Zhiliang Wang, Chenchen Feng, Jianguo Wang, Zhitang Lu
{"title":"True Triaxial Test and Continuous‐Discrete Coupling Simulation Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Damage Evolution Mechanism of Deep Marble","authors":"Zhiliang Wang, Chenchen Feng, Jianguo Wang, Zhitang Lu","doi":"10.1002/nag.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70015","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the mechanical properties and micro‐fracture activities of marble at depth (<jats:italic>short for</jats:italic> deep marble) through true triaxial dynamic tests and continuous‐discrete coupling simulations. First, the true triaxial split‐Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests were conducted to measure the dynamic mechanical properties of marble specimens. Then, a continuous‐discrete coupling model was established based on the triaxial simplified grain‐based model and the application of force–velocity transfer channel to the coupling interface. Finally, the established continuous‐discrete coupling model was calibrated against test data and used to further analyze the damage mechanical behaviors of the specimens. The results show that the peak stress, maximum strain, strain rate, damage of the specimens, and maximum electrical signals of the lateral pressure bars all increase as the impact velocity increases. The strain rate effect is noteworthy. The dynamic mechanical responses and damage characteristics of the specimens under different lateral stresses show a unique ratio of lateral stress to axial stress (RLAS) effect. With the increase of RLAS, the dynamic peak stress first increases and then decreases, while the maximum deformation capacity of the specimens changes inversely. The relatively high confining pressure can make the interior of the specimens denser, improve energy transfer efficiency, and reduce energy loss. With the increase of RLAS, the damage degree of the specimen first increases and then decreases. As the impact load increases, the dissipated energy increases and the damage degree of the specimens becomes more severe. These numerical simulation results can better explain the strain rate effect and the RLAS effect.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progressive Failure Mechanism of Sensitive Clay Slopes: Insights From Stabilized Smoothed Particle Finite Element Analysis of the 2010 Saint‐Jude Landslide","authors":"Wei‐Hai Yuan, Ren‐Yuan Xing, Ming Liu, Ding Wang, Bei‐Bing Dai, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/nag.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70011","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling landslides in sensitive clay has long been a challenging issue. In sensitive clays, the shear strength significantly decreases during plastic deformation, leading to the progressive failure of the slopes. Sensitive clays exhibit complex mechanical behavior, and even a small slope failure can often trigger massive landslides. This necessitates a numerical approach capable of handling large deformations, as well as a suitable constitutive model to accurately capture the intricate behavior of these clays. In this study, a novel viscosity‐based hourglass‐control algorithm is proposed to stabilize the node integration in smoothed particle finite element method (SPFEM), and two verification examples are given to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Then, the proposed stabilized SPFEM is employed to reconstruct the 2010 Saint‐Jude landslide in Quebec, Canada. The method successfully reproduces the progressive failure processes of the Saint‐Jude landslide and quantitatively compares the final run‐out distances and retrogression distances with the field survey data, showing a good agreement.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modified Effective Stress Theory for Rate‐Dependent Frozen Soil With Phase Transitions From Pre‐Melting Thin Film to Composite","authors":"Yingxiao Liu, WaiChing Sun, Ronaldo I. Borja","doi":"10.1002/nag.4018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.4018","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a modified mixture theory and a corresponding dual‐skeleton constitutive law that captures the multi‐temporal‐scale rate‐dependent response of frozen soil under phase transitions. We hypothesize that the transport of ice crystals surrounded by a thin water film may halt during freezing once the ice crystals grow to a size comparable to that of the pores. Since ice crystals may bear the load with the solid skeleton when stuck in the pores, the shear and tensile strength of the ice–solid skeleton increases. This transition of the role of ice crystals during the freezing and thawing from inducing cryo‐suction to being a constituent of a two‐phase composite is captured via a dual‐skeleton theory. Consequently, we modify the effective stress theory to capture the kinematics transition between the fluid‐like transporting ice crystals and solid‐like ice crystals. This transition is considered separately from the ice–water phase transition in the field theory. This setting, in return, allows us to derive a dual‐solid‐skeleton constitutive theory where the rate‐dependent constitutive response of the fully frozen soil is obtained via those of the unfrozen solid matrix and the ice crystals that exhibit creep at different time scales. THM mixed finite element simulations are conducted on laboratory samples under freeze–thaw cycles from hours to days. The numerical results show good consistency with experimental records at both scales. The numerical model provides insights into the rate‐dependent processes involved across temporal scales and allows controlled parametric studies to identify different coupling mechanisms at various stages of the freeze–thaw cycles.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"61 16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Peng, Zixin Wang, Linfei Wang, Chuanhua Xu, Kun Pan, Bibo Dai
