International Journal of Agriculture and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Fusarium oxysporum Silver Nanoparticles; their Characterization and Larvicidal Activity against Aedes Mosquitoes","authors":"N. S. Sumera","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1815","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium oxysporum is an entomopathogenic fungus, and it has anti-biological activity against larvae of mosquitoes. Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting different diseases in humans. The use of chemical insecticides against mosquitoes is not eco-friendly option and results in the development of insecticidal resistance in mosquitoes. We investigated a biological control activity against these mosquitoes. In the present study, we cultured a local isolate of F. oxysporum from soil samples collected from Lahore, Pakistan and were initially identified based on its morphology and then confirmed through PCR. A product of 339 bp was amplified from the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) gene of the fungus and sequenced afterwards. The sequence was in clad with Fusarium, which was isolated from a mosquito's body in the phylogenetic analysis. Local F. oxysporum was cultured and silver NPs (nanoparticles) were prepared. UV-Vis analysis depicted a broad peak at 420 nm wavelength and a narrow height at 310 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns of NPs indicated the existence of sharp diffraction peaks at 2θ angles of 32.19°, 45.55° and 64.27° that can be indexed to the (101), (200) and (220) facets of silver, which agree with the values reported for fcc lattice of silver NPs in International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD). The SEM (scanning electron microscope) micrograph showed well-defined spherical NPs, which were smooth, isotropic, poly-dispersed, and ranging from 10 nm to 200 nm. The Zeta potential (ZP) measurements and poly-disparity index of 0.16 by DLS revealed a low variability of particle size and exhibited good physiochemical stability of biosynthesized AgNPs. In the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of biosynthesized AgNPs, strong bands were analyzed at 3280 cm-1 and 1635 cm-1. F. oxysporum NPs enhanced the anti-biological activity by killing Aedes larvae 7 h earlier than F. oxysporum without NPs. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi can be the best alternative of the chemical method to control the mosquito population. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44735690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Boulardii Yeast Wall Polysaccharides on Intestinal Microflora in Jejunum, Cecum and Colon for Early-Weaned Lambs by 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis","authors":"Mengjian Liu","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1820","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Boulardiiyeast wall polysaccharide (BRYP) on the intestinal micro-ecosystem of early-weaned lambs. A total of 60 early-weaned lambs (35-days-old, Kazak♂*Altay♀*Suffolk♂) were randomly assigned into two treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an experimental group with a basal diet and added 0.05% BRYP. The HiSeq high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16SrRNA was used to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial flora composition, diversity, relative abundance, principle coordination analysis, and the correlation between intestinal microbial flora composition and immune indices. After feeding for 40days, the addition of 0.5% BRYP in milk replacer significantly enhanced the species richness in the cecum and colon, but decreased the diversity of species in the colon (P <0.05); Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the experimental group was significantly enhanced, but the Proteobacteria was significantly decreased in all tested intestinal segments (P <0.05).In the jejunum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Fibrobacter of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Ruminobacter was significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the cecum, the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira and Bifidobacterium of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Blautia were significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the colon, the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacteriumof the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Escherichia were significantly decreased (P <0.05). There were significant correlations between intestinal immune indices (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and intestinal microbial composition in the colon (P <0.05). These results indicated that BRYP may contribute to the promotion of the proportion of helpful microbial populations and enhancing the balance of intestinal; Besides, BRYP may indirectly improve the intestinal immune function by changes of intestinal microflora composition, but suppress the inflammatory response in the bottom of intestinal mucosa of early-weaned lambs.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45919935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Seed Germination Transcriptomes of Sicyos angulatus","authors":"Helong Si","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1805","url":null,"abstract":"Sicyos angulatus has become an important invasive plant exhibiting good ecological adaptability and strong competitive ability. However, studies on this plant at the molecular level are limited by a lack of sequencing data. The present study obtained transcriptome sequences and gene expression profiles using RNA-Seq during S. angulatus seed germination. In total, RNA-Seq generated 491,967,468 reads, which were de novo assembled and 127,874 unigenes with N50 length of 807 bp. About 34.9% of the unigenes (44,660) were annotated against the protein databases, and 35,176 coding sequences were determined. During S. angulatus seed germination, over 127,860 unigenes were expressed and 66,664 unigenes differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 8919 DEGs were similar in pairwise comparison. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs revealed that genes related to post-embryonic development, meristem development, and photosynthesis were enriched. In addition, the GO term “plant hormone signal transduction pathway” was also enriched in the DEGs. Important changes in genes expression related to auxin and gibberellin signal transduction might possibly be associated with S. angulatus seed germination. The findings of this study provide a foundation for research on S. angulatus that may contribute to prevent further invasion of this plant, consequently protecting the environment. