficiency and Load Balancing in MANETs","authors":"R. Vinod Kumar,&nbsp;Dhanalakshmi Gopal,&nbsp;V. S. Nishok,&nbsp;B. Senthilkumaran","doi":"10.1002/dac.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless networks, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have emerged as a crucial technology for enabling communication in dynamic and infrastructure-less environments. Particularly in disaster recovery scenarios, where traditional communication infrastructures may be compromised, MANETs provide a flexible and resilient means of ensuring the continuous flow of information among mobile nodes. However, the efficiency and reliability of MANETs are often hindered by two primary challenges: energy consumption and load balancing. The rapid deployment of MANETs in disaster recovery operations poses significant challenges, particularly in energy efficiency and load balancing. This study presents Hybris-E2, a novel routing protocol designed to address these challenges by integrating a hybrid clustering approach with dynamic power control (DPC) and adaptive traffic shaping (ATS). The protocol's multi-layered architecture optimizes energy consumption by adjusting transmission power according to node distance while simultaneously ensuring balanced traffic distribution across the network. Through extensive simulations under various network scenarios, Hybris-E2 demonstrated superior performance in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and scalability compared to existing protocols. The proposed protocol is executed in the NS3 simulation environment and achieves an accuracy of 95.5% in packet delivery ratio, making it a robust solution for maintaining efficient communication in MANETs, particularly in unpredictable and high-demand environments such as disaster recovery.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}