{"title":"Influence of Inclination of En‐Echelon Joints on Shearing Behavior of Crystalline Rock","authors":"Jun Peng, Zixin Wang, Linfei Wang, Chuanhua Xu, Kun Pan, Bibo Dai","doi":"10.1002/nag.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70008","url":null,"abstract":"Stability of rock masses in rock slope is significantly threatened by the presence of en‐echelon joints. Most previous studies focus on artificially jointed rock mass, and lonely a limited research has been conducted on the shearing performance of crystalline rock possessing en‐echelon joints. In this study, a modified grain‐based model (GBM), which considers the shape of feldspar in real rock, is used to investigate the effect of en‐echelon joint angle on the strength behavior and the associated micro‐cracking evolution of crystalline rock under different normal stresses. The simulation results indicate that peak shear strength and the principal direction of anisotropy generally reach their maximum values at en‐echelon joint angle of −15°. Micro‐cracks typically initiate at the tips of en‐echelon joints, and the connecting pattern between these joints is notably affected by joint angle. The results reveal that, despite exhibiting a high microscopic damage ratio, the shear strength of the rock specimen with negative en‐echelon joint angle increases due to enhanced inter‐particle friction and mechanical interlocking under compression. On the other hand, positive joint angle induces disc separation and rotational failure, which reduces shear resistance. In addition, an increase in normal stress amplifies the damage ratio among all joint angles. By analyzing the disc displacement field using fracture mechanics, this study reveals how joint angle and normal stress affect the propagation of wing cracks and secondary penetration cracks between en‐echelon rock joints. The research provides valuable insights into understanding the failure mechanism of rock with en‐echelon joints.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"312 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DEM Models of Toyoura Sand Under Various Cyclic Loading Paths From Direct Considerations of Shape and Fabric","authors":"Tarek Mohamed, Jérôme Duriez, Guillaume Veylon, Laurent Peyras","doi":"10.1002/nag.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70012","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately matching discrete element model (DEM) simulations with experimental data under various loading paths, including cyclic tests, remains a significant challenge. In this study, two 3D‐DEM models with different grain shape descriptions (either irregular polyhedra or spheres) are employed to reproduce the cyclic behavior of Toyoura sand. The DEM samples are prepared using a specific technique to mimic the air‐pluviation method used in laboratory tests. Both DEM models were calibrated and validated using various monotonic tests in a previous study before being applied to cyclic tests for further validation. Various cyclic stress paths are tested, including drained cyclic constant‐pressure triaxial, undrained cyclic triaxial, and undrained simple shear tests. The results demonstrate that both particle shapes and fabric initial anisotropy are two crucial factors for accurately reproducing the cyclic behavior of soils. The simulation results of different cyclic tests using the polyhedral DEM model show remarkable agreement with the corresponding experimental data for Toyoura sand, not only in terms of the number of cycles required for liquefaction, but also in terms of qualitative evolution at different stages of the tests. However, less efficient prediction is observed for the spherical DEM model.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seismic Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations in Anisotropic Non‐Homogeneous Soils Under Torsional Waves and Parameter Uncertainty","authors":"Faiçal Bendriss, Zamila Harichane, Arnaud Mesgouez","doi":"10.1002/nag.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70007","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effects of the torsional wave propagation and the soil‐earthquake parameter uncertainties on the seismic bearing capacity of shallow foundations in anisotropic non‐homogeneous media. A mathematical model of the equivalent seismic bearing capacity factor is derived using the limit equilibrium method with the consideration of the Coulomb failure mechanism. The pseudo‐dynamic approach is followed to incorporate the seismic component. A parametric study is carried out showing the impact of the soil parameters, the soil anisotropy, the soil non‐homogeneity and the seismic excitation on the seismic bearing capacity factor. The results show that the torsional wave parameters (acceleration coefficient and wavelength) have a significant impact traduced in a decrease in the seismic bearing capacity factor. Furthermore, an increase in the anisotropy of the soil parameters causes a decrease in the seismic bearing capacity factor while an increase in the non‐homogeneity of the soil parameters causes an increase in the seismic bearing capacity factor. A reliability analysis, using the Latin Hypercube Sampling method, is also carried out with the aim to incorporate the uncertainties around the main soil and earthquake parameters that govern the seismic bearing capacity of shallow foundations. It is found that the statistical moments and the failure probability of the seismic bearing capacity factor are more influenced by the friction angle uncertainties than by the seismic acceleration coefficient uncertainties. Moreover, the anisotropy and non‐homogeneity of soil parameters exert a significant effect on the statistical moments and probabilistic results.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Constitutive Model Allowing for Particle Size‐Shape Coevolution","authors":"Divyanshu Lal, Giuseppe Buscarnera","doi":"10.1002/nag.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a constitutive model developed within the Continuum Breakage Mechanics (CBM) framework. The proposed model explicitly accounts for particle shape evolution during the compression of crushable granular materials. Most importantly, the proposed formulation includes a novel expression of the dissipation function that enables a versatile definition of the rate of particle shape evolution during crushing. It is shown that this approach overcomes the limitations of previous formulations by relaxing the constraints that restricted the viable range of the coevolution constants, thus allowing for better alignment with the shape evolution trends observed in crushable granular materials. Additionally, the framework extends its capability to simulate more general loading conditions beyond isotropic compression, thus broadening its practical applicability. The model is validated against synthetic data obtained with a level set discrete element model (LS‐DEM) able to resolve complex particle shapes and their evolution. The results demonstrate the promising performance of the model in capturing the compression behavior of crushable granular materials.