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43882983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene Expression Evaluation of Multigenic Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) against Cotton Leaf Curl Virus","authors":"M. Afzal","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1821","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most crucial threats limiting the sustainable production of cotton is cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). There is dire need to produce a resistant variety that can combat CLCuD. For this purpose, virus resistant transgenic cotton plants (MNH-786) with C4 gene construct at T3 generation were selected and sown. Young fresh leaves of multigenic variety of MNH-786 were collected to confirm the transformed construct. Infected whiteflies were used for spreading on transgenic cotton MNH-786 variety with C4 construct to check percentage of infection. Whiteflies were collected from infected cotton plants showing CLCuD and reared in lab to increase the population of whiteflies. After 15 days of feeding, infected leaves of transgenic plants were collected and total DNA of infected leaves of transgenic cotton plant with virus load was extracted. At maturity, data of morphological characteristic was taken from the transgenic cotton plants of MNH-786 and control plants. Resistant transgenic cotton plants showed < 0.5% disease index and recorded more plant height in field condition. Total number of bolls per plant was 20% more in tolerant plants and 40% more in resistant plants as compared to susceptible plants. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants showed clear evidence that expression of construct 4 virus resistant gene against begomoviruses in resistant and tolerant group of transgenic plants was more as compared to susceptible group and control. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47258347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of the Gastrointestinal Parasitism with the Phytominerals in the Grazing Sheep (Ovis aries)","authors":"H. Rizwan","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1809","url":null,"abstract":"Trace elements play an important role to boost the immunity and fight against parasitic infections. Concentration of trace elements like Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) were determined in soil, forages and sera of sheep. An associative analysis was also made between the burden of Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites and concentrations of trace elements of sheep sera. For this, 384 faecal and blood samples of sheep, an appropriate number of forages and soil samples were collected. The faecal samples were subjected to determine the species and burden of GI parasites. The sera, plant and soil samples were subjected to pre-treatment (digestion) required for the determination of trace elements. The overall prevalence of GI parasites was 32.81% and the most prevalent species were Haemonchus (H.) contortus followed in order by Eimeria spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Fasciola spp. Variables like age, sex, breed and tehsils of Silakot district showed an insignificant association with GI parasitic burden. Trace elements concentration of forages showed a significant (P < 0.05) variation while trace elements concentration of soil showed an insignificant (P > 0.05) variation. In serum, Zn concentration showed significant (P < 0.05) results among all the tehsils of study district. Mean concentrations of Mn and Cu in serum were found inversely proportional to the mean egg count per gram of sheep faeces in tehsil Pasroor of the Sialkot district. Forages containing high concentrations of Mn and Cu can be used effectively against GI parasites. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48068057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Alginate-Montmorillonite-Starch with Encapsulated Trichoderma harzianum and Evaluation of Conidia Shelf Life","authors":"Fariz Adzmi","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1812","url":null,"abstract":"Biological control agents, such as Trichoderma harzianum, are widely used in sustainable agriculture. However, commercialisation and mass production of biocontrol products have remained a challenge, especially in viability and efficiency in field application. The encapsulation method has emerged as a sophisticated technique to develop the formulation of T. harzianum. Hence, encapsulation through extrusion was used to prepare T. harzianum beads. The physical characteristics comprising weight, diameter, and swelling ability of the beads were significantly improved when the starch percentage was increased. Alginate-montmorillonite-starch (10%) revealed the lowest shrinkage and the highest swelling ability. The interaction within the functional groups of alginate, montmorillonite, and starch was confirmed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) study. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopic analysis exposed compatible scattering of montmorillonite particles and starch granules over the alginate linkages. Meanwhile, the X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the exfoliation between starch and montmorillonite. Storage of T. harzianum beads at 5°C was more suitable than storage at 28°C. At low temperature, the encapsulated T. harzianum beads maintained their viability at 6.59 ± 0.12 log CFU g−1 for an effective threshold value for up to seven months. The current findings indicated that the combination of alginate, montmorillonite, and starch is the best formulation of encapsulated T. harzianum with improved conidia shelf life. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47893400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strictosidine Synthase Coding Gene Expression towards Quinine Biosynthesis and Accumulation: Inconsistency in Cultured Cells and Fresh Tissues of Cinchona ledgeriana","authors":"D. Ratnadewi, M. H. Fendiyanto, R. Satrio, M. Miftahudin, A. N. Laily","doi":"10.17957/IJAB/15.1817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1817","url":null,"abstract":"Strictosidine synthase, encoded by the gene STR, facilitates the regeneration of strictosidine, a critical intermediate for the synthesis of many plant alkaloids. The gene has, however, never been studied in Cinchona spp. The plants produce quinine alkaloid used for malaria medication, SARS-CoV-2 treatment and other industrial purposes. Cultured cells can produce the alkaloid but only at a much lower yield than the natural tree. This study describes STR expression and quinine content in various plant materials. