International Journal of Approximate Reasoning最新文献

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Notes on “On (IO,O)-fuzzy rough sets based on overlap functions” 关于“基于重叠函数的on (IO,O)-模糊粗糙集”的注解
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijar.2022.08.010
Chun Yong Wang , Sheng Nan Xu , Lijuan Wan
{"title":"Notes on “On (IO,O)-fuzzy rough sets based on overlap functions”","authors":"Chun Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Nan Xu ,&nbsp;Lijuan Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijar.2022.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijar.2022.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Qiao investigated the properties and topological structures of </span><span><math><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>O</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span><span>-fuzzy rough sets, which extended the classical conjunction operator in rough approximation operator to an overlap function </span><em>O</em>. However, there are some faults in the characterizations of <span><math><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>O</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span>-fuzzy rough sets, such as wrong conclusions and strict condition, even if the overlap function <em>O</em><span> is assumed to be a continuous t-norm with no non-trivial zero divisors. This paper further discusses </span><span><math><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>O</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span>-fuzzy rough sets and rectifies those faults. Moreover, some examples are presented to show those faults.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 223-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49460418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Incremental updating probabilistic approximations under multi-level and multi-dimensional variations in hybrid incomplete decision systems 混合不完全决策系统多层次和多维变化下的增量更新概率逼近
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijar.2021.11.010
Hao Ge , Chuanjian Yang
{"title":"Incremental updating probabilistic approximations under multi-level and multi-dimensional variations in hybrid incomplete decision systems","authors":"Hao Ge ,&nbsp;Chuanjian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijar.2021.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijar.2021.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The data types of practical application systems are various (for example, Boolean, categorical, numerical, set-valued, interval-valued and incomplete, etc.), and such complex data systems exist widely in the real world; In addition, the data is dynamic in the process of collection and screening, not only the number of objects will change, but also the number of features will vary, which leads to the knowledge being constantly changed and needing to be updated with the collation process. In this paper, aiming at the dynamic change of data in the hybrid incomplete decision system (HIDS), we mainly focus on researching the incremental updating theory and method of probabilistic approximations under the multi-level and multi-dimensional variations of objects and attributes. Firstly, for the different binary relations of multiple data types in HIDS, a normalized combination relationship-based probabilistic rough set model is proposed. Next, multi-level and multi-dimensional variations (MLMDV) of objects and attributes are analyzed; for MLMDV of the object set and the attribute set in HIDS, dynamic knowledge updating mechanisms are researched, and a matrix-based incremental algorithm for updating probabilistic approximations is designed to avoid the repeated calculation of the static algorithm and improve efficiency. Finally, a series of experiments are conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. The experimental results of 9 data sets show that the proposed incremental algorithm can effectively update the knowledge for the multi-level and multi-dimensional variants of objects and attributes, and is superior to the static knowledge acquisition method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"142 ","pages":"Pages 206-230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48077718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Granular rough sets and granular shadowed sets: Three-way approximations in Pawlak approximation spaces 颗粒粗糙集和颗粒阴影集:Pawlak近似空间中的三向逼近
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijar.2021.11.012
Yiyu Yao , Jilin Yang
