International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Cyclic Lateral Response of Large‐Diameter Monopiles in Soft Clays Using Bounding Surface‐Based Analytical p‐y Curves
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Xinglei Cheng, Jinhui Yang, Piguang Wang, Mohamed Hesham El Naggar, Mingyuan Wang, Qun Lu, Rui Sun
{"title":"Cyclic Lateral Response of Large‐Diameter Monopiles in Soft Clays Using Bounding Surface‐Based Analytical p‐y Curves","authors":"Xinglei Cheng, Jinhui Yang, Piguang Wang, Mohamed Hesham El Naggar, Mingyuan Wang, Qun Lu, Rui Sun","doi":"10.1002/nag.3911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3911","url":null,"abstract":"The p‐y curve method provides a relatively simple and efficient means for analyzing the cyclic response of horizontally loaded piles. This study proposes a p‐y spring element based on a bounding surface p‐y model, which can be readily implemented in Abaqus software using the user‐defined element (UEL) interface. The performance of these p‐y spring elements is validated by simulating field tests of laterally loaded piles documented in the literature. The developed spring element effectively replicates the nonlinear hysteresis, displacement accumulation, and stiffness degradation observed in soft clay. Subsequently, a finite element model of a large‐diameter monopile is established using the proposed spring element. A comprehensive numerical investigation is conducted to explore both the monotonic and cyclic responses of large‐diameter monopiles in soft clays. The results are presented and discussed in terms of pile head load–displacement curves, the evolution of rotation angles at the mud surface, and cyclic p‐y curves. Additionally, empirical formulas are proposed to predict the evolution of cumulative rotation angles and peak bending moments under both one‐way and two‐way cyclic loading conditions. The results provide valuable insights into the mechanism of pile–soil interaction under lateral cyclic loading.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study of Asymmetric Face Failure and Limit Support Pressure During Curved Tunnels Excavation in Sandy Soils
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Mengxi Zhang, Xue Zhang
{"title":"Study of Asymmetric Face Failure and Limit Support Pressure During Curved Tunnels Excavation in Sandy Soils","authors":"Mengxi Zhang, Xue Zhang","doi":"10.1002/nag.3910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3910","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous urban development, tunnels are increasingly designed with curved alignments to avoid existing structures and to make better use of the underground space. However, these tunnels are usually subjected to complex forces, and current research on the curved tunnels face stability remains incomplete. This paper presents a detailed face stability analysis of curved tunnels, both analytically and numerically. Initially, a series of 3‐D numerical simulations are performed to investigate the spatially asymmetric failure pattern of the soil ahead of the curved tunnel face and the stress transfer mechanism of the soil arching effect during the excavation process is explored. Subsequently, based on traditional limit equilibrium methods and the results from numerical simulations, an improved wedge‐prism model and corresponding theoretical calculation formulas for the limit support pressure are proposed. The validity of the improved model is confirmed through illustrative analyses, while sensitivity analyses are conducted on the impacts of soil internal friction angle, structural depth ratio, and tunnel curvature radius on the limit support pressure. This study can aid in the calculation of the stability of the tunnel face and the limit support pressure in curved tunnel excavation.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"191 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Size Effect and Macro‐Microscopic Bearing Characteristics of Compressed Shallow Foundations Based on Discrete Element Method and Centrifugal Similarity Principle
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Yuqi Li, Zhichao Xu, Zhuyin Ma
{"title":"Size Effect and Macro‐Microscopic Bearing Characteristics of Compressed Shallow Foundations Based on Discrete Element Method and Centrifugal Similarity Principle","authors":"Yuqi Li, Zhichao Xu, Zhuyin Ma","doi":"10.1002/nag.3913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3913","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the discrete element method and the centrifugal similarity theory, Particle Flow Code PFC<jats:sup>2D</jats:sup> was employed to establish numerical models of soil for compressed shallow foundations. The particle size effect and boundary effect of soil‐bearing capacity for compressed shallow foundations, as well as the microscopic characteristics and failure mechanisms of soil, were studied. The results show that when the ratio of the foundation width to the maximum particle size in the model was greater than or equal to 30, the effect of particle size on the soil‐bearing capacity could be ignored. When the ratio of the net distance from the foundation to the model boundary to the foundation width was greater than or equal to 2, the bearing capacity of the soil was not significantly affected by the model boundary, and the boundary effect could be ignored. With the increase in foundation width, the bearing capacity factor of the soil decreased, and the failure mode of the soil shifted from a general shear failure to a local shear failure or punching shear failure. This research in this paper not only offers valuable insights for downscaling numerical discrete element models, but also introduces novel approaches for macro‐microscopic characterization of soil‐bearing capacity.