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted on nine species of Rubiaceae to obtain reference sequences to design conservative primers for Cinchona ledgeriana STR (ClSTR). ClSTR expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and quinine content was determined using HPLC. A complete coding sequence (CDS) of ClSTR was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number MK422544.1. ClSTR was expressed in cultured cells, young and mature leaves, and stem bark. The elicited cells have higher expression than the control and they performed since the fourth week. However, the quinine content was greater in older cells. The gene expression in young leaves was superior, but quinine was most abundant in the stem bark. Every cell of C. ledgeriana, in culture or in the plant, expressed ClSTR and was capable of synthesizing the alkaloid quinine. The alkaloid from the leaves of the plant might be translocated and accumulated in the bark. No efflux of alkaloids from the confined cultured cells might contribute in triggering feedback inhibition in the biosynthetic pathway. This study revealed a critical obstacle in cell culture as a means of secondary metabolites production that needs further development of metabolic engineering. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43817285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Planta Interaction and Transreplication of Distinct Begomoviruses and their Associated Components","authors":"M. Sattar","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1807","url":null,"abstract":"The studies described here were intended to examine the transreplication and interactions abilities of a widespread ToLCNDV, and an emerging begomovirus PeLCV associated with its cognate betasatellite TbLCuB. PeLCV, a monopartite begomovirus, has been characterized from many important crops, vegetables and weeds along with its associated TbLCuB. The DNA-B of bipartite ToLCNDV genome has been successfully transreplicated by the DNA-A of different bipartite begomoviruses, albeit with low frequency. Whether PeLCV can transreplicate DNA-B of ToLCNDV is unknown. To unravel this notion, both these viruses were inoculated to the model Nicotiana benthamiana plants in all possible combinations and the in planta existence of viral components were verified by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. The results demonstrated that PeLCV transreplicated and maintained ToLCNDV DNA-B. Whereas, ToLCNDV DNA-A could not transreplicate TbLCuB. Analyses of Rep proteins structure of ToLCNDV and PeLCV revealed a structural resemblance, whereas putative iteron-binding sequences of PeLCV were compatible with the Rep-binding iterons of ToLCNDV-B. The results suggested that PeLCV and ToLCNDV DNA-B can interact synergistically and can be disastrous under field conditions. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43819155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1H NMR-Based Metabolomics to Identify Resistance-Related Metabolites in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus against Fusarium Root Rot","authors":"Fen Gao","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1810","url":null,"abstract":"Root rot is a destructive disease of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (AMM) and occurs frequently in recent years in the main cultivation regions in China. However, the progress of AMM resistance breeding is extremely slow due to the lack of resistance source and inefficiency of the conventional disease resistance evaluation method. This study aimed to provide information on the interaction between AMM and Fusarium solani, one of the predominant pathogens causing root rot and identify the resistance-related (RR) metabolites by using the nontargeted 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics approach. Of the 24 metabolites examined, the concentration changes in sucrose, fructose, taurine and phenylalanine were negatively correlated with the root rot severity. The abundance of malic acid in F. solani-inoculated samples considerably decreased at 21 days post inoculation (dpi). The five metabolites were identified as RR metabolites, and only malic acid inhibited the fungal growth. These metabolites might serve as candidate biomarkers for discriminating the resistance levels of different AMM genotypes and establishing the high-throughput screening method of AMM breeding lines against root rot caused by F. solani. Results could assist in accelerating the resistance breeding program. The possible mechanisms of RR metabolites in plant defense against the pathogen were discussed. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44103136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorating Effects of Different Extracts of Culinary Mushroom Species on the Production Performance of Healthy and Eimeria Infected Commercial Broiler Birds","authors":"M. I. Ullah","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1806","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, three edible mushroom species including Pleurotus (P.) ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and Lentinus (L.) edodes were processed for hot water, methanolic and polysaccharide extracts. These extracts were administered to commercial broiler birds. Production performance was determined as weight gains and feed conversion ratios (FCR) in healthy birds on weekly basis. Further, groups were subjected to oral Eimeria infection and weight gains were monitored from days 4 to 12 post inoculation. Study revealed significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gains in experimental groups given different mushroom extracts during 4th, 5th and 6th weeks of experiment in comparison to control. Feed conversion ratios observed in the control groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05) as compared to experimental groups especially methanolic extracts of all three mushroom species during 5th and 6th weeks of the experiment. After Eimeria inoculation, weight gains of the experimental groups given different mushroom extracts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on 10th, 11th and 12th day. Results concluded that aqueous, methanolic and polysaccharide extracts of P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and L. edodes had potential to improve the production in healthy birds and may also enhance the weights in commercial broiler birds suffering from Eimeria infection. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45570172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}