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Fast Convolution‐Based Peridynamics for Rock Fracture Under Compressive Load","authors":"Xingchuan Liao, Jian Zhou, Peiyu Wang, Fushen Liu, Yongjie Qi, Xiaonan Shang","doi":"10.1002/nag.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70005","url":null,"abstract":"The fast convolution‐based method for peridynamics (FCBM‐PD) is an efficient approach for solving fracture propagation problems. However, current FCBM‐PD method fails to distinguish between tensile and compressive strains at material points, limiting its capability to accurately simulate fracture propagation under compressive loading. To address this issue, the spectral decomposition method is employed to obtain strain invariants, and tensile strains are extracted by using strain decomposition. By utilizing the separated tensile strains, a bond failure criterion is reconstructed, resulting in a damage model capable of capturing the tension‐compression asymmetry of geomaterials. Additionally, an initial integrity factor is introduced to correct unrealistic damage values near the initial fracture faces, which arise even in the absence of fracture propagation. A modulus reduction technique borrowed from traditional damage mechanics is applied to mitigate the influence of surface effects on fracture propagation. The FCBM‐PD method is extended for the first time to address compressive loading scenarios and validated by experimental data from a central‐initial fractured sandstone specimen under uniaxial loading. A comparison of computation time and memory requirements between FCBM‐PD and traditional peridynamics (PD) methods demonstrates that the proposed method significantly reduces computational cost. To further demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, five additional numerical examples on rock fracture under compressive loading are presented, confirming that the proposed FCBM‐PD method can effectively simulate rock fracture initiation and propagation under compression, and therefore, showing potential for large‐scale geotechnical engineering problems.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144547108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three‐Dimensional Energy‐Driven Cellular Automata Method for Simulation of Energy Evolution in Rock Materials Under Uniaxial Compression","authors":"Xiao Wang, Gaoshuo Zhang, Wenxin Li, Changdi He, Chenhao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/nag.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70013","url":null,"abstract":"Analyzing the energy evolution of rock under uniaxial compression is crucial for understanding the mechanics of rock failure. Previous studies have investigated the changes in different energy components during cyclic loading and unloading uniaxial compression strength (CLU‐UCS) tests by applying multiple loading and unloading cycles at various stress levels. However, increasing the number of cycles in CLU‐UCS tests for energy evolution analysis may cause cumulative damage to rock specimens. Although several numerical simulation methods have been applied in recent years to analyze energy evolution of rock, they typically require high computational costs. To accurately and efficiently capture the energy evolution under uniaxial compression, a three‐dimensional energy‐driven cellular automata (EDCA3D) method has been proposed in this study. This EDCA3D method can effectively track the evolution of elastic strain energy, plastic strain energy, dissipated energy, and released energy throughout the rock failure process under uniaxial compression based on a single loading stress–strain curve. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an EDCA3D model is developed to simulate the energy evolution of granite specimens. The results show that the simulated energy evolution aligns well with observations from CLU‐UCS tests.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integration of Physics‐Based and Data‐Driven Approaches for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment","authors":"Yi Han, Shabnam J. Semnani","doi":"10.1002/nag.4016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.4016","url":null,"abstract":"Rainfall‐triggered landslides pose a significant threat to communities and infrastructure around the world. Various data‐driven and machine learning (ML) based algorithms have been applied to assess landslide susceptibility. However, purely data‐driven methods are affected by issues such as uncertainty in the selection of landslide conditioning factors, potential extrapolation problem, as well as the quantity and quality of historical landslide datasets. On the other hand, physics‐based models require soil properties and initial/boundary conditions which are difficult to obtain. In this work, we develop an enhanced methodology for landslide susceptibility assessment by integrating physics‐based and data‐driven models. For this purpose, Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid‐Based Regional Slope‐Stability (TRIGRS) and the shallow slope stability (SHALSTAB) physics‐based models are adopted which provide important insights into the geological and hydrological characteristics of the study area. For the data‐driven approach, XGBoost is implemented due to its demonstrated effectiveness in landslide predictions. We propose two strategies for integrating the physics‐based and data‐driven models: (1) physics‐informed machine learning (PIML) which incorporates outputs of TRIGRS and SHALSTAB into the ML models, and (2) a matrix approach for combining data‐driven susceptibility maps with factor of safety maps. We evaluate the overall performance of models based on three aspects: general prediction capability, data efficiency, and extrapolation. Subsequently, landslide susceptibility maps of California are generated and compared using the PIML model, the data‐driven model, and the matrix approach. The results indicate a substantial enhancement in landslide susceptibility mapping, extrapolation capability and model performance, particularly when limited data is available.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}