International immunology最新文献

{"title":"Secreted phospholipase A2 regulates intercellular communications by coordinating extracellular phospholipid metabolism.","authors":"Makoto Murakami","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf027","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipids play fundamental roles in life. In essence, \"phospholipase A2\" (PLA2) indicates a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes that possess PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals and are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. Among the PLA2 superfamily, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) family contains 11 isoforms in mammals, each of which has unique substrate specificity and tissue/cellular distributions. Recent studies using gene-manipulated (knockout and/or transgenic) mice for a full set of sPLA2s have revealed their diverse roles in immunity, metabolism, and other biological events. Application of mass spectrometric lipidomics to these mice has allowed the identification of target substrates and products of individual sPLA2s in tissue microenvironments. In principle, sPLA2s hydrolyze extracellular phospholipids such as those in extracellular vesicles, microbes, lipoproteins, surfactants, and ingested foods, as well as phospholipids in the plasma membrane of activated or damaged cells, thereby exacerbating or ameliorating various diseases. The actions of sPLA2s are dependent on, or independent of, the generation of free fatty acids, lysophospholipids, or their metabolites (lipid mediators) according to pathophysiological contexts. In this review, I will make an overview of recent understanding of the unexplored immunoregulatory roles of sPLA2s and their underlying lipid pathways, especially focusing on their unique actions on extracellular vesicles, activated/damaged cells, and gut microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"599-610"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12421130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased serum IgG antibody response to Merkel cell polyomavirus oncoproteins in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases.","authors":"Chiara Mazziotta, Giulia Tonnini, Milena Oimo, Christian Felice Cervellera, Giada Badiale, Antoine Touzé, Elisa Assirelli, Simona Neri, Francesco Ursini, Maurizio Rossini, Giovanni Adami, Davide Gatti, Marcello Govoni, Mauro Tognon, Fernanda Martini, John Charles Rotondo","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf029","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) encompass a spectrum of disorders with a partially understood pathogenesis. A role for polyomaviruses in AIRDs occurrence has been reported. However, the involvement of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the main causative factor of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive skin neoplasm related to immunosuppression, in AIRDs is unknown. The prevalence/serological profiles of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to MCPyV large and small T (LT/sT) oncoproteins and viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1/2) were investigated herein in 540 immunosuppressive treatment-naive AIRD patients, encompassing 447 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 93 ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients by seven MCPyV-specific immunoassays. Control sera from 500 healthy subjects (HS) and 128 MCC patients were included. MCPyV DNA and LT/VP1 mRNAs were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 75 randomly selected AIRD patients. AIRD patients exhibited higher prevalence and levels (optical densities) of serum anti-oncoprotein IgGs (12%-13%, 0.2-0.6) compared to HS (2%-7%, 0.1-0.4), but lower than MCC patients (70%-83%, 0.2-0.7) (P < .05), with the increase being more pronounced in AS (24%-29%, 0.3-0.8) than in RA (9%-11%, 0.2-0.8) (P < .05). Conversely, similar rates and levels of serum anti-capsid proteins IgGs were determined in most cases between study and control groups (60%-73%, 0.1-0.3) (P > .05). Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that the MCPyV serology can discriminate AIRD patients from HS (P < .0001). A fraction (11%) of AIRD PBMCs tested MCPyV DNA (7.4 ± 2.6 [copy/104 cells]) and mRNA-positive (0.5-0.1 [1/ΔCt]), while matched sera showed high rates and levels of anti-oncoproteins IgGs (38%-75%, 0.2-2). Our study provides the first evidence that AIRD patients are immunologically responsive to MCPyV oncoproteins, with a fraction of these patients presenting an increased presentation of MCPyV LT and sT antigens, possibly due to viral LT/sT oncogene expression in their PBMCs. These data suggest an association between MCPyV infection and AIRDs pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"625-634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144527826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-human