International Journal of Electrochemical Science最新文献

{"title":"Pt/flaky graphite–NiO composite electrocatalyst for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction","authors":"Keqiang Ding , Xiaoxuan Liang , Ying Bai , Yiqing Chen , Jiawen Bao , Qian Zhao , Mengqing Niu , Wanting Shi , Hui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the first time, a novel kind of alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst, namely, a flaky graphite (denoted as FG) and nickelous oxide (NiO) composite material supported platinum (Pt) catalyst (denoted as Pt/FG-NiO), is prepared via an air calcination-assisted hydrothermal method, in which the commercial graphite, one kind of nickel-containing substance (nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·4 H<sub>2</sub>O) or nickel acetylacetonate (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>NiO<sub>4</sub>) or nickel oxalate dehydrate (NiC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>·2 H<sub>2</sub>O)) and chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>6</sub>·6 H<sub>2</sub>O) are utilized as the starting materials. In this work, firstly, three precursors are synthesized through calcining the mixture having the commercial graphite and one kind of nickel-containing substance in air at 550℃ for 1 h, namely, precursor p<sub>1</sub>, p<sub>2</sub> and p<sub>3</sub> are respectively prepared using Ni(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·4 H<sub>2</sub>O, C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>NiO<sub>4</sub> and NiC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>·2 H<sub>2</sub>O. Subsequently, the resulting precursor p<sub>1</sub>, p<sub>2</sub> and p<sub>3</sub> are subjected to the hydrothermal treatment in the presence of chloroplatinic acid solution, respectively, generating catalyst c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub> and c<sub>3</sub>. As demonstrated by XRD and XPS results, graphite, NiO and metallic Pt are the major substances of all fabricated catalysts. More importantly, all prepared catalysts, especially catalyst c<sub>1</sub>, showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards alkaline HER. For example, the overpotential value to attain a HER current density of 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> on catalyst c<sub>1</sub> is as lower as 39.6 mV, being rather lower than that of catalyst c<sub>2</sub> (52.2 mV) and c<sub>3</sub> (57.2 mV). To be noted, the value of 39.6 mV for catalyst c<sub>1</sub> is very close to that of the commercial platinum/carbon (Pt/C) catalyst (37.9 mV). The Tafel slope values of catalyst c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub> and Pt/C for HER are about 41.3, 52.4, 59.0 and 49.5 mV dec<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. In the chronoamperometry (CA) test, the HER current density measured on catalyst c<sub>1</sub> is about 7.81 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> after 10 h, being much higher than that of catalyst c<sub>2</sub> (2.15 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>), c<sub>3</sub> (2.73 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>) and the commercial Pt/C (5.63 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>). After a thorough characterization, the greatly decreased R<sub>ct</sub> and the larger ECSA value are analyzed to be the main reasons giving catalyst c<sub>1</sub> an outstanding HER electrocatalytic activity. Showing the preparation of a novel HER catalyst of Pt/FG-NiO as well as its satisfied HER electrocatalytic performance are the main contributions of the present work, which is very beneficial to the development of Ni and Pt based alka","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of amlodipine besylate using β-alanine-modified α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles","authors":"Ananya S. Agnihotri,&nbsp;M. Nidhin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we present a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of Amlodipine besylate (AMP) using α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles (IO) functionalized with alanine (IOALA) to enhance electrochemical activity. The IO nanoparticles were synthesized through a starch-assisted template method and then modified with alanine, improving their stability and reducing agglomerate size. Comprehensive characterization of IOALA was conducted using XRD, FTIR, DLS, VSM, FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, and SAED, confirming the structural integrity and functionalization of the nanomaterial. The IOALA was subsequently immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate the IOALA/GCE sensor, where electrochemical parameters, including scan rate, electrolyte pH, and AMP concentration, were meticulously optimized. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed to achieve precise quantification of AMP, revealing a remarkable detection limit of 1.29 nM and a broad linear dynamic range of 3.89 nM to 500.03 nM. The sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility and selectivity, exhibiting high resistance to interference, making it reliable for real-sample analysis. Practical application was validated by detecting AMP in generic drug formulations, highlighting the sensor's potential for real-world pharmaceutical monitoring. This novel IOALA/GCE platform offers an efficient, cost-effective, and robust approach for AMP detection, contributing to the advancement of electrochemical sensors in pharmaceutical analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and comparison of throwing power in zinc electroplating baths","authors":"Ajayb Saud Alresheedi ,&nbsp;Manal El Sayed","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uniformity of metal deposition is crucial in electrodeposition processes since it directly influences coating performance, corrosion resistance, and mechanical durability, especially for components with complex geometries. This study evaluates and compares the throwing power (TP) and throwing index (TI) of three commonly used zinc electroplating baths —chloride, sulphate, and acetate- under controlled conditions. A Haring-Blum cell was used for TP measurements, and TI values were calculated from metal distribution ratios across different cathode distances. Potentiodynamic cathodic polarization curves were also recorded to help correlate electrochemical behavior with deposition uniformity. The zinc chloride bath consistently demonstrated superior TP (14.28 – 60.0) and TI (1.33–4.0) across