International Journal of Agriculture and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Direct Shoot Organogenesis and Clonal Fidelity Confirmation of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) using Molecular Markers","authors":"Annor Gebril Annour Alttaher","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1802","url":null,"abstract":"Eurycoma longifolia is a medicinally potent plant found in the tropical forest of South-East Asia. Every part of the plant, especially the root is traditionally used as an aphrodisiac, anticancer and anti-inflammatory. E. longifolia is conventionally propagated by seeds but with low germination rate and efficiency. This has made an in vitro propagation of E. longifolia a desirable alternative. Hence, this study reports an effective method of direct organogenesis of shoot. In vitro seedling’s leaves were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), producing 1.8 ± 0.5 shoots per leaf with a regeneration frequency of 68.2%. The shoot buds were directly formed from leaves without intermediate callus formation. To obtain complete plantlets, the shoots were in vitro rooted with an average number of 4.2 ± 0.4 roots per shoot in half-strength MS (½MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized to field conditions with an 85% survival rate. Genetic fidelity of the micropropagated plantlets was evaluated using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis. The results showed that the monomorphic banding patterns of in vitro raised plantlets and their mother plant were similar, confirming its homogeneity and the reliability of the multiplication system. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42274012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root Traits Responses to Irrigation Intervals in Rice (Oryza sativa)","authors":"M. Gaballah","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1804","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is one of major abiotic stresses that effect rice production. Roots play vital role in absorption of water and nutrients from soil contributing for drought tolerance. The present study quantified the effects of different irrigation intervals on root development and agronomical traits of three Egyptian rice cultivars, Giza177, Giza178, Sakha107, IET1444 as a popular drought tolerant and Moroberekan as control genotype. Irrigation treatments were imposed 15 days after transplanting and applied for every 4, 8 and 12 days during 2018 and 2019 rice growing seasons. The results showed the reduction in root architecture traits with prolonged irrigation intervals. A significant decrease in plant height, number of panicles plant-1, grain yield (t ha-1) and relative water content, while sterility (%) and water use efficiency significantly increased over irrigation intervals. The highly significant and positive correlation was found among grain yield and root:shoot ratio, relative water content and number of panicles plant-1, while the negative correlation was with root xylem vessel number and sterility. It was concluded that, the drought reduced the grain yield and its components due to poor developed root system. Moroberekan and IET1444 genotypes can be used as a donor parent for rice breeding program. Further studies are also required to identify factors that contribute to the high yield potential of both Giza178 and Sakha107 under different water stress condition. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47812793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Antimicrobial and Multi Drug Resistance in E. coli and Salmonella Isolates of Commercial and Non-Commercial Poultry","authors":"A. A. Kamboh","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1808","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive and abuse of antibiotics have contributed to the universal spread of antibiotic resistance (AR). Commercial poultry birds harbor more antibiotic-resistant microorganisms than the backyard chicken, but the status is not published in quails. This study was designed to investigate the status of AR microbiota in C0: backyard chickens, C1: commercial broiler, Q0: backyard/wild quails and Q1: commercial quails (n=20). Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella isolates from carcass and ceca of these chickens and quails were investigated for incidence and extent of AR using disk diffusion method. The results of overall microbiota of the experimental birds revealed that C1 showed a greater (P < 0.01) AR as compared with C0 for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, norfloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole, with about 57.39, 57.24, 38.78, 62.92, 36.51, 67.61, 55.83 and 55.68% greater incidence of AR, respectively. Similarly, Q1 also exhibited a greater (P < 0.01) AR than Q0 for these antibiotics, with about 65.59, 58.44, 54.38, 54.38, 55.68, 51.62, 54.87, and 64.93%, respectively. Moreover, the results of individual microbial numbers of both the pathogenic bacterial isolates from C1 and Q1 exhibited a higher (P < 0.01) AR for all tested antimicrobials than those isolated from C0 and Q0. Additionally, the E. coli and Salmonella isolates of C1 and Q1 were more (P < 0.05) multi drug resistant (MDR) as compared with C0 and Q0. Furthermore, the extent of AR was greater in E. coli and Salmonella isolates of C1 and Q1 in contrast to those of C0 and Q0. Finally, C1 and Q1 harbored a greater number of MDR bacterial species than those in C0 and Q0 thus may act as risk factors for antimicrobial dissemination. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67480167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report on Molecular Diagnosis and Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatozoon canis in Naturally Infected Domesticated and Stray Dogs from Jhang, Pakistan","authors":"M. Abbas","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1803","url":null,"abstract":"Canine diseases, particularly caused by tick-borne hepatozoons are responsible for high morbidity and mortality and are the reason for attracting significant focus. The current study was aimed to survey the occurrence of H. canis in domesticated and stray dogs of Jhang city (Punjab) with its molecular identification. For this, blood samples from 300 dogs (n=200 domesticated; n=100 stray) were collected and assayed through PCR for the detection of H. canis supported by sequencing analysis. The results demonstrated, 15.66% (47/300) of samples positive for H. canis. A significantly (P<0.05) higher occurrence of H. canis was observed in stray dogs (27%) than domesticated dogs (10%). Evaluation of the various risk factors showed that the age, sex, breed, dog category (domestic or stray), body coat, environmental settings (rural or urban) and ectoparasitic infestation were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the occurrence of infection. The phylogenetic analysis of the PCR confirmed specimens revealed a very close homology of the detected strains with the ones diagnosed earlier in China and Malta. It was concluded that present moderate prevalence of H. canis among the dog populations in the area of Jhang may rise with stray dogs being most vulnerable hosts and potential source of vectors spread. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47059311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Promising Genotypes and Discriminating Traits under Salt Stress at Early Growth Stages of Maize","authors":"M. Aslam","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1819","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity stress is one of the leading abiotic stresses seriously affecting the crop productivity across the world. Early growth stages are more affected by salinity stress than terminal growth stages. Therefore, maize genotypes were evaluated for their performance in three different studies (Experiment-1: irrigation of seeds with salt solutions (distilled water, 4 dS/m, 6 dS/m and 10 dS/m) for 5 days, Experiment-2: application of different salinity treatments (distilled water, 4 dS/m, 6 dS/m and 10 dS/m) for 20 days from sowing to seedling emergence stage, Experiment-3: application of salinity stresses in hydroponic culture under four above mentioned different salinity treatments. Time to start germination (TSG), time to 50% germination (TFG) and final germination percentage (FGP) of the maize genotypes was reduced by salinity stress. Radicle length, plumule length, root and shoot length and fresh weight and chlorophyll contents were also linearly reduced in maize genotypes by increasing salinity levels. Moreover, sodium (Na+) concentration was increased in seeds and seedlings of maize genotypes whereas; potassium (K+) concentration was reduced with gradual rise in salinity levels. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplots facilitated the efficient assortment of susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately tolerant and tolerant maize genotypes for each of the three studies separately. Genotype „YS-2008‟ was susceptible for seed treatment and hydroponic studies whereas, genotype „T267-5‟ was susceptible for early seedling and hydroponic studies. Genotype „C864-284‟ was tolerant in early seedling and hydroponic studies. The GGE biplot analysis indicated that „YS-2008‟ genotype was susceptible for salinity stress. Under hydroponic conditions, genotypes could effectively be discriminated by the imposition of severe salt stress (10 dS/m); however, under seed treatments and early seedling growth stages, mild stress treatments (4 dS/m) were sufficient enough to discriminate the maize genotypes. Hydroponic evaluation of genotypes is suitable and preferable under high stress conditions at early growth stages. Identified tolerant and susceptible genotypes could be effectively used in different breeding programs to develop salt tolerant new cultivars for commercial purposes. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44179031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Combined or Along VFA, pH, Lipopolysaccharide and Histamine on the Rumen Epithelial Permeability of Dairy Goats In Vitro","authors":"Yy Sun","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1811","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated whether concurrent presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and histamine (HIS) have the potential to increase permeability of the ruminal epithelium at physiological pH and acidotic ruminal pH. Nine 2.5-year-old female lactating Saanen dairy goats (42.79 ± 5.61 kg of BW; Mean ± SD) were used as a ruminant model. ruminal epithelium of goats were collected and mounted in Ussing chambers on their mucosal side in different gradient buffer solutions (pH 7.4, 5.5 and 5.2) containing LPS (0, 30 and 60 KEU·mL-1) or HIS (0, 0.5 and 10 ng·mL-1). The rumen epithelial electrophysiological indexes, such as short-circuit (Isc), tissue conductance (Gt) and the permeability of marker molecules of different sizes (horseradish peroxidase, HRP and fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate, FITC) from the mucosal to the serosal side, were measured. Both Isc and Gt were increased, accompanied by enhanced flux of FITC, with a decrease of mucosal pH (P < 0.05). The addition of LPS at mucosal pH 5.2 significantly increased Isc, Gt and FITC flux rates and decreased potential difference (PD) (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concurrent presence of LPS and HIS at both physiological and acidotic ruminal pH also significantly increased the permeability of ruminal epithelium asevidenced by increasing Isc, Gt and FITC flux rates and decreasing PD. In summary, our results have shown that concurrent presence of LPS 60 KEU‧mL-1 and HIS 10 ng‧mL-1 at mucosal pH 5.5 can increase the permeability of ruminal epithelium. The combination of low pH and both high LPS and HIS may increase vulnerability to aggravated rumen epithelial barrier dysfunction. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41840262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Genetic Variability and Direct-Indirect Contribution of Post-Anthesis Traits to the Grain Yield in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Different Sowing Dates","authors":"S. Ul-Allah","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1824","url":null,"abstract":"In cotton-wheat cropping system of Pakistan, sowing of wheat is delayed which results in a heavy loss to the farmers. To this end, a two-year field experiment was conducted to i) asses the performance of genotypes under late sowing ii) heritability and genetic association of different traits under normal and late sowing for their use in the breeding programs. Experimental factors included 20 diverse wheat genotypes (16 advance lines and 04 approved varieties) factorially combined with two sowing dates i.e., normal sowing (11 and 13 November in 2018 and 2019, respectively) and late sowing (09 and 11 December in 2018 and 2019, respectively). The results revealed a highly significant (P < 0.01) effect of genotype and sowing date on all the post-anthesis studied traits and the interaction of the two factors was also significant (P < 0.01) for