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Relative contributions of g and basic domain-specific mathematics skills to complex mathematics competencies g和基本领域特定数学技能对复杂数学能力的相对贡献

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101797

Zehra E. Ünal , Gamze Kartal , Serra Ulusoy , Aslı M. Ala , Munube Yilmaz , David C. Geary

{"title":"Relative contributions of g and basic domain-specific mathematics skills to complex mathematics competencies","authors":"Zehra E. Ünal , Gamze Kartal , Serra Ulusoy , Aslı M. Ala , Munube Yilmaz , David C. Geary","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2023.101797","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Meta-analytic structural equation modeling was used to estimate the relative contributions of general cognitive ability or g (defined by executive functions, short-term memory, and intelligence) and basic domain-specific mathematical abilities to performance in more complex mathematics domains. The domain-specific abilities included mathematics fluency (e.g., speed of retrieving basic facts), computational skills (i.e., accuracy at solving multi-step arithmetic, algebra, or geometry problems), and word problems (i.e., mathematics problems presented in narrative form). The core analysis included 448 independent samples and 431,344 participants and revealed that g predicted performance in all three mathematics domains. Mathematics fluency contributed to the prediction of computational skills, and both mathematics fluency and computational skills predicted word problem performance, controlling g. The relative contribution of g was consistently larger than basic domain-specific abilities, although the latter may be underestimated. The patterns were similar across younger and older individuals, individuals with and without a disability (e.g., learning disability), concurrent and longitudinal assessments, and family socioeconomic status, and have implications for fostering mathematical development.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101797"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92100342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The ten-million-year explosion: Paleocognitive reconstructions of domain-general cognitive ability (G) in extinct primates 千年大爆发:已灭绝灵长类动物领域一般认知能力(G)的古认知重建

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101795

Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre , Matthew A. Sarraf , Michael A. Woodley of Menie , Geoffrey F. Miller

{"title":"The ten-million-year explosion: Paleocognitive reconstructions of domain-general cognitive ability (G) in extinct primates","authors":"Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre , Matthew A. Sarraf , Michael A. Woodley of Menie , Geoffrey F. Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2023.101795","url":null,"abstract":"<div>The correlation between primate “Big G” scores and brain volume in 68 extant species was employed to estimate probable G values for an additional 68 extinct and 1 extant species with endocranial volume data, employing phylogenetic bracketing. Three different methods were used to generate bracketed estimates, which all showed high convergence. The average of these G estimates (for the extinct primates) coupled with the values from the extant species were found to correlate strongly with neurocognitive measures of both extant and extinct primate taxa, specifically Transfer Index scores (an indicator of cognitive flexibility) and the neuroanatomical covariance ratio (a measure of neural integration). Ancestral character reconstruction incorporating G values was made possible with a phylogenetic tree containing data on the relationships among extant and extinct primates. Negative correlations were found between G and branch length, indicating that higher-G species do not persist as long as lower-G ones, consistent with the presence of the grey-ceiling effect (brain mass negatively predicts maximum population growth rate, and therefore a heightened vulnerability to extinction). Cladogenesis rates were also positively associated with G. Both associations were robust to models that controlled for false positive rates. Comparative models revealed that G evolved in extinct and extant primates in a punctuated pattern. The biggest increase in G occurred after the split between the members of the tribes Hominini and Gorillini 10 million years ago. Hence at the macroevolutionary scale, there can be said to have been a “ten-million-year explosion” in primate G leading up to modern humans.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101795"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49720298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Religiosity does not prevent cognitive declines: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe 宗教信仰不能防止认知能力下降:来自欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查的横断面和纵向证据

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101796

Florian Dürlinger, Jonathan Fries, Takuya Yanagida, Jakob Pietschnig

{"title":"Religiosity does not prevent cognitive declines: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe","authors":"Florian Dürlinger, Jonathan Fries, Takuya Yanagida, Jakob Pietschnig","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2023.101796","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Over the past hundred years, a plethora of studies on intelligence and religiosity associations predominantly yielded evidence for a meaningful negative relation between these two variables. However, effect strengths varied substantially between primary studies and it has been suggested that religiosity and intelligence associations change as people age, because religiosity may play a protective role for cognitive abilities in elderly individuals. Consequently, it has been suggested that negative intelligence and religiosity associations may decline in strength or even reverse signs as people age. Therefore, we examine here cross-sectional associations of self-reported religious behaviors and several measures of cognitive function (numeracy, verbal fluency, memory and a proxy of psychometric g) as well as their cross-temporal changes in respondents from 11 European countries and Israel aged 50+ years (N = 30,424) in three waves of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). As expected, cognitive function scores were meaningfully negatively related to praying whilst associations with participation in religious services were trivial. Cross-lagged panel analyses yielded consistently negative, albeit small, effects of both intelligence on praying and of praying on intelligence. Multilevel random-intercept regressions showed tentative evidence for faster cognitive declines in more religious people for numeracy and g, but not for verbal fluency and memory. No conclusive evidence for a moderation by societal values of religiosity could be found. In all, our evidence shows a negative, non-trivial association between intelligence and religiosity in elderly participants which remains longitudinally robust. These findings corroborate the generality of the small negative intelligence and religiosity association.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101796"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49735760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eleven articles and 27 authors pay tribute to James Flynn: A summary and critique of special issue articles on the Flynn effect 11篇文章和27位作者向詹姆斯·弗林致敬:关于弗林效应的特刊文章的总结和批评