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Viscoelastic‐Elastoplastic Analysis of Overconsolidated Structural Soft Soils
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Zhi Yong Ai, Gan Lin Gu, Yuan Hao Jiang
{"title":"Viscoelastic‐Elastoplastic Analysis of Overconsolidated Structural Soft Soils","authors":"Zhi Yong Ai, Gan Lin Gu, Yuan Hao Jiang","doi":"10.1002/nag.3908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3908","url":null,"abstract":"Soft soils exhibit significant time‐dependent effects during long‐term deformation. To precisely describe the long‐term behavior of soft soils, it is necessary to employ elastoplastic theory and rheology principles for investigating the stress–strain relationship of the soils. In this paper, a super‐subloading modified Cam‐clay model is initially derived. Subsequently, by introducing the Kelvin model to describe the creep behavior of soils, and combining it with the modified Cam‐clay model, an overconsolidated structural viscoelastic‐elastoplastic model is further presented. After converting the equation into matrix form and programming it in Fortran, the proposed model is implemented by ABAQUS. Then, the accuracy of the developed model and program is verified through comparison with existing literature and experimental results. Finally, parametric analysis is conducted to explore the impact of viscoelasticity, structure, and overconsolidation on the responses of soft soils.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
General Solution for Longitudinal Response of Shield Tunnel Considering the Effects of Joints and Soil Shear Resistance
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Weiming Huang, Yanwei Zang, Jinchang Wang, Changbao Liu, Zhongxuan Yang, Rongqiao Xu, Huajian Fang
{"title":"General Solution for Longitudinal Response of Shield Tunnel Considering the Effects of Joints and Soil Shear Resistance","authors":"Weiming Huang, Yanwei Zang, Jinchang Wang, Changbao Liu, Zhongxuan Yang, Rongqiao Xu, Huajian Fang","doi":"10.1002/nag.3909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3909","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a general solution for assessing the longitudinal response of shield tunnels, incorporating the combined effects of joints and soil shear resistance. The analysis employs the Timoshenko beam spring model atop a Vlasov foundation, subjected to arbitrary loads and various boundary conditions. Governing equations and relevant boundary conditions are derived using a variational formulation. Validation is conducted against existing simplified analytical solutions and finite element method simulations, showing the efficacy of the proposed solution. Comparative analyses of different models are undertaken based on the potential energy considerations. Additionally, a parametric study explores influential factors such as subgrade shear and reaction coefficients, as well as joint stiffnesses. Findings highlight the significance of accounting for the soil shear resistance and caution against underestimation when using equivalent continuous beam models. The proposed solution improves the prediction accuracy for the longitudinal response of shield tunnels and offers several benefits including compatibility with other analytical models, computation efficiency, and versatility in considering diverse loads and boundary conditions.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A FEM‐DEM Coupling Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Sandy Soil Foundation Considering Fabric Anisotropy
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Jiayan Nie, Yi Mou, Jiantao Bu, Mingyuan Zhu, Tao Yang, Lin Xu, Zidong Zheng, Peng Wang, Zhijun Wu
