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Nudges, College Enrollment, and College Persistence: Evidence from a Statewide Experiment in Michigan 督促、大学入学和大学坚持:来自密歇根州全州实验的证据
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2018-05-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3198881
Joshua Hyman
{"title":"Nudges, College Enrollment, and College Persistence: Evidence from a Statewide Experiment in Michigan","authors":"Joshua Hyman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3198881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3198881","url":null,"abstract":"I conduct a statewide experiment in Michigan with nearly 50,000 high-achieving high school seniors. Treated students are mailed a letter encouraging them to consider college and providing them with the web address of a college information website. I find that very high-achieving, poor and minority students are the most likely to navigate to the website. Small changes to letter content have dramatic effects on take-up. For example, highlighting college affordability induces 18 percent more students to the website than highlighting college choice, and 37 percent more than highlighting how to apply to college. Poor students who are mailed the letter experience a 1.4 percentage point increase in the probability that they enroll in college, driven by increases at four-year institutions. Unfortunately, these students tend not to persist through college, leading to an effect only half as large on the probability of enrolling and persisting to the second year of college, and a near zero impact on enrolling and persisting to the third year. These findings highlight the importance of supporting marginal college enrollees through college, and, for researchers, the necessity of examining persistence when evaluating college-going interventions.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127876032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
European Union Funding and Sub-National Euroscepticism: Evidence From Poland 欧盟资助和次国家欧洲怀疑主义:来自波兰的证据
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2018-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3325608
A. Hartnett, Alexander Gard-Murray
{"title":"European Union Funding and Sub-National Euroscepticism: Evidence From Poland","authors":"A. Hartnett, Alexander Gard-Murray","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3325608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3325608","url":null,"abstract":"This article tests whether EU transfers make beneficiaries more or less supportive of the European project. This question is especially relevant as anti-EU are becoming more electorally competitive across Europe. The European Commission states that their funding programs aim to achieve greater social and economic cohesion among EU member states. Yet, it is puzzling that across Europe, eurosceptic attitudes are clearly evident in regions that benefit most from EU funds (Becker et al., 2017; Richards et al., 2018). We address this puzzle by dis-aggregating EU funding at the local and individual levels in the EU’s highest net-beneficiary country, Poland. Using county-level data on EU funding beneficiaries and individual panel data from the Polish Social Diagnosis Survey, we find a positive association between EU agricultural spending and euroscepticism as measured by voting and attitudinal data. By examining the relationship between EU aid and eurosceptic political behavior and opinions, this project sheds light on the political economy of transfers and calls into question the unifying potential of agricultural spending.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127288949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Take-Up and Targeting: Experimental Evidence from Snap 吸收和定位:来自Snap的实验证据
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2018-05-01 DOI: 10.3386/W24652
Amy N. Finkelstein, Matthew J. Notowidigdo
{"title":"Take-Up and Targeting: Experimental Evidence from Snap","authors":"Amy N. Finkelstein, Matthew J. Notowidigdo","doi":"10.3386/W24652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W24652","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We develop a framework for welfare analysis of interventions designed to increase take-up of social safety net programs in the presence of potential behavioral biases. We calibrate the key parameters using a randomized field experiment in which 30,000 elderly individuals not enrolled in—but likely eligible for—the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are either provided with information that they are likely eligible, provided with this information and offered assistance in applying, or are in a “status quo” control group. Only 6% of the control group enrolls in SNAP over the next nine months, compared to 11% of the Information Only group and 18% of the Information Plus Assistance group. The individuals who apply or enroll in response to either intervention have higher net income and are less sick than the average enrollee in the control group. We present evidence consistent with the existence of optimization frictions that are greater for needier individuals, which suggests that the poor targeting properties of the interventions reduce their welfare benefits.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"384 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133820539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 210
Decentralization Reform, Its Potential and Opportunities in Ukraine, Reliance on Foreign Experience 乌克兰分权改革的潜力与机遇:对国外经验的依赖
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2018-04-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3164775
Anna Zhernoklieieva
{"title":"Decentralization Reform, Its Potential and Opportunities in Ukraine, Reliance on Foreign Experience","authors":"Anna Zhernoklieieva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3164775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3164775","url":null,"abstract":"The article details the process of decentralization reform in Ukraine and in the Kharkiv region. The methods for solving problems that arise during the reform are determined, through improvement of public information provision and legislative powers. The European experience of implementing this reform and the countries, which can become an example for Ukraine, are analyzed. The process of creation and functioning of the associated territorial communities in Ukraine and the Kharkiv region, their number, efficiency and efficiency are researched. It was revealed that the economic situation will improve and the living standards in the country will become higher due to decentralization. It is revealed that associated territorial communities should be formed with the support of state authorities, providing them with additional financial resources for further development and improvement of intergovernmental relations necessary for the successful implementation of the decentralization reform. A comparative analysis of the number and financing of the associated territorial communities of Ukraine with data on the Kharkiv region was carried out, which revealed that the Kharkiv region is at the sixteenth place in the region ranking for the formation of associated territorial communities. Based on the dynamics of local budgets, it is concluded that their number increases with each passing year, as well as the size of intergovernmental transfers aimed at sustainable development of regions. The ways of familiarizing the population with the education of officials are revealed, with the purpose of effective functioning of the communities, they include: holding forums, seminars, trainings, using different types of communication channels, involving people in projects implementation.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129836755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Local Fiscal Distress: Measurement and Prediction 地方财政困境:测量与预测
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/pbaf.12165
E. Gorina, Craig S. Maher, Marc D. Joffe
