International Journal of Applied Glass Science最新文献

{"title":"Silver dissolution and precipitation in an Na2O–ZnO–B2O3 metallization paste glass","authors":"Lina Heuser,&nbsp;Marianne Nofz,&nbsp;Ralf Müller,&nbsp;Joachim Deubener","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.16613","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thermally stimulated interactions between silver and glass, that is, silver dissolution as Ag⁺ and precipitation as Ag⁰ were studied in two glass series of molar target composition <i>x</i>Ag₂O–(19 − <i>x</i>)Na₂O–28ZnO–53B₂O₃ with <i>x</i> = 0, 0.1, 0.5, 5 and (19Na₂O–28ZnO–53B₂O₃)+<i>y</i>Ag₂O with <i>y</i> = 0.01, 0.05. These act as model for low-melting borate glasses being part of metallization pastes. The occurrence of metallic silver precipitates in melt-quenched glass ingots demonstrated that silver dissolved only in traces (&lt; 0.01 mol%) in the glasses. The dissolved silver was detected by means of Raman spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Increasing <i>x</i> in the batch could not lead to a significant increase of the silver ion fraction in the glass as possible in binary silver borate glasses. In situ observation of heated AgNO₃ mixed with the base glass frit in a hot stage microscope showed that Ag⁰ precipitation occurs already at the solid state. At higher temperatures, small droplets of liquid silver were found to move freely within the melt, whereas coalescence caused a stepwise increase of their size. These results contribute to the understanding of formation of silver precipitates in metallization pastes described in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 2","pages":"307-317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijag.16613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50151881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion degree and heat transfer in the cold cap and their effect on glass production rate in an electric melter","authors":"Pavel Ferkl,&nbsp;Pavel Hrma,&nbsp;Alexander Abboud,&nbsp;Donna Post Guillen,&nbsp;Miroslava Vernerová,&nbsp;Jaroslav Kloužek,&nbsp;Mark Hall,&nbsp;Albert A. Kruger,&nbsp;Richard Pokorný","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16615","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16615","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A predictive model of melt rate in waste glass vitrification operations is needed to inform melter operations during normal and off-normal operations. This paper describes the development of a model of the cold cap (the reacting melter feed floating on molten glass in a glass melter) that couples heat transfer with the feed-to-glass conversion kinetics. The model was applied to four melter feeds designed for high-level and low-activity nuclear waste feeds using the material properties, either measured or estimated, to obtain temperature and conversion distribution within the cold cap. The cold cap model, when coupled with a computational fluid dynamics model of a Joule-heated glass melter, allows the prediction of the glass production rate and power consumption. The results show reasonable agreement with the melting rates measured during pilot-scale melter tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 2","pages":"318-329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijag.16615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46683794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver dissolution and precipitation in a Na\u0000 2\u0000 O‐ZnO‐B\u0000 2\u0000 O\u0000 3\u0000 metallization paste glass","authors":"Lina Heuser, M. Nofz, R. Müller, J. Deubener","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.16613","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44840168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avoiding glass spot defect arising from roller hydrogen embrittlement via regulating protective atmosphere distribution","authors":"Lianjie Tong,&nbsp;Changjun Wang,&nbsp;Qingshan Zhang,&nbsp;Wenfeng Li,&nbsp;Shiqing Xu,&nbsp;Shimin Liu","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16614","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16614","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A kind of float glass spot defect, characterized by small size, metallic luster, and difficult to clean, adheres only to the lower surface (contacts with molten tin) of the float glass ribbon. This defect causes serious production loss. Therefore, determining the precise source of this spot defect and the effective prevention of its occurrence is vital in the scientific interest and technological significance. Herein, we report a new idea for preventing glass spot defect resulting from roller hydrogen embrittlement (HE) via regulating protective atmosphere distribution. We also reveal its formation mechanism. The generation mechanism of this spot defect shows that the protective atmosphere in the tin bath diffuses into the annealing lehr. However, the annealing lehr does not effectively discharge it (particularly H₂). Thus, roller HE occurs. Opening the vent decreases the H₂ concentration around the roller. In addition, the vent is moved by ∼1 m in the original position toward the exit of the annealing lehr, which is most conducive to H₂ discharge. This optimization measure reduces or eliminates the spot defect caused by the HE of the roller. Moreover, it has great application potential in the design of float glass annealing lehr.