{"title":"A FEM‐DEM Coupling Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Sandy Soil Foundation Considering Fabric Anisotropy","authors":"Jiayan Nie, Yi Mou, Jiantao Bu, Mingyuan Zhu, Tao Yang, Lin Xu, Zidong Zheng, Peng Wang, Zhijun Wu","doi":"10.1002/nag.3907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3907","url":null,"abstract":"With the acceleration of urbanization, the stability of the foundation is being more crucial to the performance and service of the superstructure. As our understanding of the factors influencing soil's physical and mechanical behavior deepens, it becomes increasingly challenging for traditional limit equilibrium and limit analysis methods to accurately consider the complex factors affecting foundation stability, such as initial fabric anisotropy caused by the particle morphology and geological deposition in sand. Although some scholars had used advanced constitutive models in the finite element method (FEM) to investigate the influence of initial fabric anisotropy on mechanical responses of foundations, this approach failed to reveal the microscopic information underlying the shear failure of sandy soil foundations. In this study, the influence of the initial fabric anisotropy of sandy soil on the ultimate bearing capacity and shear failure mode of shallow foundation is studied using the hierarchical FEM and discrete element method (DEM) coupling analysis method. Four representative volume elements (RVEs) with varying initial bedding plane angles are constructed in DEM for characterizing different initial fabric anisotropies, and the specific stress–strain information of DEM RVEs is directly passed into the corresponding Gauss points in FEM to replace the conventional constitutive model. Numerical results show that the initial fabric anisotropy affects the ultimate bearing capacity and shear failure mode of shallow foundations significantly, and the corresponding micromechanical behaviors at different local Gauss points have been explored, which advances our understanding of the micromechanisms underlying the progressive shear failure of sandy soil foundations significantly.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Temperature Extended‐Two‐Fluid Tracking (txTFT) Method for Grouting Simulation in High‐Temperature Flowing Water
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Zhenhao Xu, Zehua Bu, Dongdong Pan, Hao Zhou
{"title":"Temperature Extended‐Two‐Fluid Tracking (txTFT) Method for Grouting Simulation in High‐Temperature Flowing Water","authors":"Zhenhao Xu, Zehua Bu, Dongdong Pan, Hao Zhou","doi":"10.1002/nag.3897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3897","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the treatment problem for water inflow in a high geothermal environment, we proposed a grouting simulation method in high‐temperature flowing water: temperature extended‐two‐fluid tracking (txTFT) method. First, a transport model for solving the residence time of slurry was derived. Furthermore, a temperature transport model was established to describe the heat transfer between slurry and water. Finally, according to the fitted equation of slurry viscosity with residence time and temperature, the fine characterization of slurry viscosity was realized, and then the whole process simulation of grouting was realized. This method was used to reveal the blocking mechanism for grouting in high‐temperature flowing water of rock fractures. The results show that high‐temperature water limited the parallel‐flow diffusion of slurry and increased the counterflow diffusion and transverse diffusion of slurry. The higher the water temperature, the larger the grouting rate, and the lower the inlet pressure, the better the blocking effect of flowing water. The research results can provide theoretical guidance and application value for the grouting treatment of water inflow in a high geothermal environment.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
One‐Dimensional Fully Coupled Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical Model for Contaminant Transport Under Step‐Loading Condition and Its Analytical Solutions
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Jiashu Zhou, Zhihong Zhang, Lin Han, Xixin Lu, Jinkun Huang, Rencai Jin
{"title":"One‐Dimensional Fully Coupled Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical Model for Contaminant Transport Under Step‐Loading Condition and Its Analytical Solutions","authors":"Jiashu Zhou, Zhihong Zhang, Lin Han, Xixin Lu, Jinkun Huang, Rencai Jin","doi":"10.1002/nag.3906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3906","url":null,"abstract":"Stepped dumpling of waste is the main operating method used in landfill engineering. For the liners located at the bottom of the landfill, the waste can be considered as a vertical loading due to its heavy weight, causing compressive deformation of the liners and, most importantly, tending to lose the effectiveness of the geomembrane with the differential deformation. However, most experiments or numerical models use transient‐loading and ignore the influence of variable step‐loading on liner performance. In this study, a one‐dimensional fully coupled hydro‐mechanical‐chemical (HMC) model for contaminant transport under the framework of small strain, taking into account the step‐loading effect, is proposed, and its analytical solutions are derived by using the separation of variables. The behavior of contaminant transport in a single‐layer clay liner is investigated under variable step‐loading conditions. Analytical results show that the step‐loading can significantly accelerate the transport of contaminants compared to the transient‐loading. Variation of the step‐loading rate from 2 to 4 times yields an increase of 6.1 and 15.2 years of the breakthrough time. At a step‐loading rate of 50 kPa/year, the breakthrough increases by 13.37 years, and the peak settlement reduces to half that under transient‐loading. Ignoring the influence of step‐loading on contaminant transport may overestimate the performance of clay liners.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"100 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation of Bituminized Waste Products Swelling Behavior Due to Water Uptake Under Confined Leaching Conditions: Experiments and Modeling