{"title":"Granular rough sets and granular shadowed sets: Three-way approximations in Pawlak approximation spaces","authors":"Yiyu Yao ,&nbsp;Jilin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijar.2021.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijar.2021.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>A Pawlak approximation space is a pair of a ground set/space and a quotient set/space of the ground set induced by an equivalence relation on the ground set. The quotient space is a simple granulation of the ground space such that an equivalence class is a granule of objects in the ground space and, at the same time, a single granular object in the quotient space. The new two-space view leads to more insights into and a deeper understanding of rough set theory. In this paper, we revisit results from rough sets from the two-space perspective and introduce the notions of granular rough sets and probabilistic granular rough sets in the quotient space, as three-way </span>approximations of sets in the ground space. We propose a concept of granular shadowed sets in the quotient space, as three-way approximations of fuzzy sets in the ground space. We formulate a cost-sensitive method to construct a granular shadowed set from a fuzzy set. We show that, when the costs satisfy some conditions, the three granular approximations become the same for the special case where a fuzzy set is in fact a set.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"142 ","pages":"Pages 231-247"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47665155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
تطبیق نقاشی از ناصرالدین شاه در ابتدا و انتهای سلطنت در دوره قاجار 根据拿撒勒国王在卡塔尔王国开始和结束时的绘画,
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2021-11-14 DOI: 10.22059/IJAR.2021.322790.459669
الهه پنجه باشی
{"title":"تطبیق نقاشی از ناصرالدین شاه در ابتدا و انتهای سلطنت در دوره قاجار","authors":"الهه پنجه باشی","doi":"10.22059/IJAR.2021.322790.459669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJAR.2021.322790.459669","url":null,"abstract":"نقاشی از شاه در دوران قاجار یکی از موضوعات اصلی پیکره نگاری درباری می باشد. چهره ناصرالدین شاه )۱۲۴۷ق - ۱۳۱۳ق (در دوران حکومتش از ابتدا تا انتها مسیر متفاوتی را طی می کند. در دوره ابتدایی چهره او بسیار ایرانی و در دوره انتهای سلطنت چهره او تحت تاثیر صنعت عکاسی و تغییرات اجتماعی و سفر به اروپا به سمت واقع گرایی تغییر می کند. سوال کلی در این مقاله به شرح زیر است: تصاویر ناصرالدین شاه در دوره ابتدایی و انتهایی دارای چه تغییراتی است؟ با توجه به اهمیت نقاشی چهره نگاری از شاه در دوران قاجار این تغییرات در چهره نگاری از ناصرالدین شاه قاجار موضوع این پژوهش است. درجستجوی این مساله ابتدا نقاشی پیکره نگاری در دوران ناصری مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد و سپس به بررسی تفاوت و شباهت نقاشی های این دوران از ناصرالدین شاه پرداخته می شود. محتوای پژوهش حاضر کیفی بوده و شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت اسنادی(کتابخانه ای) می باشد و روش پژوهش تاریخی– تطبیقی می باشد. نتایج یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که در هنر چهره نگاری قاجار در دوران طولانی حکومت ناصرالدین شاه، چهره شاه به عنوان یکی از مضامین اصلی در هنر نقاشی در هر دو دوره دیده می شود. در دوره ابتدایی سلطنت او نقاشی شاه متاثر از هنر ایران در دوران های قبل و دوران ابتدایی قاجار بوده و نگاه باستانی و آرمانی دارد و درنقاشی دوره انتهایی به علت تاثیر پذیری از تحولات اجتماعی این دوران به سمت واقع گرایی وعکاسی متمایل می شودو چهره شاه انسانی و واقعی است.","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
جایگاه آیین ها در درمان بیماری ها با مقایسه آراء مالینوفسکی و الیاده درباره ماهیت و کارکرد آیین (مطالعه موردی: آیین زار در هرمزگان و خوزستان) 信仰在治疗疾病方面的地位类似于马林诺夫斯基和宗教仪式。
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2021-11-14 DOI: 10.22059/IJAR.2021.314073.459646
مهدی اصل مرز, سلیمی زاویه, ایرج داداشی
{"title":"جایگاه آیین ها در درمان بیماری ها با مقایسه آراء مالینوفسکی و الیاده درباره ماهیت و کارکرد آیین (مطالعه موردی: آیین زار در هرمزگان و خوزستان)","authors":"مهدی اصل مرز, سلیمی زاویه, ایرج داداشی","doi":"10.22059/IJAR.2021.314073.459646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJAR.2021.314073.459646","url":null,"abstract":"جایگاه آیین‌ها در درمان بیماری‌ها با مقایسه‌ی آراء مالینوفسکی و الیاده درباره‌ی ماهیت و کارکرد آیین (مطالعه‌ی موردی: آیین زار در هرمزگان و خوزستان)\u0000چکیده\u0000 اکثر صاحب‌نظران حوزه‌ی آیین معتقدند که آیین پدیده‌ای است که تا آن را نبینند نمی‌توانند بشناسند. بسیاری از آیین‌ها عناصر تشکیل-دهنده‌ی مشترکی دارند اما در کارکرد و اهدافی که دارند از هم متمایز می‌شوند. گونه‌ای از آیین‌ها که در بسیاری از فرهنگ‌ها با ادیان مختلف نقش پررنگی در زندگی انسان بازی می‌کنند آیین‌های درمانی هستند. از آنجایی که در روند مطالعه‌ی درمان‌های آیینی که توسط دین‌پژوهان، مردم‌شناسان و انسان‌شناسان انجام می‌پذیرد، انسان و نیازهایش و به‌طور ویژه، در پدیده‌ی درمانی، قضیه‌ی شفا و شفایابی مطرح است، بنابراین ‌-همه‌ی ابعاد پژوهش پیرامون انسان دور می‌زند. بدین جهت، این مقاله در پی آن بوده تا دو موضع عمده در این بحث را از منظر علم‌گرایان به نمایندگی مالینوفسکی و دین‌پژوهان با محوریت الیاده مورد مطالعه قرار دهد. در روند این مطالعه به این احتمال نزدیک می‌شویم که انسان زیستی و انسان دینی در لحظات بحرانی در موقعیتی قرار می‌گیرند که بر هم منطبق می‌شوند، یعنی موقعیت آیینی، که در آن به رفع بحران‌ها مبادرت می‌ورزند. روش پژوهش میدانی، اسنادی و توصیفی- تحلیلی است. در بخش میدانی به مشاهده‌ی مستقیم آیین درمانی زار، و همچنین مصاحبه با برگزارکنندگان و مطلعین بومی در این زمینه پرداخته شده. در بخش اسنادی نیز، کتاب‌ها، مقالات و فیلم‌های مستند فارسی و لاتین مرتبط با موضوع بررسی شده‌اند. \u0000\u0000واژگان کلیدی: آیین‌های درمانی، آیین زار، اسطوره، الیاده، دین، مالینوفسکی \u0000واژگان کلیدی: آیین‌های درمانی، آیین زار، اسطوره، الیاده، دین، مالینوفسکی","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44703692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
RELATION BETWEEN SAGITTAL POSITION OF THE MANDIBLE AND PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY VOLUME IN ADULTS USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 锥束ct检测成人下颌骨矢状位与咽气道容积的关系