TLR7 antibody for therapeutic intervention in systemic lupus erythematosus.","authors":"Ryutaro Fukui, Yusuke Murakami, Atsuo Kanno, Yuji Motoi, Atsushi Manno, Tomohiro Honda, Shinnosuke Yamada, Jun Ishiguro, Takashi Kagari, Kensuke Nakamura, Michinori Kadokura, Takashi Isobe, Yoshiaki Tomimori, Jun Tanaka, Giorgio Senaldi, Toshiyuki Shimizu, Kensuke Miyake","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an endosomal sensor that responds to both pathogen-derived and self-derived single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Responses of TLR7 to self-derived ssRNA have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TLR7 antagonists and inhibitory anti-TLR7 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can protect lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice from lethal nephritis. However, less is known about TLR7 dependence and activation in human SLE, as both TLR7 and TLR8 respond to ssRNA in humans. Here, we analyzed public databases and found that TLR7 gene signature scores consistently elevated across datasets, races, and SLEDAI scores compared to TLR8, suggesting a deeper involvement of TLR7 in SLE pathogenesis. To specifically inhibit human TLR7 responses, we developed inhibitory mAbs against human TLR7. Utilizing an inhibitory clone, we generated the humanized mAb, DS-7011a. DS-7011a effectively inhibited TLR7-mediated responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and B cells. Furthermore, DS-7011a was internalized in a TLR7-dependent manner and accumulated in B cells, pDCs, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), and monocytes/macrophages. In this study, we describe the generation and preclinical development of DS-7011a, which has the potential to be a therapeutic option for the treatment of SLE.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligoclonal expansion of IgG+ B cells along with Tfh cell response is associated with a better outcome in endometrial cancer.","authors":"Mayu Fujioka, Shusei Fujioka, Hiroyuki Yoshitomi, Junzo Hamanishi, Haruka Suzuki, Masayo Ukita, Yasuhide Takeuchi, Sachiko Minamiguchi, Hiroaki Ito, Masaki Mandai, Hideki Ueno","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>B cells play a critical role in tumor immunity, with their presence associated with improved prognosis in various cancers, including endometrial cancer (EC). However, the nature of the B cell response within the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains incompletely understood. In this study, we conducted single-cell analyses of B cells and CD4+ T cells in the TME of EC. We found that the TME of EC harbored abundant plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs), which were rare in normal endometria. PCs primarily expressed either IgG or IgA, and a high abundance of IgG in TME was associated with better overall survival. B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire analysis revealed a clonal expansion of IgG+ B cells, coinciding with an increased presence of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the TME. Notably, Tfh cells shared T cell receptor clones with cycling CD4+ T cells, indicating local proliferation. BCR repertoire analysis also suggested that IgG+ PCs differentiate from IFN-responding B cells and double-negative B cells in the TME. Additionally, recombinant oligoclonal IgG antibodies were found to recognize antigens expressed by tumor cells as well as normal endometrial cells. Collectively, our study shows that the clonal expansion of IgG+ B cells, along with the Tfh cell response, is associated with a better outcome in EC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145015166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine adjuvants as stand-alone immunoprophylaxis in strategies for 100-day rapid responses to future pandemics.","authors":"Niloufar Kavian, Kouji Kobiyama, Ken J Ishii, Cevayir Coban","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated vaccinology progress, driving rapid vaccine development for infectious and non-infectious diseases. However, challenges persist: malaria, HIV, and dengue lack fully effective vaccines, whereas influenza and tuberculosis face waning efficacy. Emerging pathogens and drug-resistant strains further highlight the need for improved vaccines, particularly those offering rapid deployment, broad immunogenicity, and durable protection against variants. Adjuvants can play a dual role in this context: as new stand-alone tools for an early response to a pandemic -aiming at the 100-days mission objective- and for prevention of anti-microbial resistance (AMR); and as traditional components enhancing the efficacy and breadth of vaccines. The understanding of their mechanisms of action and novel usage could address critical gaps in pandemic preparedness, especially for vulnerable populations like children and the elderly.