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101794

Joseph Lee Rodgers

引用次数: 0

Carbon is to life as g is to _____: A review of the contributions to the special issue on specific abilities in intelligence 碳之于生命就像g之于_____:对智力特殊能力特刊的评论

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101786

Thomas R. Coyle , Samuel Greiff

{"title":"Carbon is to life as g is to _____: A review of the contributions to the special issue on specific abilities in intelligence","authors":"Thomas R. Coyle , Samuel Greiff","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2023.101786","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Just as carbon infuses all life forms, g infuses almost all aspects of cognitive performance. This Special Issue focuses on specific abilities, defined as distinct abilities (e.g., verbal, math, spatial) that differ conceptually and empirically from g, which refers to variance common to tests. The nine contributions examine different specific abilities (e.g., spatial, academic, executive), involve different samples (e.g., humans, animals, countries), and compare different groups (e.g., males and females; gifted and nongifted). The contributions are discussed in terms of their support for a “primacy of g hypothesis,” which assumes that the validity of tests is largely attributable to g, or a “more than g hypothesis,” which assumes that specific abilities contribute to the validity of tests beyond g. The article summarizes each contribution and discusses models and theories of g and specific abilities (e.g., Cattell-Horn-Carroll and Verbal-Perceptual-Image Rotation models; investment and differentiation theories), with a focus on future research on specific abilities. Taken together, the contributions show that specific abilities are a meaningful addition to g but that their validity depends on the particular abilities, models, and theories being examined.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101786"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49720306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The association between intelligence and financial literacy: A conceptual and meta-analytic review 智力与金融素养之间的联系：概念和元分析综述

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101781

Zoe Callis , Paul Gerrans , Dana L. Walker , Gilles E. Gignac

{"title":"The association between intelligence and financial literacy: A conceptual and meta-analytic review","authors":"Zoe Callis , Paul Gerrans , Dana L. Walker , Gilles E. Gignac","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101781","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Financial literacy is positively associated with intelligence, with typically moderate to large effect sizes across studies. The magnitude of the effect, however, has not yet been estimated meta-analytically. Such results suggest financial literacy may be conceptualised as a possible cognitive ability within the Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of cognitive abilities. Consequently, we present a psychometric meta-analysis that estimated the true score correlation between cognitive ability and financial literacy. We identified a large, positive correlation with general intelligence (r’ = .62; k = 64, N = 62,194). We also found that financial literacy shared a substantial amount of variance with quantitative knowledge (Gq; via numeracy; r’ = .69; k = 42, N = 35,611), comprehension knowledge (crystallised intelligence; Gc; r’ = .48; k = 14, N = 10,835), and fluid reasoning (fluid intelligence; Gf; r’ = .48; k =20, N = 15,101). Furthermore, meta-analytic structural equation modelling revealed Gq partially mediated the association between cognitive ability (excluding Gq) and financial literacy. Additionally, both Gc and Gq had significant direct effects on financial literacy, whereas the total effect of Gf on financial literacy was fully mediated by a combination of Gc and Gq. While the meta-analyses provide preliminary support for the potential inclusion of financial literacy as primarily a Gc or Gq ability within the CHC taxonomy (rather than Gf), the review revealed that very few studies employed comprehensive cognitive ability measures and/or psychometrically robust financial literacy tests. Consequently, the review highlighted the need for future factor analytic research to evaluate financial literacy as a candidate for inclusion in the CHC taxonomy.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101781"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46213499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Take your time: Slow brain rhythms predict fluid intelligence 慢慢来:慢节奏的大脑预示着液态智力

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101780

Michał Ociepka, Patrycja Kałamała, Adam Chuderski

{"title":"Take your time: Slow brain rhythms predict fluid intelligence","authors":"Michał Ociepka, Patrycja Kałamała, Adam Chuderski","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101780","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Evidence is mixed whether fluid intelligence (Gf) is associated with increased or decreased alpha and beta band activity (7–30 Hz). Moreover, the Gf relationship with the delta and theta band activity (1–7 Hz) is unknown. We recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) data in 160 healthy adults solving Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices with a randomized item order to control for item difficulty unaffected by sequential effects. The participants studied each matrix for 30 s before the response bank onset, so we could track the time course of neural activity during problem solving. We measured Gf using six tests. Gf positively correlated with the delta band power, while there was no correlation with the theta band power. For almost all of the participants, we identified the specific slow rhythm frequency, which varied in power as a function of item difficulty. We observed that the lower this frequency, the higher Gf, but only in men. Finally, the alpha and low-beta activity correlated negatively with Gf after we had filtered out the activity during idle intervals (the latter reflecting waiting for the response bank). Overall, the brain activity in the delta, alpha, and beta bands explained 22.6% of Gf variance.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46809010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting cross-national sex differences in large-scale assessments of students' reading literacy, mathematics, and science achievement: Evidence from PIRLS and TIMSS 预测学生阅读能力、数学和科学成就大规模评估中的跨国性别差异：来自PIRLS和TIMSS的证据