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2021-10-22 DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.5625527
Ahmed Farag, Mohamed Nadim, Abaddi Adel Elkadi
{"title":"RELATION BETWEEN SAGITTAL POSITION OF THE MANDIBLE AND PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY VOLUME IN ADULTS USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY","authors":"Ahmed Farag, Mohamed Nadim, Abaddi Adel Elkadi","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.5625527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5625527","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"9 1","pages":"261-269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45460442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SELF-EFFICACY AND ATTITUDE AS PREDICTORS OF MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS 自我效能感和态度对高中生数学成绩的预测作用
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2021-10-19 DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.5674986
Mario A. Fetalver, Edfelmar M. Merano
{"title":"SELF-EFFICACY AND ATTITUDE AS PREDICTORS OF MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS","authors":"Mario A. Fetalver, Edfelmar M. Merano","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.5674986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5674986","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"9 1","pages":"667-676"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49497611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN, MORINGA OLEIFERA, CROTON ZAMBESICUSAND THEIR SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY AS AN IMMUNE BOOSTER 壳聚糖、辣木、巴豆的抗菌活性及其协同免疫增强作用
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.5647245
O. A. Ajayi, G. D. Miteu, Blessing C. Ezeh
{"title":"ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN, MORINGA OLEIFERA, CROTON ZAMBESICUSAND THEIR SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY AS AN IMMUNE BOOSTER","authors":"O. A. Ajayi, G. D. Miteu, Blessing C. Ezeh","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.5647245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5647245","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"9 1","pages":"495-502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42112517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION AMONG PATIENTSIN AL-MADINA AL-MUNAWARAH, KSA 沙特阿拉伯al-madina al-munawarah患者皮肤利什曼病感染
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.5603009
Shady Mohammad Raji Al-Hussayni, S. Al-Harbi, O. Amer
{"title":"CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION AMONG PATIENTSIN AL-MADINA AL-MUNAWARAH, KSA","authors":"Shady Mohammad Raji Al-Hussayni, S. Al-Harbi, O. Amer","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.5603009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5603009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"9 1","pages":"146-156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47245407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG STUDENTS IN TAIF UNIVERSITY TOWARD KERATOCONUS, TAIF, SAUDI ARABIA 塔伊夫大学学生对沙特阿拉伯塔伊夫圆锥角膜的认知程度
IF 3.9 3区 计算机科学
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/13488
Rahma A. Algethami, L. M. Alkhaldi, A. I. Alsulaimani, Aymen A. Atalla
{"title":"LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG STUDENTS IN TAIF UNIVERSITY TOWARD KERATOCONUS, TAIF, SAUDI ARABIA","authors":"Rahma A. Algethami, L. M. Alkhaldi, A. I. Alsulaimani, Aymen A. Atalla","doi":"10.21474/IJAR01/13488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/13488","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine the level of awareness of keratoconus (KC)among students at Taif University in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 957 students from Taif university, KSAfrom March to August 2021. An online-based survey was done using a pr-designed questionnaire that included items on socio-demographic data, having KC, and awareness about KC. Results: 33.8% of students heard about KC, 12.7% heard about it from social media, and 29.5% reported that KC is a thin protruded cornea. Almost half 53.6% reported that KC might lead to myopia, 24.6% is related to allergy, 33.9% thought it is hereditary and the majority 49.2% did not know its treatment. The prevalence of poor, fair, and good knowledge regarding KC was 48.9%, 38.1%, and 13% respectively. Femalessignificantlyknewthe relationship between KC and myopia, allergy, and heredity, did not know KC treatment and had good knowledge aboutKCcompared to males. Non-medical students had a significanthigher percent of those who knew that KC is a thin protruded cornea but did not know KC treatment. Conclusion : This study revealed insufficient knowledge regarding KC among studied students. This is a need to increase awareness about KC through health awareness programs and community campaigns for better eye health.","PeriodicalId":13842,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","volume":"9 1","pages":"832-839"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44392528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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