International Journal of Communication Systems最新文献

{"title":"Revolutionizing Congestion Control Protocols for Robust WSN Routing Dynamics Through Optimized Dual Aggregated Attention Capsule Network","authors":"Vijayalakshmi Khagga,&nbsp;N. Sangeetha Priya,&nbsp;A. M. Prasad","doi":"10.1002/dac.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a vital part in real-time data distribution in areas like intelligent cities and tracking the environment. However, challenges like network congestion often result in packet loss, delays, and energy inefficiencies, severely impacting performance. Existing congestion control methods struggle with unpredictable traffic patterns and fluctuating node energy levels, leading to incorrect routing decisions and shortened network lifespans. This highlights the need for an intelligent congestion control protocol that dynamically manages traffic flow and adapts to network conditions. This study introduces a novel framework, “Revolutionizing Congestion Control Protocols for Robust WSN Routing Dynamics through Optimized Dual Aggregated Attention Capsule Network (DAT-G²ACN-GTAO),” which leverages an Advanced Atomic Orbital Search Paradigm to organize nodes and select cluster heads, thus enhancing complexity management and extending network lifespan. The framework employs a Dual Aggregation Transformer-based Gated Graph Attention Capsule Network to accurately detect congestion, steering data toward less congested routes to optimize transmission. Additionally, the Giant Trevally Adaptive Optimization (GTAO) method fine-tunes network parameters in real time, enhancing throughput and minimizing energy consumption. Experimental results demonstrate that the DAT-G²ACN-GTAO protocol significantly outperforms traditional methods, achieving a packet delivery ratio exceeding 99.2%, maintaining network throughput stability above 99.5%, and ensuring 99.3% accuracy in congestion detection and prioritized data transmission. This robust congestion control framework marks a substantial improvement over conventional approaches, significantly boosting WSN efficiency and network longevity, making it a critical enabler for deploying reliable, energy-efficient WSNs across diverse applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Robustness of OFDM Systems Using LSTM-Based Autoencoders","authors":"Rajarajan P,&nbsp;Madona B. Sahaai","doi":"10.1002/dac.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ability of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to counteract frequency-selective fading channels has made it a popular modem technology in contemporary communication systems. But maintaining dependable signaling is still difficult, especially when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. In order to increase the dependability of OFDM systems, this study presents an enhanced LSTM-based autoencoder architecture. The suggested autoencoder efficiently utilizes temporal dependencies and reduces the impacts of channel distortion by encoding and decoding OFDM signals utilizing one-hot encoding employing long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The outcomes of the simulation show notable gains in performance indicators. The average block error rate (BLER) of the suggested model is 0.0150, as opposed to 0.0296 for traditional autoencoders and 0.0886 for convolutional OFDM systems. Comparably, the average packet error rate (PER) is decreased to 0.0017, surpassing convolutional OFDM systems' 0.2260 and traditional autoencoders' 0.0070. These outcomes highlight the LSTM-based autoencoder's efficacy in enhancing OFDM systems' dependability, especially in demanding settings. This study lays the groundwork for employing cutting-edge deep learning methods to create reliable and effective communication systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel High-Gain Rectenna for Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) Applications","authors":"Yacine Boussaadia,&nbsp;Mohamed Tellache,&nbsp;Fayçal Amrani","doi":"10.1002/dac.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work reports a novel high-gain rectifying antenna designed for wireless power transfer applications. Initially, a novel compact butterfly dipole antenna was developed and optimized for the UMTS-2100/3G and GSM-1800/4G frequency bands. A band-stop reflector based on a frequency selective surface (FSS) structure is designed and integrated with the antenna to enhance its radiation characteristics over the desired bandwidth. A high-efficiency rectifying circuit is developed to operate over a broad input power range within the desired bandwidth. The antenna's measured results showed a significant enhancement in its gain and reflection coefficient after integrating the FSS reflector. At the desired frequencies of 1.8 and 2.1 GHz, the gain reached 8.59 and 6.69 dBi, increasing by 6.41 and 3.71 dBi, respectively. The reflection coefficient achieved a peak value of −44.19 dB at the resonant frequency of 1.86 GHz, improving by 25.49 dB compared with the antenna without a reflector. The bandwidth also expanded by 0.09 GHz to reach 0.45 GHz, from 1.71 to 2.16 GHz, and the fractional bandwidth (FBW) is 23.26%. The rectifier's measured results showed high conversion efficiency, achieving 63.2% and 57.4% at the desired frequencies of 1.8 and 2.1 GHz, respectively, for an input power level of 10 dBm. In addition, it provides more than 50% conversion efficiency across a wide input power range of 16.5 dBm (−0.1 to 16.4) and 11.7 dBm (2.8–14.5) at frequencies 1.8 and 2.1 GHz, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Implementation of Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Technology in Microwave Circuits and Antennas","authors":"Ashish Kumar,&nbsp;Isha Kansal,&nbsp;Gifty Gupta","doi":"10.1002/dac.70106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article presents an overview of the utilization of substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology in the design of various microwave circuits and other components. SIW is one of the promising and emerging technologies for designing various high-frequency components because of its high performance and cost-effective solutions. The proposed article provides insights into the very basic structure and working of the SIW and its use cases in the design of various components for various applications. The very significant use of SIW is in the antenna design, which includes the cavity-backed slotted antennas, antenna arrays, and phased array antennas. Moreover, this article also discusses other applications of the SIW that include power dividers, diplexing antennas, the use of empty SIW, and multilayer organic antenna in package technologies. The article provides more valuable insights in terms of presenting an exhaustive analysis of all the key performance indicators of all the components. At last, the survey also proposed the challenges and future direction regarding SIW technologies in the realization of microwave components.