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101784

Sandra Oberleiter, Jonathan Fries, Laura S. Schock, Benedikt Steininger, Jakob Pietschnig

{"title":"Predicting cross-national sex differences in large-scale assessments of students' reading literacy, mathematics, and science achievement: Evidence from PIRLS and TIMSS","authors":"Sandra Oberleiter, Jonathan Fries, Laura S. Schock, Benedikt Steininger, Jakob Pietschnig","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101784","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Causes of sex differences in educational achievement have been controversially discussed in the extant literature. It has been speculated that differing prosperity and equality of opportunities may be linked to these differences, but conclusive empirical evidence for such effects is unavailable. Here, we present evidence for sex differences in international large-scale assessments of reading literacy, mathematics, and science across 16 cohorts from 1995 to 2019. Our analyses of PIRLS and TIMSS reading literacy, mathematics, and science achievement data (N = 3,999,062; 90 countries) showed consistent advantages for girls in reading literacy (d range: −0.02 to 0.66). For mathematics and science this pattern was less unambiguous, yielding non-trivial effects in both directions (d ranges: −0.44 to 0.36 and − 0.50 to 0.46, respectively). Sex differences in all three domains were more pronounced in more egalitarian countries (β range 0.16 to 0.20). Higher national prosperity and educational investment predicted larger sex differences favoring fourth grade boys in mathematics and science (β range: 0.07 to 0.39) and became less meaningful with increasing student ages (β range for eighth graders: 0.17 to 0.21). In all, our findings suggest that influences of economic macro-indicators on sex differences in educational achievement are differentiated according to subject, indicating larger sex differences in mathematics and science in more egalitarian and prosperous countries.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101784"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45079533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of learning in complex problem solving using MicroDYN 学习在使用MicroDYN解决复杂问题中的作用

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101773

W. Herrmann , J.F. Beckmann , A. Kretzschmar

{"title":"The role of learning in complex problem solving using MicroDYN","authors":"W. Herrmann , J.F. Beckmann , A. Kretzschmar","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101773","url":null,"abstract":"<div>It is still an open question which cognitive and non-cognitive personality traits are useful for describing and explaining behaviour and performance in complex problems. During complex problem solving (CPS), problem solvers have to interact with the task in a way in which learning ability might be beneficial for successful task completion. By investigating the relationship between learning ability and CPS, while accounting for interactions between complex system characteristics and person characteristics, this paper aims to understand the role of learning processes in CPS more closely. In a sample of N = 241 participants, we performed a preregistered analysis to investigate the relationship between knowledge acquisition performance in a CPS test (MicroDYN) and learning test performance (ADAFI) with a multilevel modeling approach across 10 CPS systems with various characteristics. In line with our expectations, we replicated previous findings on a relationship between learning test and MicroDYN performance and found this relationship to be more pronounced in systems with (vs. without) autonomous changes. Further system and person characteristics also showed effects as expected, with better performance in systems with lower complexity, with more experience with the task, and with more strategic exploration behaviour. Our results provide further evidence for the notion that learning is an important component for the successful completion of CPS tasks.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48499776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The moderating effect of the DMN connectivity on the correlation between online creativity performances in single- and paired-player modes DMN连通性对单人模式和双人模式在线创造力表现相关性的调节作用

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101785

Ching-Lin Wu

{"title":"The moderating effect of the DMN connectivity on the correlation between online creativity performances in single- and paired-player modes","authors":"Ching-Lin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101785","url":null,"abstract":"<div>This study examined how brain structure influences creative performance during cooperation with others. This study employed graph theory to analyze the moderating effect of connectivity efficiency of a default mode network (DMN) on individuals' creative performance in interactive situations. The results showed that the global efficiencies of the DMN moderated the relationship between individuals' divergent thinking performance in the single- and paired-player modes. When the global efficiency in the DMN is high, an individual's originality performance in the single-player mode has high predictive power for performance in the paired-player mode. In addition, the global efficiency of the DMN can moderate the relationship between the flexibility scores in the single- and paired-player modes. In the case of high global efficiency, the flexibility performance in single-player mode has a higher predictive power in interactive situations. Furthermore, the nodal efficiency of the parahippocampal cortex can moderate the correlation between fluency (an index of divergent thinking) scores in the single- and paired-player modes, whereas the nodal efficiency of the anterior medial prefrontal cortex can moderate the relationship between the Chinese Radical Remote Associates Test performance in the single- and paired-player modes.</div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45210030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0