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Yujiong Chen, Jean‐Baptiste Champenois, Patrick Dangla, Sylvie Granet, Joseph Lautru, Arnaud Leclerc, Geoffroy Melot
{"title":"Investigation of Bituminized Waste Products Swelling Behavior Due to Water Uptake Under Confined Leaching Conditions: Experiments and Modeling","authors":"Yujiong Chen, Jean‐Baptiste Champenois, Patrick Dangla, Sylvie Granet, Joseph Lautru, Arnaud Leclerc, Geoffroy Melot","doi":"10.1002/nag.3902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3902","url":null,"abstract":"Bituminized waste products (BWPs) were produced by conditioning in bitumen the co‐precipitation sludge resulting from the industrial reprocessing of nuclear spent fuel. For some intermediate level long‐lived (ILW‐LL) classified BWPs, a long‐term disposal solution in France is underground geological disposal. One of the challenges for BWPs in geological disposal conditions is their swelling behavior due to water uptake. This swelling, if sufficiently important, could lead to mechanical coupling with the host rock, resulting in the application of pressure that could damage it. Consequently, the swelling behavior of BWPs must be considered in safety studies for the underground storage facility after site closure. The present work is a continuation of a previous one and focuses on investigating both experimentally and numerically the BWPs’ swelling behavior due to water uptake under confined leaching conditions. The swelling of simplified BWPs was experimentally monitored for about 2.5 years during leaching tests under constant counterpressure. The numerical model is extended from a previous work that incorporates coupled homogenization of transport terms (diffusion, permeation, osmosis) with mechanics via Maxwell's viscoelastic model. An original nonlinear poro‐viscoelastic model taking into account large strains is proposed in this paper to better model the BWPs leaching behavior under confined conditions. The experimental results of leaching tests under constant counterpressure are generally well predicted by the resulting numerical model. The role of the poorly soluble salts BaSO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> within the solid BWP matrix is investigated.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Does the Largest Cluster in the Strong Network Rule Granular Soil Mechanics? A DEM Study 强网络中的最大集群如何影响粒土力学?DEM 研究
IF 4 2区 工程技术
Ziyu Jin, Jiaying Liu, Gang Ma, Chengbao Hu, Qihang Yang, Xiusong Shi, Xinquan Wang
{"title":"How Does the Largest Cluster in the Strong Network Rule Granular Soil Mechanics? A DEM Study","authors":"Ziyu Jin, Jiaying Liu, Gang Ma, Chengbao Hu, Qihang Yang, Xiusong Shi, Xinquan Wang","doi":"10.1002/nag.3903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3903","url":null,"abstract":"The contact network of granular materials is often divided into strong and weak subnetworks, which play different roles in micromechanics. Within the strong contact network, there exists the largest connected component, that is, the largest cluster, which may connect system boundaries and could be the most important structure in force transmission of the whole system. This paper concerns the particular features of the largest cluster in the strong contact network of granular materials, by considering the combining effects of loading path and particle shape. A series of true triaxial tests with various intermediate principal stress ratios are conducted for granular assemblies of different shaped particles using the discrete element method (DEM). Both the macroscopic stress–strain responses and the microscopic topological changes of the contact network are investigated. It is found that both particle shape and loading path will influence the shear strength and the topological features of the strong network. The threshold (the ratio to the average force) is used to distinguish the strong and weak networks, and a critical threshold can be identified by comparing the network‐based metrics. The largest cluster within the strong network approaching the critical threshold can span the boundaries in each direction with minimum contacts, which occupies a small portion of particles and contacts but transmits a considerable portion of the applied stress. In addition, the similar contribution weight of the largest cluster to the deviatoric stress is identified for granular materials with different particle shapes.","PeriodicalId":13786,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信