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Graph Convolution–Based Immediate Neighborhood Extraction in VANET Stability Enhancement","authors":"Ritu Kumari,&nbsp;Kusum Dalal","doi":"10.1002/dac.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The promise of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to improve traffic safety and pave the way for autonomous driving systems has attracted a lot of interest. Cluster heads (CHs) and stable cluster formation are essential components of VANET. However, due to the dynamic, unreliable nature of VANET (unstable drivers), it becomes a challenge for efficient clustering and CH selection. To address this, we redefine the clustering problem using immediate neighborhood extraction using graph convolution, a graphical deep learning technique, to generate low-dimensional embeddings. The model is trained on real-world traffic pattern data from the Connaught area of Delhi, collected using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), with attributes such as location, ID, and speed. We introduce first-order approximation method for extracting the immediate vehicle neighborhood. Here, the adjacency matrix of the vehicle graph is enhanced with self-connections using convolution layers. These embeddings are then used for stable CH selection and clustering. We introduce novel driver behavior–driven CH selection parameter based on cluster impulsiveness value (CIV) along with relative speed, cluster neighbor consistency strength (NCS), and CH residency duration (CHRD), to maintain reliable vehicles as CH promoting high cluster lifetime and achieve high network performance. The paper employs gray relational analysis (GRA) to refine CH selection, ensuring robust performance by mapping the above CH parameters to ideal cluster characteristics and generating a CH. Experimental result shows that the proposed model achieves 92% of cluster lifetime and achieves 18.46% improvement in throughput and low packet delay compared to conventional methods, validating the effectiveness of advanced deep learning approaches in optimizing VANET operations in dynamic urban environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Port Circularly Polarized Printed Radiator With High Gain and Isolation Features for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications","authors":"Anand Sant,&nbsp;Rinkoo Bhatia,&nbsp;Vivek Singh Kushwah","doi":"10.1002/dac.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article explains the layout and examination of two-port printed radiator with a metasurface (MS) absorber wall in between the port and a suspended MS over the designed radiator. The unique characteristics of designed printed multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radiator are as follows: (i) Absorbing wall in between the port advances the separation level among the closely spaced antennas by 25 dB and (ii) suspended MS made up with double negative metamaterial unit cell, which adds two important features, that is, high gain (up to 8.0 dBi) and converts the linear wave into the circularly polarized waves (5.31–5.65 GHz) in between working frequency range. Experimental outcomes have decent promise with optimized simulated findings. The planned aerial works effectively in between 5.2 and 5.95 GHz with above 25 dB separation. Decent assessment of MIMO parameter and stable radiation features confirms its applicability for sub-6.0 GHz-based 5G communication system.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Optimal Sampling Digital PLL Design With High Performance and Alleviated Hardware for IOT Applications","authors":"Muralidharan J,&nbsp;Suresh Kumar Pittala,&nbsp;L. Megalan Leo,&nbsp;A. Jerrin Simla","doi":"10.1002/dac.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A key component of Internet of Things (IoT) nodes is the phase-locked loop (PLL), yet power distribution remains an issue with the digital versions of these nodes. Reducing the high-power distribution, which usually regulates the all-digital PLL (ADPLL) power close to the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), is essential for the development of the ultra-low-power ADPLL. The low-level audio will reduce the active signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), when ADPLL is used in a communications system, causing significant inaccuracy and reducing the data rate. Therefore, it is vital to understand the trade-off between phase noise, lock time performance, and variability in ADPLL. We present the improved design optimal sampling digital PLL (OS-DPLL) for IoT applications in this paper. The proposed OS-DPLL consists of a loop module (LM), ring oscillator (RO), first-order digital loop filter (F-DLF), divider chain, and bang–bang phase frequency detector (BBPFD), which uses the improved bang–bang approach. In addition, an efficient operating system is introduced to isolated operating modes, which provide standard bandwidth performance for sound and spectral purity in a closed phase mode. The simulation result determines the effectiveness of the proposed OS-DPLL design based on power consumption, hardware utilization, and throughput.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143866013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NTRU Lattice–Based Blockchain Consensus–Assisted Vehicle-to-Vehicle Authenticated Message Delivery in Internet of Vehicles","authors":"Dushyant Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Hemlal Sahu,&nbsp;Dharminder Chaudhary,&nbsp;Cheng-Chi Lee","doi":"10.1002/dac.