{"title":"Local Fiscal Distress: Measurement and Prediction","authors":"E. Gorina, Craig S. Maher, Marc D. Joffe","doi":"10.1111/pbaf.12165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbaf.12165","url":null,"abstract":"During and after the Great Recession, many local governments were compelled to declare fiscal emergencies, lay off workers, and cut services while others weathered the recession without needing to take such actions. In this paper, we construct an action†based measure of fiscal distress using comprehensive annual financial reports, budgets, and media coverage and then use it as a dependent variable to model fiscal distress as a function of past financial performance and socio†economic environment. The empirical models show the relative importance of fiscal reserves, debt, and revenue composition in predicting local fiscal distress.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124808957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 62
Federal Efforts to Stabilize ACA Individual Markets through State Innovation 联邦政府通过州创新稳定ACA个人市场的努力
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2018-02-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3169609
D. Badger, Rea S. Hederman
{"title":"Federal Efforts to Stabilize ACA Individual Markets through State Innovation","authors":"D. Badger, Rea S. Hederman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3169609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3169609","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to full implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014, states had taken the leading role in regulating individual health insurance markets. The ACA’s regime of subsidies, penalties, and federal regulations made individual coverage more accessible to those with moderate incomes and those with preexisting medical conditions. Premiums for such coverage, however, doubled between 2013 and 2017, leading to turmoil in individual markets. Both Congress and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) sought to grant states more authority to stabilize their markets through a waiver process established by section 1332 of the ACA. These efforts fell short. Congress did not enact significant changes to the ACA, and few states obtained CMS approval for section 1332 waivers to stabilize their markets. This paper offers several recommendations for streamlining and improving that waiver process that would provide states with more tools to stabilize individual markets.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114661882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do School Spending Cuts Matter? Evidence from the Great Recession 学校开支削减重要吗?大衰退的证据
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.3386/W24203
C. Jackson, C. Wigger, Heyu Xiong
{"title":"Do School Spending Cuts Matter? Evidence from the Great Recession","authors":"C. Jackson, C. Wigger, Heyu Xiong","doi":"10.3386/W24203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W24203","url":null,"abstract":"During the Great Recession, national public school per-pupil spending fell by roughly 7 percent and persisted beyond the recovery. The impact of such large and sustained education funding cuts is not well understood. To examine this, first, we document that the recessionary drop in spending coincided with the end of decades-long national growth in both test scores and college-going. Next, we show that this stalled educational progress was particularly pronounced in states that experienced larger recessionary budget cuts for plausibly exogenous reasons. To isolate budget cuts that were unrelated to (i) other ill-effects of the recession or (ii) endogenous state policies, we use states’ historical reliance on state-appropriated funds (which are more sensitive to the business cycle) to fund public schools interacted with the timing of the recession as instruments for reductions in school spending. Cohorts exposed to these spending cuts had lower test scores and lower college-going rates. The spending cuts led to larger test score gaps by income and race. (JEL E32, H52, H75, I21, I28, J15)","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"15 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126223130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 86
Political Competition and Rule-Based Financing in the Municipal Bond Market 市政债券市场的政治竞争与规则融资
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2017-12-15 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3169573
Marian W. Moszoro
{"title":"Political Competition and Rule-Based Financing in the Municipal Bond Market","authors":"Marian W. Moszoro","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3169573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3169573","url":null,"abstract":"I study the link between the choice of rule-based contracts and political competition through the municipal bond market. I provide evidence that when the probability of losing office is high, mayors are more likely to issue revenue bonds over general obligation bonds and to choose competitive bidding over negotiated sales. This relationship can help explain trends in public financing and spending. The choice of revenue bonds and competitive bidding insulates public officials from referendum checks and allegations of impropriety but requires higher interest rates and administrative costs.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130866708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Intergovernmental Cooperation and Tax Enforcement 政府间合作和税收执法
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.3386/W24153
Ugo Troiano
{"title":"Intergovernmental Cooperation and Tax Enforcement","authors":"Ugo Troiano","doi":"10.3386/W24153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W24153","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the efficiency of tax collection is important for development and fairness purposes. I study the Audit Exchange Information Agreements, which are agreements between the states and the U.S. federal government to exchange information about income tax audit plans and techniques, signed between the 1950s and the 1970s. Adopting a difference-in-differences identification strategy, I show that the program increased state income tax revenues by about 15 percent. I show that mobility and the reported income do not appear to react to the policy, suggesting that the effects may be linked to higher quality auditing. The effects are stronger in places where there are more civic and social organizations, suggesting that tax compliance is higher when there is more cooperative gathering.","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115493690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Similar or Different? Exploring the Gap between Federal and Regional Elections in Russia 相似还是不同?探索俄罗斯联邦和地区选举之间的差距
Political Economy: National Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3082111
R. Turovsky, M. Sukhova
{"title":"Similar or Different? Exploring the Gap between Federal and Regional Elections in Russia","authors":"R. Turovsky, M. Sukhova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3082111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3082111","url":null,"abstract":"This research is focused on the issue of differences in results received in elections for regional and federal legislatures that are held according to the proportional system. In particular, the question of whether the authorities’ decision to favour the combination of synchronous regional and federal elections has proved effective. This research showed that, in simultaneous elections held at different territorial levels, United Russia always delivers better results at a federal level than at a regional level, while oppositional parties, conversely, perform better at a regional level than they do at a federal level. This can be explained by the phenomenon of strategic voting, according to which voters prefer to cast their votes for more stable and major players in federal elections, and that they are more likely to vote sincerely in regional elections. However, in separate elections these trends are not retained, and United Russia in particular has been noted to perform better in regional campaigns held during the inter-election period, than it did in the preceding and subsequent federal elections. Analysis of the degree of competitiveness showed that differences in the level of competitiveness in federal and regional elections are almost always lower in combined elections than in separate elections","PeriodicalId":137820,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: National","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127212983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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