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144953065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms for direct sensing of virus-like antigens by B cells.","authors":"Wei Cheng, Julie Zikherman","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Particulate antigens (Ags) such as viruses can often induce strong B cell responses in vivo very effectively, but the molecular determinants of this complex process remain incompletely understood. In this review, we focus on recent mechanistic insights into the earliest steps in the initiation of primary B cell responses to viruses, gained by exploiting a new generation of model particulate Ag, synthetic virus-like structures (SVLS). We also review the characteristics of the resulting short- and long-term antibody (Ab) responses in mice. These studies reveal that a repeating pattern of epitope display on a virus-sized scaffold is a fundamental biophysical feature of viruses that triggers a qualitatively distinct mode of B cell Ag receptor (BCR) signal transduction relative to soluble Ag display, and consequently serves as a stand-alone danger signal for Ag-specific B cell activation. Quantitative variation in epitope density (ED) on such scaffolds modulates the degree and quality of B cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. The presence of internal nucleic acid (iNA) in the interior of these virus-like structures can profoundly influence the resulting Ab responses for the lifespan of immunized animals. We conclude that the ED of viral surface Ags and the iNA genomes provide two essential signals that together are sufficient for B cell activation and Ab production during antiviral responses. We place these findings in context of the literature, discuss implications for rational vaccine design, and highlight unanswered questions to guide future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of IL-4+ Memory T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccination.","authors":"Jumana Khalil, Kosuke Miyauchi, Yosie Suzuki, Sewon Ki, Yasuyo Harada, Takanori Sasaki, Yuichiro Yamamoto, Rina Hashimoto, Takako Yamamoto, Masashi Matsuda, Haruhiko Koseki, Manabu Nakayama, Masayoshi Fukasawa, Takaji Wakita, Hideki Ueno, Kohji Noguchi, Kazuo Takayama, Masato Kubo","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccines effectively stimulate protective immune responses in healthy individuals, but the precise roles of germinal center (GC) and follicular helper T (TFH) cells in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses are not fully understood. This study used a conditional loss-of-function mouse model to investigate antibody responses to the Wuhan spike protein, specifically eliminating newly developed TFH cells during either the primary or memory phase. Our findings demonstrated that TFH-mediated GC responses are essential for primary vaccination. However, after booster immunization, memory B cell responses were effectively regulated through extrafollicular mechanisms, independent of TFH cells. Ablating IL-4 receptor signaling in B cells attenuated antibody production in both the primary and memory phases, highlighting the critical role of IL-4 for optimal humoral immunity. We identified a unique population of IL-4-expressing memory T cells (IL-4+Tm), characterized by CD27, GATA3, and IRF4 expression, that is strongly associated with these extrafollicular memory B cell responses, capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 variants. Furthermore, Omicron-based booster immunization recovered the immunity against emerging variants under TFH deficient conditions. These results suggest that IL-4+Tm cells are an alternative pathway to sustain memory responses when GC function is impaired, particularly in immunocompromised states. Our study advances the understanding of memory T cell-mediated humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2, offering insights for future vaccine strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Themis in peripheral CD8 T cells in hapten-induced allergic skin inflammation.","authors":"Masayuki Kitajima, Toshiyuki Okada, Kenta Nakano, Tadashi Okamura, Harumi Suzuki","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Themis is a T-cell-specific protein that is critically required for positive selection in the thymus. However, its function in T-cell receptor (TCR) responses during allergic skin inflammation remains unclear. To investigate the function of Themis in peripheral T cells, we generated tamoxifen-induced Themis conditional knockout (cKO) mice. The deletion of Themis by tamoxifen treatment significantly reduced ear swelling and CD8 T cell infiltration induced by hapten 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) challenge, which activates CD8 T cells. The CD8 T cells in the inflamed skin from Themis