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged as a promising application capable of enhancing transportation efficiency and providing a variety of mobile services to drivers. This IoV enables real-time data sharing among vehicles and infrastructure, allowing for better traffic flow, reduced congestion, and optimized routes. By providing vehicles with real-time information about nearby vehicles, road conditions, and potential hazards, IoV can significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents and improve overall road safety. Given the openness, continuous data production, distributed environment, and self-organizing nature of IoV, it is susceptible to numerous malicious attacks. To ensure the authenticity of mobile services within IoV, we have proposed a robust authentic blockchain–based multisignature algorithm with Ethereum consensus mechanism. Blockchain's decentralized nature reduces the risk of single points of failure, making it more resilient against hacking and unauthorized access. In this system, all the transactions recorded on the blockchain are immutable, ensuring that the data remain accurate and tamper proof. This is crucial for maintaining trust in the information exchanged between vehicles. This also eliminates the need for a central authority, blockchain enables peer-to-peer interactions between vehicles, enhancing efficiency, and reducing latency. This security of the algorithm is based on short integer solution assumption can provide security even in the presence of quantum computers. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient, and it uses <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ N $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> th-degree truncated polynomial ring unit (NTRU)–generated lattice with simple polynomials multiplication over a finite field. The results confirm that our proposed scheme is effective in enhancing security within the IoV environment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143857106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Algorithm-Based Interest Forwarding for Information Centric Vehicular Networks","authors":"Nitul Dutta","doi":"10.1002/dac.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The information centric vehicular network (ICVN) is envisioned as an alternative to IP-based vehicular network in order to extend the content oriented retrieval in to vehicular communication. In such network, named contents are retrieved through circulation of interest packets. Hence, there is a need of efficient interest forwarding techniques for timely retrieval of data. So far, the flooding of interest is the most intuitive forwarding approach in ICVN. But it suffers from broadcast storm and generates extensive signaling overhead which is not affordable in bandwidth constrained ICVN. In this article, a guided genetic algorithm (GA)-based interest forwarding (GABIF) technique is proposed for ICVN. The algorithm selects a set of neighbors to forward interest packets rather than flooding an interest to all its neighbors. To select the set of neighbors, the content seeker (a vehicle) performs a GA-based analysis on the list of neighbors and finds the optimized set of vehicles that have maximum possibility of holding the searched content. Every vehicle in the topology maintains a table of its neighbors along with the content availability probability and the cost of acquiring content from those sources. These parameters are later used to generate the optimized solution by applying GA. The proposed approach is simulated in <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ ns $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-3-based <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mi>i</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ ndnSim $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-2.0 and compared with other three exiting approaches. Observation shows a better performance of GABIF in many aspects including interest success rate, content retrieval time, protocol overhead, and server hit ratio.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Task Offloading and Resource Management in 6G Networks Through a Hierarchical Edge-Fog-Cloud Architecture","authors":"Mareeswari Ganesan,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Chelliah","doi":"10.1002/dac.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The high-speed development of 6G technology demands novel network architectures that can manage increasing volumes of data and connected devices efficiently. This paper introduces a novel hierarchical edge-fog-cloud (HEFC) architecture in resource allocation and energy efficiency optimized for 6G networks. The next generation of communication should be delivered by 6G technology that will make the design of interaction between humans, data, and devices. Because of requirements in 6G, HEFC architecture dynamically allocates computational tasks to HEFC depending on complexity latency requirements. The edge layer is responsible for most latency-sensitive tasks. However, the current usage of edge and fog computing models takes into account only the single-point optimization. The proposed HEFC model achieves a low latency of 8 ms, an energy consumption of 110 kWh, a high throughput of 600 tasks/s, and an efficient resource utilization of 85%. The main aim of our study is to design a solid, robust and scalable HEFC architecture that can tackle the challenges of task offloading, resource allocation and energy consumption for the 6G systems. The approach employs dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) with advanced optimization methods to enhance energy efficiency and scalability in the network core. By efficiently allocating workloads, the proposed EFC model excels existing architectures in important performance areas. This paper presents sustainable 6G network model to tackle the challenge of latency-sensitive and energy-greedy applications. The results can guide future network designs towards more efficient and adaptive architectures, making 6G networks more responsive and dependable to evolving technological demands.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}