a wide range of zinc salt concentrations, current densities, and pH values, owing to its higher conductivity and enhanced polarization behavior. Sulphate-based baths exhibited moderate TP (5.26–33.33) and TI (1.0–2.32) with significant sensitivity to operating conditions, whereas acetate-based baths exhibited the lowest TP (5.26–14.28) and TI (1.0–1.66), most likely due to limited ion mobility and conductivity. Microstructural and surface characterization confirmed these findings, with the chloride bath exhibiting the most balanced performance in terms of hardness, morphology, and coating uniformity. These results lay the groundwork for improving zinc-electroplating baths to achieve better coating longevity, corrosion resistance, and dependable performance in industrial applications that demand high surface coverage and exact thickness control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution on Ni-modified Sr@TiO₂ nanotubes in alkaline medium","authors":"Inam Omar,&nbsp;Khadijah M. Emran","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among the most pressing problems in improving the technology of water electrolysis is the reduced speed of O₂ evolution. Accordingly, there is a serious demand for more competent, robust, and economically sustainable catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In the current work, nickel (Ni) layers, as active electrochemical catalysts, were electrodeposited with various potentials on free-standing titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNT/Ni) and a strontium/titanium dioxide nanotube doped (Sr@TNT/Ni) on an Au electrode for the development of OER. TNTs and Sr@TNTs were examined utilizing SEM, EDS, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear polarization (LP) responses have been used in potassium hydroxide solution to investigate the activity of TNTs, Sr@TNT, TNT/Ni, and Sr@TNT/Ni as catalysts. The reaction followed the Volmer-like mechanism. Among all the studied catalysts, the superior Au/Sr@TNT/Ni catalyst exhibited the highest oxygen evolution rate of 79.6 mA cm⁻² at an applied potential of 900 mV, demonstrating considerable stability of the catalyst.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical properties and preparation of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material by high-energy ball milling for Li-Ion batteries","authors":"Mao He ,&nbsp;Huili Jiang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jihua Chen ,&nbsp;Liangwei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ultrafine LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ with excellent electrochemical performance is successfully synthesized using carbonate as precursor (NiCO₃, MnCO₃ and Li₂CO₃) by high-energy ball milling followed by double sintering method. The influence of different ball milling time and the powders synthesized by double sintering method on the phase composition, morphological characteristics and the electrochemical performance was studied. The results indicate that the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ powders by ball-mill for 10 h followed by sintering at 700℃ for 5 h shows the well-ordered high crystalline with mean size of the primary nanoparticles about 100 nm, and the discharge capacity is 123.3 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C rate. Further sintering at 900℃ for 1 h, the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ powders have a cubic spinel structure (Fd3m) with higher crystallinity and exhibit a narrow size distribution with the particle size around 600 nm, and the highest discharge capacity of 143.3mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C rate, 96.7 % capacity retention after 50 cycles at 2 C rate, and the coulombic efficiency exceeding 98.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of cathodic protection potential on the efficiency of steel protection in marine sediments containing sulfate-reducing bacteria","authors":"Zeyu Zuo ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Yu ,&nbsp;Ying Yan ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Wang ,&nbsp;Xilei Chen ,&nbsp;Ruiyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian An","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of different cathodic protection potentials on SRB adhesion and corrosion product formation in marine sediment containing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), using weight loss measurements, surface morphology analysis, corrosion product characterization, and electrochemical testing. The results show that SRB form biofilms on the cathodic surface, which promote the formation of corrosion films. These films provide a certain degree of protection to the metal, and their composition changes with the applied potential. The efficiency of cathodic protection is jointly influenced by the protection potential and SRB activity. The study demonstrates that appropriately shifting the cathodic protection potential in the negative direction can suppress SRB activity while utilizing its role in promoting corrosion film formation, thereby enhancing protection performance. In actual marine environments, a suitably negative cathodic protection potential can both inhibit SRB and improve protection efficiency by facilitating corrosion film formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A real-time learning-assisted charging strategy for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles","authors":"R. Suganya ,&nbsp;L.M.I. Leo Joseph ,&nbsp;Sreedhar Kollem","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effective, secure, and adaptive charging of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a Real-time Learning-Assisted Charging Strategy, a new hybrid control framework that combines Constant Current–Constant Voltage charging with pulse current modulation and smart, real-time learning feedback. Unlike traditional hybrid or adaptive algorithms that rely on predetermined transition thresholds, the proposed system continuously learns from actual cell responses, including voltage, current, temperature, and State of Charge. This allows it to adaptively adjust parameters such as pulse amplitude, rest time, and voltage hold phases, enabling accurate thermal control and maximum energy transfer during charging. Experimental verification using an eight-cell 6000 mAh NMC pack demonstrates that the method achieves a charging efficiency of up to 98 %, a charge time of 42 min, and a thermal deviation of less than ±0.3 °C. In parallel, MATLAB/Simulink simulations confirm