all the traits except number of spikelets per spike. Contribution of sowing dates was more in overall variation of different post-anthesis traits than genotypes and their interaction. With respect to the performance, genotype 9725 performed best in both early and late sowing, but a reduction of 26% in the grain yield was observed due to late sowing, whereas the grain yield of Miraj-2008 was comparatively lower but showed a reduction of only 17% due to late sowing. Number of tillers per plant and biological yield showed a highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation (r= 0.38 and 0.72, respectively) with grain yield under normal conditions, but path analyses revealed that number of tillers per plant showed association indirectly through biological yield and its direct effect is only one third of the total effect. Under late sowing, association of number of tillers turned non-significant and direct effect become negative which showed complicated association of this trait under normal and late sowing. High broad sense heritability (H2 > 75%) of all the traits suggests a good genetic gain in breeding program by using these traits. As different genotypes performed best for different yield related traits, therefore a breeding program with a careful crossing plan should be developed to pyramid the genes for different traits for the development of genotypes adapted to late sowing. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48941205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Chemical Reclamation on the Physiological and Chemical Response of Rice Grown in Varying Salinity and Sodicity Conditions","authors":"A. Qadir","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1813","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity and sodicity are the major abiotic constraints that prevail in arid and semi-arid regions. Proper management is required for productive use of this land. Reclamation of sodic and saline-sodic soils is highly site-specific that describes the diverse response of different soils to different amendments. These reclamation practices also alter the plant's physiological and ionic characteristics. This experiment aimed to better understand the physiological and ionic responses of rice crop at different salinity/sodicity levels. A lysimeter experiment was set forth with soil having ECe (dS m-1):SAR (mmol L-1)1/2 levels as 4:20, 8:40, 12:60 and 16:80 and all the levels were treated with organic (farm manure at 25 Mg ha-1) and inorganic (gypsum at 100% soil gypsum requirement (SGR) and sulphuric acid equivalent to 100% SGR) amendments keeping no ammendment as control. Results revealed that the maximum relative increase in physiological attributes (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and total chlorophyll contents), ionic contents (nitrogen, potassium and K:Na ratio) and growth of rice were recorded with sulphuric acid application followed by gypsum. On an average 25%, 31% and 45% increase in biological yield, plant height and paddy yield, respectively was observed with sulphuric acid application over control. It is concluded that sulphuric acid and gypsum both were the best amendments for reclamation of soil having a low level of salinity/sodicity whereas, at higher salinity/sodicity levels, only sulphuric acid seemed better for improved rice production. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48617623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a Multi-Pronged Approach to Combat its Infection in Veterinary Science and Public Health: A Review","authors":"B. Mustafa","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1801","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens associated with a variety of medical and veterinary infections and therefore, it presents a major public health threat. Different classes of antibiotics are being used to treat its infections which are increasing selective pressure to multi-drug resistance development. Resistance to antibiotics in P. aeruginosa is due to many of the common and unique mechanisms which include: reducing membrane permeability, modification or inactivation of antibiotics, alteration of enzymes, modification of target sites and over-expression of efflux systems. Over or under expression of the genes of porin channels and components of efflux systems play a major role in the resistance mechanisms of P. aeruginosa. To overcome the problem of the emergence of antibiotic resistance, many new strategies are being employed to control infections caused by P. aeruginosa. These include the use of herbs/medicinal plants and phage therapy. With the advent of modern technology, the molecular mechanisms of these alternative therapies are being elucidated and may be used in future to treat P. aeruginosa infections in humans and veterinary clinics. This review thus highlights the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa against the commonly used antimicrobials and also some alternative strategies to control P. aeruginosa infection. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41305607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical Characterization and Brix in Jersey Cow Colostrum in Tropical Conditions","authors":"E. G. S. O. Silva","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1818","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition (fat, total protein, casein, defatted dry extract, total solids and vitamin A), refractometry and pH of Jersey cow colostrum and correlations between Brix degree and colostrum constituents. Colostrum samples were collected from Jersey cow in the fifth milking after calving. Samples were identified and refrigerated until analysis. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and a descriptive analysis, while differences between milk were compared by the Duncan’s test (P < 0.05) using the SAS version 9.0 software program. Pearson correlations were then performed between Brix grade and bovine colostrum constituents. The fat, total protein, casein, total solid and Brix percentage of the colostrum gradually decreased from the first to the fifth milking, while the lactose content increased. Positive correlations were observed between Brix values and protein, casein, total solids and defatted dry extract contents, while lactose was negatively correlated. The rapid reduction in Brix means and protein concentrations after delivery demonstrates the importance of administer colostrum in the shortest period after birth. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41347470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}