cKO mice showed decreased interferon gamma (IFNγ) production and T-bet and Eomes expression. Furthermore, the transgenic overexpression of Themis enhanced DNFB-induced allergic skin responses. However, Themis cKO mice showed unaltered skin inflammation induced by fluorescein isothiocyanate/dibutyl phthalate, which activates CD4 T cells. The TCR-stimulated proliferation and IFNγ production of Themis cKO naïve CD8 T cells were significantly decreased in vitro, whereas the proliferation and cytokine production of CD4 T cells were not altered. As expected, the administration of the SHP-1/2 inhibitor restored the reduced IFNγ production in Themis cKO CD8 T cells in vitro. Mice harboring mutant Themis lacking the Grb2-binding site showed a similar phenotype to Themis cKO mice, indicating that the function of Themis in peripheral CD8 T cells is dependent on Grb2 binding. Collectively, these results suggest that Themis regulates the threshold of TCR signaling in peripheral CD8 T cells, but not in CD4 T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR-β) signaling controls pathogenic Th17 cells in autoimmune disease.","authors":"Yoshimitsu Doi, Ben J E Raveney, Atsuko Kimura, Manu S Mallahalli, Kimitoshi Kimura, Wakiro Sato, Shinji Oki, Takashi Yamamura","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR-β) in the immune system remains poorly understood; although its effect on TGF-βsignaling has been reported in non-immune systems. Here, we report that Thrb is highly expressed in pathogenic CD4+ T cells that infiltrate the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Thrb is exclusively expressed in IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) that develop both in vitro or in vivo. Sobetirome, a selective TR-βagonist, promoted pathogenic Th17 differentiation and IL-17 production in the presence of exogenous IL-1β. Conversely, siRNA-mediated silencing of TR-βreduced IL-17 production, further supporting a T cell-intrinsic role of TR-β. Because C75, an inhibitor of de novo lipogenesis, blocked Th17 cell differentiation by sobetirome, the influence of TR-βsignaling on Th17 cell induction is likely to act via a de novo lipogenesis-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, blocking TR-βexpression by siRNA changed the balance of IL-10/IL-17 production in cultured splenocytes, favoring an IL-10 phenotype. In contrast, IL-10 production by T cells was attenuated by activating TR-βsignaling with sobetirome. Finally, the manipulation of TR-βsignaling altered the severity of autoimmune disease: blocking TR-βreduced passive EAE and enhancing TR-βincreased active EAE. These effects were accompanied by corresponding changes in the IL-10/IL-17 balance in encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells. In summary, our results demonstrate that TR-βsignaling controls pathogenic Th cell function and autoimmunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TCR representation learning with protein language models: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Kyohei Kinoshita, Tetsuya J Kobayashi","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxaf048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is a valuable source of information that reflects an individual's immune status and infection history. However, due to the exceptional diversity and complexity of the TCR repertoire, predicting its functional properties remains a challenging task. This review summarizes recent advances in protein language models (PLMs), which apply natural language processing techniques to protein sequences, focusing specifically on TCR repertoire analysis. We begin by outlining the biological basis of the TCR repertoire and its current clinical applications. We then describe the methods used for representing TCR data and the training procedures of the corresponding PLMs. PLMs capture context-dependent features from large unlabeled TCR datasets and achieve high generalization performance even with limited labeled data through transfer learning. In this respect, PLMs offer significant advantages over conventional sequence representation methods. We highlight antigen specificity prediction as a key application, comparing supervised deep learning models with PLM-based approaches. While employment of PLMs is promising, TCR repertoire analysis still faces challenges such as data scarcity, bias, and lack of paired-chain information. Addressing these challenges requires rigorous dataset optimization, integration, and augmentation strategies. Future advances will require better interpretation of the representations learned by PLMs and the development of multimodal approaches that integrate structural information. These advances could enable several clinical applications, including disease diagnosis, vaccine development, and personalized immune profiling.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}