the performance trend and further predict a 21 % reduction in total charging time and a 37 % increase in cycle life under idealized conditions, while maintaining a thermal deviation of less than 4 °C. Additionally, it maximizes long-term capacity retention (85 % after 500 cycles) in the experimental study and increases projected cycle life by 37 % through simulation compared to the traditional CC–CV approach. These results indicate that the proposed method not only improves control but also serves as an optimization framework driven by learning, bridging the gap between model-based predictions and real-time experimentation. This approach provides a scalable, reliable, and intelligent foundation for next-generation Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems, prioritizing both efficiency and safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative review of electrochemical sensing and QCL-based photoacoustic spectroscopy for ppb-Level SO₂ detection","authors":"Yikun Wang,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Yang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate monitoring of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) at parts-per-billion (ppb) concentrations is critical for safeguarding public health and managing environmental quality. This review provides a critical comparative analysis of two prominent technologies for ppb-level detection: electrochemical (EC) sensors and Quantum Cascade Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QCL-PAS). These technologies represent a fundamental trade-off in modern gas sensing, pitting the low cost, scalability, and low power consumption of EC sensors against the superior sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of QCL-PAS. This paper delves into the materials science innovations driving the performance of EC sensors, including metal-oxide semiconductors, 2D materials, and metal-organic frameworks, while critically examining the persistent challenges of environmental susceptibility, cross-sensitivity to interfering gases, and long-term drift that complicate their field deployment. In parallel, the principles of QCL-PAS are detailed, highlighting system design advancements such as differential photoacoustic cells and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy that enable sub-ppb detection limits. The inherent limitations of this optical method, particularly the adsorption-desorption \"memory effect\" with polar molecules like SO₂ and the influence of background gas composition on signal intensity, are thoroughly discussed. The analysis concludes that these technologies are not merely competitors but occupy distinct and complementary niches. Electrochemical sensors are ideally suited for high-density, spatially resolved monitoring networks where identifying trends and hotspots is prioritized, whereas QCL-PAS excels in applications demanding high-fidelity, legally defensible data, such as regulatory compliance, industrial process control, and reference-grade monitoring. The future of comprehensive SO₂ monitoring likely lies in hybrid systems that leverage the strengths of both technologies, using high-accuracy QCL-PAS instruments to validate and calibrate vast networks of low-cost electrochemical sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Label-free and highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for alkaline phosphatase","authors":"Juan Gao ,&nbsp;Qiankun Lai ,&nbsp;Chong Guo ,&nbsp;Qingshan Yao ,&nbsp;Bin Qiu ,&nbsp;Yanxia Wang ,&nbsp;Mingkun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a critical hydrolase regulating bone mineralization and skeletal development, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) necessitates simplified detection methodologies. In this work, we developed a label-free electrochemical immunosensor of ALP by leveraging Ti₃C₂Tₓ nanoribbon/gold nanoparticle hybrids as functional electrode modifier which was prepared just via an easy self-reduction method. Comprehensive characterization via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the hybrid's hierarchical architecture. Antibody immobilization was achieved through cysteamine-mediated covalent conjugation. The detection mechanism exploits [Fe(CN)₆]³ ⁻/⁴⁻ redox signal attenuation upon target-induced immunocomplex formation, enabling label-free quantification. Optimized operational parameters yielded a dynamic detection range of 10 – 900 U/L with a 2 U/L limit of detection, demonstrating potential clinical viability for the skeletal related diseases screening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of composite additives in fine water mist on suppressing thermal runaway in lithium batteries","authors":"Xu Qinkun,&nbsp;Xia Xin,&nbsp;Tian Tingting","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the safety hazards of lithium battery fires, the limitations of low cooling efficiency of fine water mist fire-extinguishing technology, and the research gap regarding composite additives, this study conducted experiments on the suppression of lithium battery fires by fine water mist containing different additives based on a self-built experimental platform. The study used NCM ternary lithium batteries as the research object and triggered thermal runaway through external heating. The experimental results indicate that the higher the battery SOC (State of Charge), the earlier the thermal runaway is triggered, the higher the peak temperature, and the more intense the combustion phenomena. Under the action of fine water mist, the thermal runaway process of lithium batteries can be divided into four stages, but reignition phenomena still occurs. Each additive has an optimal mass fraction (0.15 % for FeCl₂, 2.5 % for sodium lactate, and 0.3 % for both urea and Tween 20). Among them, FeCl₂ and sodium lactate perform excellently in suppressing the temperature rise during thermal runaway, while urea and Tween 20 have more advantages in enhancing cooling performance. The composite additives demonstrate the best overall performance, especially the combinations of FeCl₂ + Tween 20 and sodium lactate + Tween 20, which can reduce the maximum temperature to about 650℃ (an improvement of about 35 % in suppression effect compared with pure water mist) and effectively prevent reignition. This study provides theoretical support and technical references for the safety design, fire prevention, and emergency response of lithium batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"Article 101270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}