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 3","pages":"425-434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41975014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation and measurement of ultrathin glass residual stress","authors":"Lianjie Tong,&nbsp;Shimin Liu,&nbsp;Yaming Sun,&nbsp;Jianmin Gu,&nbsp;Shiqing Xu","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16612","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16612","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate simulation and measurement of the residual stress are pressing needs in ultrathin glass (UTG) industrial stable production. Herein, the heat transfer in an annealing lehr and the residual stresses at different positions along the width of the UTG ribbon were simulated by the finite element method and measured via the Vickers indentation. The residual stresses at 400 and 600 mm to the edge were large, which caused serious production loss. Besides, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to reveal the mechanism for residual stress formation. During UTG cooling, the cooling rate of the core is slower than that of the surface. Due to the influence of the relaxation process, the latter would hinder the former's R–O (where R is Na, Mg, Ca, Al, or Si) length contraction, implying that the surface would generate residual compressive stress. The temperature difference between them increases as the cooling rate grows, leading to the residual stress increase. Finally, based on revealing the formation principle of residual stress by MD, the edge electric heatings were set in zone B, and the residual stresses at 400 and 600 mm to the edge are reduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 2","pages":"279-287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49315064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid fragility maximum in lithium borate glass-forming melts related to the local structure","authors":"Oliver L. G. Alderman,&nbsp;Chris J. Benmore,&nbsp;Bryce Reynolds,&nbsp;Brock Royle,&nbsp;Steve Feller,&nbsp;Rick J. K. Weber","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16611","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16611","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The structure of liquid lithium pyroborate, Li₄B₂O₅ (<i>J</i> = Li/B = 2), has been measured over a wide temperature range by high-energy X-ray diffraction, and compared to that of its glass and borate liquids of other compositions. The results indicate a gradual increase in tetrahedral boron fraction from 3(1)% to 6(1)% during cooling from <i>T</i> = 1271(15) to 721(8) K, consistent with the larger <i>N</i>₄ = 10(1)% found for the glass, and literature ¹¹B nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. van't Hoff analysis based on a simple boron isomerization reaction BØ₃O²^– ⇌ BØO₂^2– yields Δ<i>H</i> = 13(1) kJ mol^–1 and Δ<i>S</i> = 40(1) J mol^–1 K^–1 for the boron coordination change from 4 to 3, which are, respectively, smaller and larger than found for singly charged isomers for <i>J</i> ≤ 1. With these, we extend our model for <i>N</i>₄(<i>J</i>, <i>T</i>), nonbridging oxygen fraction <i>f</i>_nbr(<i>J</i>, <i>T</i>), configurational heat capacity <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <mi>conf</mi>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mi>J</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$C_{rm{P}}^{{rm{conf}}}(J,T)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, and entropy <i>S</i>^conf(<i>J</i>, <i>T</i>) contributions up to <i>J</i> = 3. A maximum is revealed in <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <mi>conf</mi>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mi>J</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mi>g</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$C_{rm{P}}^{{rm{conf}}}(J,T = {T_{rm{g}}})$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> at <i>J</i> = 1, and shown semi-quantitatively to lead to a corresponding maximum in fragility contribution, akin to that observed in the total fragilities by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Lithium is bound to 4.6(2) oxygen in the pyroborate liquid, with 2.7(1) bonds centered around 1.946(8) Å and 1.9(1) around 2.42(1) Å. In the glass, <i>n</i><sub>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"52-68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijag.16611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43073883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of starting materials of nucleation agents on crystallization of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass","authors":"Shingo Machida,&nbsp;Kei Maeda,&nbsp;Ken-ichi Katsumata,&nbsp;Atsuo Yasumor","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16609","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16609","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of the starting materials of the nucleation agents for glass–ceramics (GCs) was explored. The number of hexagonal platy particles of metastable-CaAl₂Si₂O₈ in CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ (CAS) GCs was increased by changing the sizes of molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) and carbon particles used as starting materials of the nucleation agents. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that all of GC specimens display reflections attributed to metastable-CaAl₂Si₂O₈ solely. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that, compared with the CAS GC with precipitated hexagonal platy particles of metastable-CaAl₂Si₂O₈ (CAS GC-H) prepared using MoO₃ particles with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 3.5 m²/g and 10–50 μm carbon particles, CAS GC-Hs prepared using MoO₃ particles with a BET surface area of 1.2 m²/g or carbon fibers 10–50 μm in length and ∼5 μm in diameter resulted in approximately a twofold increase in the number of platy particles of metastable-CaAl₂Si₂O₈ and a decrease in the average particle size from 13 to 11 μm. The microstructures of the CAS GC-Hs are closer looks. In addition, no major differences in volume fractions estimated using the binarized SEM images are observed between those GC specimens. These results indicated that the starting materials of nucleation agents affect the crystallization of CAS GCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"88-96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijag.16609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45529844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of rhenium as a surrogate for technetium in Hanford low activity waste borosilicate glasses: Speciation, solubility, and redox effects","authors":"Hao Gan,&nbsp;David A. McKeown,&nbsp;Xiaogang Xie,&nbsp;Ian L. Pegg","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16610","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16610","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Re is often used as a nonradioactive surrogate for Tc in borosilicate melts because both elements have similar valences, ionic radii, and coordination environments. Re solubility in high sodium borosilicate waste glasses is sensitive to melter redox conditions; at 1150°C the solubility is ∼4130 ppm under oxidizing atmospheres. Raman, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction show that Re dissolved in waste glasses under oxidizing conditions is in perrhenate tetrahedra; under more reducing conditions, Re⁰ separates from the melt. From air to <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$ {rm P}_{{rm O}_2} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>∼ 10⁻⁴ atm, both Re⁷⁺ and Tc⁷⁺ are dominant species in borosilicate melts. However, Tc and Re behaviors deviate between <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$ {rm P}_{{rm O}_2} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>&lt; 10⁻⁴ atm and <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$ {rm P}_{{rm O}_2} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>&gt; 10⁻⁸ atm, where Tc⁴⁺ becomes dominant, whereas Re⁷⁺ remains stable. Unlike Tc⁴⁺, Re⁴⁺ is not observed in borosilicate melts at 1150°C and associated glasses. Near <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$ {rm P}_{{rm O}_2} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>= 10⁻⁸ atm, Tc⁴⁺ reduces to Tc⁰, whereas below <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$ {rm P}_{{rm O}_2} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>= 10⁻⁸ atm, Re⁷⁺ reduces to Re⁰. Re is found to be a good surrogate for Tc under oxidizing conditions (<math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annota","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"97-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45062538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure-terahertz property relationship in sodium borosilicate glasses","authors":"Nicholas J. Tostanoski,&nbsp;Doris Möncke,&nbsp;Randall Youngman,&nbsp;S. K. Sundaram","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16608","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16608","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We report, for the first time, an early evidence of structure-terahertz (THz) property relationship for two tie-lines within the sodium borosilicate glass system. The NaBSi series was chosen to study the effect of the substitution of silicon dioxide for boron oxide, whereas the BNaSi series studies the substitution of silicon dioxide for sodium oxide. Nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared absorption, and Raman spectroscopies were used to determine structural changes across both series. THz time-domain spectroscopy was used to record the refractive index over the measured bandwidth. Individual measurements at .502 THz were used as a frequency of focus for comparisons. The foundation for the proposed structure-THz property relationship is based on higher measurable THz refractive index changes correlated to a depolymerized glass network, <i>R</i> &gt; .5, a network consisting of SiO₄ tetrahedra and charge-deficient [BØ₄]⁻ tetrahedra-forming borosilicate danburite and reedmergnerite rings with mixed Si–O–B bridges, and the formation of nonbridging oxygen (nbO) atoms on silicate tetrahedra. A polymerized glass network, <i>R</i> &lt; .5, consists of homonuclear boroxol and silica rings within sodium borate and silicate subnetworks. Calculated and experimental fractions of tetrahedral borate and silicate tetrahedra with one nbO, optical basicity, density, and network connectivity data support the structure-THz property relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 2","pages":"288-306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45529729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the electronic structures and optical properties of alkaline-earth oxides–modified silicate glasses","authors":"Neng Li,&nbsp;Tian Kang,&nbsp;Zuhao Shi,&nbsp;Yuling Liu,&nbsp;Tengfei Deng","doi":"10.1111/ijag.16607","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijag.16607","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electronic structure, interatomic bonding, and optical properties of mixed alkaline-earth metal oxides MO (M = Mg, Ca) on amorphous silica glasses were calculated by combined ab initio molecular dynamics and the orthogonalized linear combination of atomic orbitals approaches. With the addition of alkaline-earth metal oxides, the original structural network model is destroyed, nonbridging oxygen is generated, and the covalent bonding is reduced, which reduces the total bond order density for silicate glass. The complex dielectric function plot shows that there are three distinct peaks in the imaginary part of the original silica glasses, and the last two peaks level off with the modification of alkaline earth oxides.</p>","PeriodicalId":13850,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Glass Science","volume":"14 2","pages":"216-228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43547804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}